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1962 California gubernatorial election

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The 1962 California gubernatorial election was held on November 6, 1962. The Democratic incumbent, Pat Brown, ran for re-election against former U.S. vice president and 1960 Republican presidential nominee Richard Nixon. In his concession speech the following morning, Nixon accused the media of favoring his opponent Brown, stating that it was his "last press conference" and "You won't have Nixon to kick around any more."[1] Six years later, Nixon was elected President of the United States, and exactly ten years after this press conference he was re-elected in a landslide.

1962 California gubernatorial election
← 1958 November 6, 1962 1966 →
 
Nominee Pat Brown Richard Nixon
Party Democratic Republican
Popular vote 3,037,109 2,740,351
Percentage 51.94% 46.87%
Brown:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%      80–90%
Nixon:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%
Governor before election

Pat Brown
Democratic

Elected Governor

Pat Brown
Democratic

Background

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Pat Brown was a relatively popular Democratic governor in California who was first elected in 1958.[2] However, he was seen as vulnerable due to criticisms of indecision and occasional errors in policy.[3]

In 1958, the Democratic Party had swept all but a single statewide office, and all of the incumbents were seeking reelection in 1962.[3] Despite 1958's near-sweep by Democrats and the state having more registered Democrats than Republicans (4,289,997 registered Democrats on election day 1962 compared to 3,002,038 registered Republicans),[3] at the time, California was generally considered a Republican stronghold, with Republican governors and senators from the end of World War II until the election of Democrat Clair Engle to the Senate in 1958, and Brown's election as governor the same year. The state had voted for Eisenhower in 1952 and 1956, and Nixon carried the state over John F. Kennedy in the 1960 Presidential election.

In 1962, with popular incumbent Senator Thomas Kuchel essentially guaranteed to win re-election, the Republican Party felt it could also gain the governorship and win the state back from the Democrats. They turned to former Vice President Richard Nixon, the biggest name at the time in the California Republican Party.[4] Nixon had a record of winning statewide elections in California, having been elected Senator in 1950, carrying the state twice (in 1952 and 1956) as the vice presidential candidate on the ticket with Dwight D. Eisenhower, and carrying the state against Kennedy in the 1960 presidential election.[4][3] They also felt a convincing win could be a springboard for Nixon to challenge Kennedy again in 1964, since he narrowly lost to him in 1960.[4]

Primary elections

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Primary elections were held on June 5, 1962.[5]

Democratic primary

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Candidates

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Campaign

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Brown, a relatively popular incumbent, faced no serious opposition in the Democratic Party primary. In whole, the Democratic primaries for statewide offices showed a lack of strong division in the party, with the exception of William McKesson's unsuccessful challenge to incumbent Glenn M. Anderson in the race for the Democratic nomination for lieutenant governor.[3]

Brown was endorsed by the liberal California Democratic Council, which put him on their slate of endorsed candidates at their convention, held January 26–28, 1962 in Fresno. Brown's camp made an effort of ensuring that none of the resolutions the council passed at their convention would provide fodder that a Republican general election opponent could use to embarrass Brown.[3]

Brown's camp emphasized accomplishments of Brown's legislative record, including programs related to water and education.[3] Public relations consultants played a role in reshaping Brown's image as a forceful and decisive leader.[3]

Results

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Democratic primary results[7][8][9][10]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Edmund G. "Pat" Brown (incumbent) 1,739,792 81.42%
Democratic John C. Stuart 103,654 4.85%
Democratic Phillip Moore 100,237 4.69%
Democratic Alfred L. Hamilton 90,472 4.23%
Republican Joseph C. Shell (write-in) 66,712 3.12%
Republican Richard M. Nixon (write-in) 35,883 1.68%
Total votes 2,136,750 100.00%

Republican primary

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Candidates

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Withdrew

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Campaign

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Nixon announced his candidacy for governor on September 27, 1961, roughly eleven months after losing the 1960 presidential election. His bid was largely seen as a step towards either a 1964 or 1968 presidential campaign.[3] Nixon's 1962 campaign was managed by H. R. Haldeman.[11]

On January 16, 1962, former governor Goodie Knight was forced to withdraw his campaign for the nomination after suffering a serious case of hepatitis. Knight had been a popular governor, and his withdrawal was beneficial to Nixon's prospects of capturing the nomination.[3] In the first week of March 1962, former lieutenant governor Harold J. Powers withdrew from the primary, due to lack of organizational and financial campaign for his candidacy. This left Nixon facing only the conservative California State Assembly minority leader Joseph C. Shell in the primary. Shell was a wealthy man, having earned his fortune in oil, and was seen as a militant leader of conservative faction of the Republican Party.[3] Shell received support from the John Birch Society, who he had advocated welcoming within the party.[3][12]

Democrats took a hands-off approach to dealing with the Republican primary, letting Nixon and Shell duke it out between themselves without Democratic engagement. Nixon had wanted to hold a series of debates with Brown during the primary campaign season, but Brown did not engage in such debates with Nixon.[3]

Shell hoped to win the support of conservative Republicans, and hoped that there would be lower Republican primary turnout that would lead to the participating electorate having a significantly conservative lean.[3] In announcing his candidacy, Shell had claimed to be seeking the support of voters that supported,

A commitment to individual liberty limited only by those powers clearly enumerated in our constitution without reducing our ability to develop private property and free individual enterprise.[3]

In terms of party leadership support, Nixon had far more support from the California Republican Party's state central executive committee than Shell did. However, a fight emerged between Nixon and Shell backers in gaining organizational power at the county and precinct level organizations of the party.[3]

Nixon, on February 17, 1962 declared that he would not seek the endorsement of the California Republican Assembly (CRA). This was possibly due to the fact that he had previously, in his 1950 U.S. Senate primary, lost the endorsement of a subcommittee of the organization, and he perhaps was reluctant to seek support from the organization again. On February 17, 1962, Nixon declared that he would not, himself, provide backing to any candidate involved with the John Birch Society, remarking that he had, "no commitment to endorse any candidate who seeks or accepts the support of the John Birch Society, even if they were the Republican Party nominees. Nixon quickly recanted his decision not to seek the endorsement of the CRA, and decided to indicate that he would seek their nomination and would additionally propose a resolution at their convention which would renounce the John Birch Society.[3]

Nixon beat Shell for support of the subcommittee of the CRA's fact-finding committee by a 7–5 vote. He again beat Shell for the support of the full fact-finding committee's support in a 34–25 vote. In the floor vote of the CRA convention, Nixon beat Shell for the CRA's endorsement in a 263–176 vote. Additionally, at the convention, Nixon saw a supporter of his, former Kansas governor Fred Hall, elected as the CRA's president. At the convention, Nixon sponsored a resolution to repudiate the John Birch Society's president Robert W. Welch Jr. and urging members of the CRA to abandon the John Birch Society if they were members of it. A contentious floor fight took place over the proposed resolution, with conservatives opposing it. A compromise was reached to adopt the portion condemning Welch but to not adopt the portion urging CRA members to abandon membership in the John Birch Society. Any association with the John Birch Society seemed politically unhelpful to Nixon in a general election, so this resolution was seen by him and his campaign as helping set him up for greater chances of victory in a general election.[3]

Shell traveled extensively during his campaign by utilizing his own private plane. His campaign had decent financing and was effectively organized. A key argument he made in support of his candidacy was that the state's economy was threatened due to assailing spending by the Brown gubernatorial administration. He also attacked Brown's governance by alleging increased federal government influence over the state. Another key argument he made in support of his candidacy was that Nixon would be unable to beat Brown in a general election, arguing that Democratic-leaning voters would "solidify" against Nixon. Shell also levied accusations that either Nixon or supporters of Nixon's had resorted to "gutter tactics" by "whispering lies" about Shell's family. Shell also called into question Nixon's expertise on state government and challenged Nixon to televised debates.[3]

Nixon campaigned across the state, often addressing sizable and curious crowds. Nixon ignored attacks from Shell in hopes not to ward off conservative support in the general election. Nixon's speeches dealt with subjects such as states' rights, reforms to taxes and budgets, addressing crime, and government efficiency. It had been over a decade since Nixon had run for state office and he made a number of embarrassing political slip-ups that made him appear under-prepared, such as referring to the California State Capitol as the "state house". It was also used against Nixon that he was made to admit that he had made a factual error in his book Six Crises regarding its account of the case of Alger Hiss.[3]

Results

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Republican primary results[7][8][9][13]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Richard M. Nixon 1,285,151 65.43%
Republican Joseph C. Shell 656,542 33.42%
Republican William Potter Gale 17,369 0.88%
Democratic Edmund G. "Pat" Brown (write-in) 5,236 0.27%
Total votes 1,964,298 100.00%

Although Nixon beat Shell in the primary, 1,285,151 votes (65.4 percent) to Shell's 656,542 (33.4 percent), the contest was bitter, and Nixon did not reach out to conservative Shell supporters, which weakened him in the general election.[12]

Prohibition primary

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Candidates

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  • Robert L. Wyckoff, physician and attorney, Prohibition Party state chairman[6][14]

Results

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Prohibition primary results[7][8][9]
Party Candidate Votes %
Prohibition Robert L. Wyckoff 1,944 100.00%
Total votes 1,944 100.00%

General election

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Campaign

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In a bitter and expensive campaign, Brown and Nixon campaigned with great zeal and effort. During the campaign, Nixon accused Brown of being weak on communism and crime. Brown alleged that Nixon was only interested in holding the governorship in order to utilize it as a steppingstone to the presidency.[11] Nixon's wife Pat campaigned with him.[15]

Two weeks after the Republican primary, Shell endorsed Nixon's candidacy.[5] Shell had conditioned an endorsement of Nixon on Nixon agreeing to make $200 million in cuts to the state budget and giving conservatives a share of the California delegates to the 1964 Republican National Convention.[3]

Harold J. Powers, who had dropped out of the Republican primary, endorsed Brown in the general election.[3]

Earl Warren, a Republican serving as Chief Justice of the United States and former governor of California, had long had a political feud with Nixon, despite Nixon and Warren being from the same state and the same party. Warren posed for photos with Brown, and told the press what a great job Brown was doing. Warren also had his son, Earl Jr., stump across the state for Brown and against Nixon.[16]

Nixon had a lead in the polls early on, but Brown lessened the margin as time went on, and pre-election polls showed Brown winning.[3]

Results

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1962 California gubernatorial election[17][18][19][20]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Democratic Edmund G. "Pat" Brown (incumbent) 3,037,109 51.89% −7.86%
Republican Richard M. Nixon 2,740,351 46.82% 6.65%
Prohibition Robert L. Wyckoff 69,700 1.19%
Independent Joseph C. Shell (write-in) 3,166 0.05%
Independent Herbert Steiner (write-in) 448 0.01%
Independent R. C. Irvine (write-in) 159 0.00%
Scattering 2,299 0.04%
Total votes 5,853,232 100.00%
Turnout 57.50%
Democratic hold Swing -14.51%

Results by county

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Pat Brown is the last Democrat to date to have carried Colusa County and Modoc County. Additionally, both Kern County and El Dorado County have backed a Democratic gubernatorial candidate only once since this election.[a]

County Edmund G. Brown
Democratic 		Richard M. Nixon
Republican 		Robert L. Wyckoff
Prohibition 		Scattering[b]
Write-in 		Margin Total votes cast
# % # % # % # % # %
Alameda 206,861 57.98% 145,851 40.88% 3,717 1.04% 321 0.09% 61,010 17.10% 356,750
Alpine 67 34.72% 122 63.21% 3 1.55% 1 0.52% -55 -28.50% 193
Amador 2,811 58.16% 1,941 40.16% 71 1.47% 10 0.21% 870 18.00% 4,833
Butte 16,142 47.74% 17,172 50.79% 443 1.31% 54 0.16% -1,030 -3.05% 33,811
Calaveras 2,379 46.37% 2,655 51.75% 92 1.79% 4 0.08% -276 -5.38% 5,130
Colusa 2,320 52.06% 2,056 46.14% 77 1.73% 3 0.07% 264 5.92% 4,456
Contra Costa 91,150 55.49% 71,192 43.34% 1,811 1.10% 124 0.08% 19,958 12.15% 164,277
Del Norte 2,741 51.97% 2,418 45.85% 112 2.12% 3 0.06% 323 6.12% 5,274
El Dorado 6,572 56.25% 4,842 41.44% 242 2.07% 27 0.23% 1,730 14.81% 11,683
Fresno 68,187 57.78% 48,211 40.85% 1,479 1.25% 136 0.12% 19,976 16.93% 118,013
Glenn 3,299 48.70% 3,353 49.50% 116 1.71% 6 0.09% -54 -0.80% 6,774
Humboldt 17,739 52.19% 15,708 46.22% 511 1.50% 29 0.09% 2,031 5.98% 33,987
Imperial 8,241 44.14% 10,271 55.01% 142 0.76% 16 0.09% -2,030 -10.87% 18,670
Inyo 2,526 47.00% 2,740 50.99% 100 1.86% 8 0.15% -214 -3.98% 5,374
Kern 48,737 52.10% 43,342 46.33% 1,376 1.47% 95 0.10% 5,395 5.77% 93,550
Kings 9,141 59.03% 6,113 39.48% 217 1.40% 14 0.09% 3,028 19.55% 15,485
Lake 3,315 44.42% 4,041 54.15% 105 1.41% 2 0.03% -726 -9.73% 7,463
Lassen 3,500 62.50% 1,968 35.14% 121 2.13% 11 0.20% 1,352 27.36% 5,600
Los Angeles 1,191,724 51.83% 1,080,113 46.98% 24,986 1.09% 2,421 0.11% 111,611 4.85% 2,299,244
Madera 7,728 60.46% 4,903 38.36% 141 1.10% 11 0.09% 2,825 22.10% 12,783
Marin 27,664 45.38% 32,720 53.67% 503 0.83% 79 0.13% -5,056 -8.29% 60,966
Mariposa 1,272 47.50% 1,349 50.37% 53 1.98% 4 0.15% -77 -2.88% 2.678
Mendocino 8,704 51.50% 7,936 46.96% 249 1.47% 12 0.07% 768 4.54% 16,901
Merced 14,105 57.62% 10,071 41.14% 268 1.09% 34 0.14% 4,034 16.48% 24,478
Modoc 1,641 51.73% 1,473 46.44% 52 1.64% 6 0.19% 168 5.30% 3,172
Mono 488 36.12% 840 62.18% 23 1.70% 0 0.00% -352 -26.05% 1,351
Monterey 24,801 46.52% 28,000 52.52% 476 0.89% 36 0.07% -3,199 -6.00% 53,313
Napa 14,748 53.50% 12,326 44.72% 469 1.70% 21 0.08% 2,422 8.79% 27,654
Nevada 4,818 51.02% 4,450 47.12% 143 1.51% 32 0.34% 368 3.90% 9,443
Orange 112,152 39.16% 169,962 59.35% 3,832 1.34% 431 0.15% -57,810 -20.19% 286,377
Placer 13,592 59.98% 8,677 38.29% 366 1.62% 24 0.11% 4,915 21.69% 22,659
Plumas 3,397 66.44% 1,624 31.76% 88 1.72% 4 0.08% 1,773 34.68% 5,113
Riverside 50,257 46.60% 55,926 51.86% 1,595 1.48% 71 0.07% -5,669 -5.26% 107,849
Sacramento 115,462 60.69% 71,788 37.74% 2,542 1.34% 446 0.23% 43,674 22.96% 190,238
San Benito 2,527 48.30% 2,640 50.46% 64 1.22% 1 0.02% -113 -2.16% 5,232
San Bernardino 88,437 51.68% 80,054 46.78% 2,501 1.46% 133 0.08% 8,383 4.90% 171,125
San Diego 153,389 42.40% 201,969 55.83% 6,101 1.69% 315 0.09% -48,580 -13.43% 361,774
San Francisco 180,298 62.19% 107,165 36.96% 2,298 0.79% 157 0.05% 73,133 25.23% 289,918
San Joaquin 43,276 49.40% 43,147 49.25% 1,095 1.25% 83 0.09% 129 0.15% 87,601
San Luis Obispo 16,110 52.86% 13,825 45.36% 528 1.73% 15 0.05% 2,285 7.50% 30,478
San Mateo 90,464 51.88% 82,115 47.09% 1,670 0.96% 127 0.07% 8,349 4.79% 174,376
Santa Barbara 30,424 47.50% 32,821 51.24% 775 1.21% 32 0.05% -2,397 -3.74% 64,052
Santa Clara 121,149 51.20% 112,700 47.63% 2,538 1.07% 245 0.10% 8,449 3.57% 236,632
Santa Cruz 17,354 44.93% 20,580 53.28% 656 1.70% 34 0.09% -3,226 -8.35% 38,624
Shasta 14,753 63.97% 7,858 34.07% 378 1.64% 75 0.33% 6,895 29.90% 23,064
Sierra 676 57.98% 461 39.54% 29 2.49% 0 0.00% 215 18.44% 1,166
Siskiyou 7,718 59.98% 4,942 38.41% 190 1.48% 18 0.14% 2,776 21.57% 12,868
Solano 25,987 64.31% 13,888 34.37% 513 1.27% 19 0.05% 12,099 29.94% 40,407
Sonoma 29,373 49.19% 29,647 49.65% 643 1.08% 53 0.09% -274 -0.46% 59,716
Stanislaus 30,431 53.64% 25,417 44.80% 789 1.39% 99 0.17% 5,014 8.84% 56,736
Sutter 4,816 41.19% 6,734 57.59% 142 1.21% 0 0.00% -1,918 -16.40% 11,692
Tehama 5,077 51.36% 4,591 46.44% 200 2.02% 18 0.18% 486 4.92% 9,886
Trinity 2,201 64.58% 1,148 33.69% 53 1.56% 6 0.18% 1,053 30.90% 3,408
Tulare 24,598 49.08% 24,914 49.71% 584 1.17% 24 0.05% -316 -0.63% 50,120
Tuolumne 3,631 52.48% 3,187 46.06% 94 1.36% 7 0.10% 444 6.42% 6,919
Ventura 37,777 53.46% 31,899 45.15% 914 1.29% 68 0.10% 5,878 8.32% 70,658
Yolo 13,334 60.67% 8,311 37.82% 293 1.33% 39 0.18% 5,023 22.86% 21,977
Yuba 5,028 53.77% 4,184 44.74% 131 1.40% 8 0.09% 844 9.03% 9,351
Total 3,037,109 51.89% 2,740,351 46.82% 69,700 1.19% 6,072 0.10% 296,758 5.07% 5,853,232

Counties that flipped from Democratic to Republican

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Aftermath

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Further information: Richard Nixon's November 1962 press conference

Brown not only won, but he won by a surprising[to whom?] 5%.[citation needed] The day after the results were announced, a stunned and frustrated Nixon announced he was retiring from politics. He famously stated, "Just think how much you're going to be missing. You won't have Nixon to kick around anymore".[21][22] The speech increased sympathy for Nixon among the public,[21] but was also viewed at the time as the end of his political career.[21][22][23] Brown told President Kennedy that, "I don't see how he can ever recover", a view that Kennedy shared.[22]

Brown was the first Democratic Party governor reelected in California since 1853, and only the third governor of any party reelected since California extended gubernatorial terms to four-years in 1862 (after only Hiram Johnson and Earl Warren).[3] In the coinciding California State Legislature elections, the Democratic Party retained control of the State Legislature, marking the first time in the 20th century that the Democratic Party would hold control of the state's legislature for longer than a four-year period. The party won 53.9% of the cumulative popular vote in the State Legislature elections. In the coinciding United States House of Representatives elections in the state, Democrats gained nine seats, while Republicans lost one (the state had gained eight new seats in reapportionment after the 1960 United States census), and won 51.8% of the state's cumulative votes in its congressional races. All of the state's incumbent congressmen sought reelection, with three Republican incumbents and one Democratic incumbent losing reelection. The Democrats won seven of the eight newly created congressional seats, while Republicans won one. Republican Senator Thomas Kuchel won reelection as expected in the coinciding United States Senate election, capturing an overwhelming share of the vote in that election.[3]

Brown served out his second term, but failed to win a third term in 1966, losing reelection to future president Ronald Reagan.[24]

Nixon later re-entered politics when he ran for president again in 1968; he won that election, and was later re-elected, but he resigned in disgrace in 1974 due to the Watergate scandal.[23]

Notes

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  1. ^ In 1978
  2. ^ The write-in votes for Shell, Steiner, and Irvine were not separated out by county

References

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  1. ^ Matthews, Christopher J (1997). Kennedy and Nixon: The Rivalry That Shaped Postwar America. Free Press. pp. 215–218. ISBN 978-0-684-83246-3.
  2. ^ Lawrence, David G (2009). California: The Politics of Diversity. Wadsworth Publishing. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-495-57097-4.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab Anderson, Totton J.; Lee, Eugene C. (1963). "The 1962 Election in California". The Western Political Quarterly. 16 (2): 396–420. doi:10.2307/444953. ISSN 0043-4078. JSTOR 444953. Retrieved April 23, 2022.
  4. ^ a b c Starr, Kevin (2009). Golden Dreams: California in an Age of Abundance, 1950-1963. Oxford University Press. pp. 215–216. ISBN 978-0-19-515377-4.
  5. ^ a b Hill, Gladwin (June 20, 1962). "Shell Backs Nixon as G.O.P. Nominee; Shell Cites Campaign View Called 'Poor Loser'". The New York Times. Retrieved January 5, 2023.
  6. ^ a b c d "31 Seek State Post Tuesday In Primaries". San Bernardino Sun-Telegram. June 3, 1962. p. 17. Retrieved July 12, 2023.
  7. ^ a b c CA Primary 1962, pp. 6–7.
  8. ^ a b c Congressional Quarterly 1998, p. 101.
  9. ^ a b c America Votes 5, p. 53.
  10. ^ "CA US Governor, 1962 - D Primary". Our Campaigns. Retrieved July 12, 2023.
  11. ^ a b Lait, Matt (March 22, 1992). "Looking Back at the 1962 Gubernatorial Race : Debate: Edmund G. (Pat) Brown and ex-President's former campaign manager discuss the election at Richard Nixon Library & Birthplace". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 23, 2022.
  12. ^ a b Perlstein, Rick (2002). Before the Storm: Barry Goldwater and the Unmaking of the American Consensus.
  13. ^ "CA Governor, 1962 - R Primary". Our Campaigns. Retrieved July 12, 2023.
  14. ^ "Robert L. Wyckoff". Prohibition Party. Retrieved July 12, 2023.
  15. ^ "A Beginner's Guide to First Lady Pat Nixon". Richard Nixon Foundation. April 16, 2020. Retrieved February 16, 2024.
  16. ^ Farrell, John A. (March 21, 2017). "The Inside Story of Richard Nixon's Ugly, 30-Year Feud with Earl Warren". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved February 10, 2024.
  17. ^ CA General 1962, p. 4.
  18. ^ Congressional Quarterly 1998, p. 43.
  19. ^ America Votes 5, p. 44.
  20. ^ "CA Governor, 1962". Our Campaigns. Retrieved July 12, 2023.
  21. ^ a b c Schwartz, Jason (October 14, 2017). "55 Years Ago — "The Last Press Conference"". Richard Nixon Foundation. Retrieved February 15, 2024.
  22. ^ a b c "'I Don't See How He Can ever Recover'". Miller Center. September 12, 2019. Retrieved February 14, 2024.
  23. ^ a b Glass, Andrew (January 9, 2019). "Richard Nixon born in Yorba Linda, Calif., Jan. 9, 1913". Politico. Retrieved February 15, 2024.
  24. ^ Glass, Andrew (June 7, 2017). "California Republicans nominate Reagan for governor, June 7, 1966". Politico. Retrieved February 14, 2024.

Further reading

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  • Ambrose, Stephen E. Nixon Volume II: The Triumph of a Politician 1962-1972 (1989).
  • Anderson, Totton J., and Eugene C. Lee. “The 1962 Election in California.” Western Political Quarterly, 16#2 (1963), pp. 396–420. online
  • Anderson, Totton J. "Extremism in California Politics: The Brown-Knowland and Brown-Nixon Campaigns Compared." Political Research Quarterly 16.2 (1963): 371.
  • Pawel, Miriam. (2018). The Browns of California : the family dynasty that transformed a state and shaped a nation. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • Rapoport, R. California Dreaming: The Political Odyssey of Pat & Jerry Brown. Berkeley: Nolo Press (1982) ISBN 0-917316-48-7.
  • Rarick, Ethan (2006), California Rising: The Life and Times of Pat Brown, Berkeley: University of California Press, ISBN 9780520939844 summary
  • Rarick, Ethan. "The Brown Dynasty." in Modern American Political Dynasties: A Study of Power, Family, and Political Influence ed by Kathleen Gronnerud and Scott J. Spitzer. (2018): 211-30.
  • Rice, Richard B. (2012). The Elusive Eden: A New History of California. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-338556-3.
  • Rogin, Michael Paul, John L. Shover. Political Change in California: Critical Elections and Social Movements, 1890-1966 (Greenwood, 1970).
  • Schuparra, Kurt. Triumph of the Right: The Rise of the California Conservative Movement, 1945-1966 (M.E. Sharpe, 1998).

Statistics

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