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Caguas, Puerto Rico

(Redirected from Caguas)
Not to be confused with Cagua, Venezuela.

Caguas (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈkaɣwas], locally [ˈkawaʔ]) is a city and municipality in central eastern Puerto Rico. Located in the eponymous Caguas Valley between the Sierra de Cayey and Sierra de Luquillo of the Central Mountain Range, it is bordered by San Juan and Trujillo Alto to the north, Gurabo and San Lorenzo to the west, Aguas Buenas, Cidra and Cayey to the east, and Patillas to the south. With a population of 127,244 as of the 2020 census,[2] Caguas is the fifth most populated municipality in the archipelago and island and a principal city of the San Juan metropolitan area.

Caguas
City and municipality
Municipio Autónomo de Caguas
Caguas City Hall
Old City Hall
Caguas Cathedral
Caguas from Altos de San Luis
Flag of Caguas
Flag
Coat of arms of Caguas
Coat of arms
Nicknames: 
"El Valle del Turabo" (Turabo Valley), "La Ciudad Criolla" (Creole City), "La Cuna de los Trovadores" (Cradle of Trovadores)
Anthem: "Centro y Corazón de Puerto Rico"
Map of Puerto Rico highlighting Caguas Municipality
Map of Puerto Rico highlighting Caguas Municipality
Map
Coordinates: 18°13′53″N 66°2′22″W / 18.23139°N 66.03944°W / 18.23139; -66.03944
Sovereign state United States
Commonwealth Puerto Rico
Indigenous settlement100 BCE – 600 CE
European settlementmid-16th century
FoundedJanuary 1, 1775
Founded byDon Juan Mateo Delgado de Fonseca
Named forCaguax
Barrios
11 barrios
Government
 • MayorWilliam Miranda Torres (PPD)
 • Senatorial dist.7 - Humacao
 • Representative dist.31,32
Area
 • City and municipality59.07 sq mi (153.00 km2)
 • Land58.68 sq mi (151.97 km2)
 • Water0.39 sq mi (1.03 km2)  0.006%
 • Urban
11 sq mi (28.49 km2)
 • Rural
48.07 sq mi (124.51 km2)
Dimensions
 • Length13.68 mi (22.02 km)
 • Width7.89 mi (12.7 km)
Elevation
210.96 ft (64.3 m)
Highest elevation
2,903.54 ft (885 m)
Lowest elevation
0 ft (0 m)
Population
 (2020)
 • City and municipality127,244
 • Rank5th in Puerto Rico
 • Density2,200/sq mi (830/km2)
Demonym(s)Cagüeño (masculine)
Cagüeña (feminine)
Ethnicity
(2000 Census)[1]
 • White78.2%
 • Black7.42%
 • American Indian/AN0.1%
 • Asian0.3%
 • Native Hawaiian/PI14%
Time zoneUTC-4 (AST)
ZIP Codes
00725, 00726, 00727
Area code787/939
Major routeslink = Puerto Rico Highway 1 link = Puerto Rico Highway 30 link = Puerto Rico Highway 32 link = Puerto Rico Highway 33 link = Puerto Rico Highway 34 link = Puerto Rico Highway 156 link = Puerto Rico Highway 172 link = Puerto Rico Highway 183

Websitecaguas.gov.pr

Since 2009, Caguas is the only municipality in Puerto Rico recognized as a Tree City USA by the Arbor Day Foundation.[3]

Etymology and Nicknames

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Caguas, originally founded as San Sebastián del Piñal de Caguax, is named after the local Taino chieftain Caguax, who at the time of the Spanish arrival in 1493 was cacique of the yucayeque and region of Turabo.[4] The name Caguax itself might be related to the Taino word for snail or slug: ‘cagua’, similar to other Arawakan and Cariban proper names such as Cagua in Venezuela (from the Cumanagoto word cahigua).[5][6]

Caguas is nicknamed "Valley of the Turabo" (Valle del Turabo) in reference to the former cacicazgo and yucayeque lead by Caguax. The Turabo River is also named after this geopolitical toponym. Other nicknames for Caguas include “the Criollo city” (La Ciudad Criolla) and “the Cradle of Trovadores” (La Cuna de los Trovadores).[7] The city is often known as the “center and heart of Puerto Rico” (centro y corazón de Puerto Rico) for its geographical location,[8] and one of its municipal anthems bears the same. In recent years the municipality has also been referred to as “the new Caguas country” or “the new land of Caguas” (el nuevo país de Caguas) by the media and the former mayor William Miranda Marín.[9][10]

History

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The area of the Valley of Caguas was first settled by the Saladoid culture, an Arawak culture which originated in northern South America (today Venezuela), approximately between the years 100 BCE to 600 CE. Findings from the Cagüitas archaeological site (CS-2) indicate that the area was later inhabited by various pre-Taíno (Ostionoid) cultures which first developed agriculture in the valley, primarily the cultivation of cassava, and hunted now extinct species such as hutias.

As with the rest of Puerto Rico, the Taínos were the primary group living in the valley at the time of the Spanish arrival. The Spanish conquistadors further developed the agriculture in the valley, while also establishing mines in search of gold, silver and copper. Most of the native Taínos living in the area were either forced out or taken as slaves and moved to the Real Hacienda del Toa (in modern-day Toa Alta and Toa Baja). Most of the valley was later cleared of its original vegetation for the development of cattle farms such as Hato de Bairoa, Hato de Caguax and Hato de Gurabo.[11]

Caguas was officially founded on January 1, 1775, as San Sebastián del Piñal de Caguax, with the name later being shortened and modernized to its current form. The site of the historic downtown area of Caguas and its central square dates to 1779. In 1820, the settlement was granted the title of Villa and it was granted city rights in 1894. Sugarcane was the primary crop during this time and important sugarcane plantations and refineries were those of Central Santa Juana (close to modern day Plaza Centro) and Central Santa Catalina (modern day Las Catalinas Mall). The Carretera Central, which is the first paved road to cross Puerto Rico from north to south connecting San Juan to Ponce, was built during the last two decades of the 19th century,[12] made Caguas more accessible therefore causing the population of the town to grow even more.

 
Postcard from 1912 showing a typical street in Caguas at the beginning of the 20th century.

Puerto Rico was ceded by Spain in the aftermath of the Spanish–American War under the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1898 and became a territory of the United States. In 1899, the United States Department of War conducted a census of Puerto Rico finding that the population of Caguas was 19,857.[13]

The city grew considerably in size during the 1970s[14] and quickly became an exurb of San Juan to the north due to its location. The region of Caguas became an important pharmaceuticals manufacturing center during this time. Pharmaceutical companies originally came to Puerto Rico in the late 1960s and 1970s to take advantage of the now-expired federal tax incentive known as Section 936. This incentive allowed U.S.-based manufacturers to send all profits from local plants to stateside parent plants without having to pay any federal taxes.[15]

Although not typically seen as part of the colloquial Área Metro of San Juan (San Juan, Cataño, Bayamón, Guaynabo and Carolina), the municipality of Caguas is located in the census-based San Juan Metropolitan Area due to its role as a commuter town. The average commute time for residents of the municipality is 30.5 minutes.[16] Caguas is the fourth most populous city in the San Juan Metropolitan region and the most populous city in Puerto Rico that is not located in a coastal area.

On August 7, 2002, Caguas was the site of the 2002 USAF Hercules air disaster, where all 10 military personnel on board lost their lives after an airplane carrying them struck a mountain in the south of the municipality.[17]

Hurricane Maria on September 20, 2017, triggered numerous landslides in Caguas with its wind and rain. Rivers were breached causing flooding of low-lying areas, and infrastructure and homes were destroyed. The hurricane caused $90 million in damages in Caguas.[18][19][20] More specifically, 40 homes were left without a roof and 30 were flooded in the Morales neighborhood. Escuela Segunda Unidad Diego Vázquez and the Centro Multiusos flooded as well.[21]

Geography

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Caguas from the Sierra de Cayey.

The city and municipality of Caguas are located approximately 30 minutes from the coastline both on the east (Humacao) and the north (San Juan). It is east of Aguas Buenas and Cidra, north of Cayey, south of San Juan, and west of Gurabo and Trujillo Alto. It also shares borders with Guayama and Patillas via a five-point border at the summit of Cerro La Santa, with Cayey and San Lorenzo. This is the tallest point of the Sierra de Cayey, not to be confused with Montaña Santa (officially called Cerro de Nuestra Madre) which is another mountain in the same massif located on the boundary between the municipalities of Patillas and San Lorenzo. At this point there are two tall antennas which provide signal to Puerto Rico's principal TV stations such as WKAQ-TV and WAPA-TV. No road passes exactly at this point, and it can be approached nearby through Puerto Rico Highway 184.

Valle de Caguas

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Main article: Caguas Valley
 
View of the Caguas Valley from Cerro Las Piñas in Beatriz, Cayey.

The city is located in one of the largest valleys in Puerto Rico, the Valle de Caguas or Caguas Valley (also known as Valle del Turabo or the Turabo Valley).[22] Being located in a valley, Caguas has the distinction of being relatively flat except near the borders with all the mentioned municipalities except Gurabo.[23] The valley is bordered by the Altos de La Mesa and San Luis ranges in the north, the Sierra de Luquillo on the northeast, the San Lorenzo batholith to the east, the Sierra de Cayey on the south and the main range of the Cordillera Central to the west.

This valley is fed mainly by the Grande de Loíza River, one of Puerto Rico's major rivers that feed into the Atlantic Ocean, and numerous tributaries such as the Cagüitas, along which the contemporary settlement of Caguas was built. The city's nickname Valle del Turabo comes from the Turabo River, which is another tributary that flows from the south. The Gurabo River, another major tributary, feeds into the Grande de Loíza at a region where the valley narrows into a rift valley that runs from west to east and ends in Humacao in the southeastern coast of the island.

As with other parts of Puerto Rico, the region of Caguas is susceptible to earthquakes. The municipality is located along the Great Northern Puerto Rico fault zone (GNPRfz) and in recent times the region experienced moderate size earthquakes in 1990[24] and 2010.[25]

Water features

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Climate

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Restoring the electrical grid in Caguas, post Hurricane Maria.

The climate is classified as a tropical monsoon climate, meaning the daily mean temperature from month to month is never less than 64.4 °F (18.0 °C), and there is a distinct wet and dry season. Rainfall is common in relative abundance throughout most of the year, although there is less rain than in the eastern coastal valleys. The land, however, is fertile and deep.

Climate data for Caguas (Average and Records: 1948-2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 92
(33) 		93
(34) 		95
(35) 		95
(35) 		97
(36) 		99
(37) 		99
(37) 		98
(37) 		101
(38) 		99
(37) 		95
(35) 		95
(35) 		101
(38)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 79.3
(26.3) 		80.9
(27.2) 		86.4
(30.2) 		88.1
(31.2) 		89.4
(31.9) 		90.5
(32.5) 		90.7
(32.6) 		91.1
(32.8) 		91.0
(32.8) 		90.0
(32.2) 		87.4
(30.8) 		84.9
(29.4) 		87.5
(30.8)
Daily mean °F (°C) 70.9
(21.6) 		71.1
(21.7) 		74.3
(23.5) 		77.1
(25.1) 		79.6
(26.4) 		81.4
(27.4) 		82.7
(28.2) 		82.5
(28.1) 		82.8
(28.2) 		81.6
(27.6) 		78.1
(25.6) 		75.4
(24.1) 		78.1
(25.6)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 62.5
(16.9) 		61.1
(16.2) 		62.3
(16.8) 		66.0
(18.9) 		69.8
(21.0) 		72.4
(22.4) 		74.7
(23.7) 		74.0
(23.3) 		74.7
(23.7) 		73.2
(22.9) 		68.7
(20.4) 		65.8
(18.8) 		68.8
(20.4)
Record low °F (°C) 50
(10) 		50
(10) 		49
(9) 		56
(13) 		62
(17) 		65
(18) 		66
(19) 		67
(19) 		66
(19) 		64
(18) 		59
(15) 		57
(14) 		49
(9)
Average rainfall inches (mm) 3.05
(77) 		2.68
(68) 		1.39
(35) 		4.32
(110) 		10.46
(266) 		4.22
(107) 		4.20
(107) 		5.03
(128) 		9.74
(247) 		7.12
(181) 		7.87
(200) 		3.46
(88) 		59.52
(1,512)
Average rainy days (≥ 0.10) 9 7 6 12 18 11 8 10 14 10 18 9 100
Source: Southeast Regional Climate Center [26]

Barrios

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Subdivisions of Caguas.

Like all municipalities of Puerto Rico, Caguas is subdivided into barrios:[27][28][29]

  1. Caguas barrio-pueblo[30]
  2. Bairoa
  3. Beatriz
  4. Borinquen
  5. Cañabón
  6. Cañaboncito
  7. Río Cañas
  8. San Antonio
  9. San Salvador
  10. Tomás de Castro
  11. Turabo

Sectors

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Barrios (which are, in contemporary times, roughly comparable to minor civil divisions)[30] and subbarrios,[31][32][33] are further subdivided into smaller areas called sectores (sectors in English). The types of sectores may vary, from normally sector to urbanización to reparto to barriada to residencial, among others.[34][35][36]

Special Communities

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See also: Puerto Rico Office for Socioeconomic and Community Development

Comunidades Especiales de Puerto Rico (Special Communities of Puerto Rico) are marginalized communities whose citizens are experiencing a certain amount of social exclusion. A map shows these communities occur in nearly every municipality of the commonwealth. Of the 742 places that were on the list in 2014, the following barrios, communities, sectors, or neighborhoods were in Caguas: Bairoa La 25, Morales neighborhood, Parcelas Viejas in Borinquén, Sector La Barra, and Comunidad La Quebrada in Río Cañas, Hoyo Frío in Las Carolinas, Lajitas, Las Carolinas, Los Muchos, Los Panes in Beatriz, and Savarona.[37][38]

Tourism

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Landmarks and places of interest

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Plaza Palmer, Caguas's main town square, during Christmas.

There are seven places in Caguas listed on the US National Register of Historic Places:[39]

Other landscapes, landmarks and tourist attractions in Caguas include:

Parks and natural areas

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Lotus flower in the Jardín Botánico y Cultural William Miranda Marín

The municipality of Caguas is home to various parks and natural protected areas managed by different governmental entities ranging from the municipal government, the Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources, the Puerto Rico Conservation Trust, and the United States Fish & Wildlife Service.[40]

Voy Turistiendo Campaign

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To stimulate local tourism during the COVID-19 pandemic in Puerto Rico, the Puerto Rico Tourism Company launched the Voy Turistiendo (I'm Touring) campaign in 2021. The campaign featured a passport book with a page for each municipality. The Voy Turisteando Caguas passport page lists the Jardín Botánico William Miranda Marin, the Catedral Dulce Nombre de Jesús, the Plaza de Recreo Santiago R. Palmer and the Museo de Artes Populares as places of interest.[41]

Culture

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Festivals and events

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Caguas celebrates its patron saint festival in July. The Fiestas Patronales de Nuestra Sra. del Carmen is a religious and cultural celebration that generally features parades, games, artisans, amusement rides, regional food, and live entertainment.[23]

Other festivals and events include:

Sports

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The Criollos de Caguas baseball team is considered one of the greatest of all time in all of Latin America, having won 18 national Puerto Rico titles and 5 Caribbean World Series titles The team is a member of the Liga de Béisbol Profesional de Puerto Rico (LBPPR). Three of the first five Puerto Ricans that played Major League Baseball in the U.S. mainland, at one point in their careers played for the Criollos de Caguas (Luis Rodríguez Olmo, Victor Pellot Power, Roberto Clemente).

The Criollos de Caguas basketball team, founded in 1968 by Dr. Héctor "Tato" Dávila and Lcdo. Libertario Pérez Rodríguez (a lawyer), is a basketball team that did not enjoy as much success as their baseball counterparts. However, in the early 2000s, they showed a lot of progress by reaching the national playoffs various times. The team was a member of the BSN. In 2006, the team won its first BSN national basketball championship, defeating Flor Melendez and his Santurce Crabbers in five games.

Caguas is home to the Bairoa Gym, one of the most important boxing gyms in all Puerto Rico and a place where many local and visiting champions and otherwise notable boxers have trained at; such as boxing Welterweight Champion Miguel Cotto, his brother Jose Miguel, Alberto Mercado, Juan Carazo, Alfredo Escalera and others.

The Criollas de Caguas women's volleyball team has won 9 national Puerto Rico titles and has made it to the finals more than 15 times. The team is a member of the Liga de Voleibol Superior Femenino (LVSF).

The Criollos de Caguas FC soccer team is considered one of the most successful clubs in the island winning multiple tournaments and cups in Puerto Rican soccer including the National League Title in 2015.

Economy

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In September 2005, city mayor William Miranda Marín levied the first municipal tax in Puerto Rico via city ordinance. Area merchants now charge a one cent tax for every dollar spent at all retail businesses. The tax has become known around the island as the "Willie Tax." It resulted in an estimated $500,000 monthly income for the city. However, the municipal tax was increased to 1.5% after the establishment of the 5.5% state tax, for a total of 7%, and the tax was declared illegal by the Puerto Rico's Supreme Court.[citation needed]

In 2006, Miranda Marín began calling Caguas "El Nuevo País de Caguas" ("The New Country of Caguas").

Agriculture

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During the early part of the 20th century, Caguas hosted one of Puerto Rico's most important sugar manufacturers, which gave employment to thousands of Cagüeños.

Business

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Numerous businesses and important buildings have opened in Caguas since the 1970s, including the imposing 23 story apartment building Caguas Tower, its adjacent competitors Bonneville Apartments, and the 10 floor Menonita Hospital.[42] There are also several shopping centers:

Demographics

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Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
190019,857—
191027,16036.8%
192035,92032.3%
193047,72832.9%
194053,35611.8%
195060,13212.7%
196065,0988.3%
197095,66146.9%
1980117,95923.3%
1990133,44713.1%
2000140,5025.3%
2010142,8931.7%
2020127,244−11.0%
U.S. Decennial Census[43]
1899 (shown as 1900)[44] 1910-1930[45]
1930-1950[46] 1960-2000[47] 2010[28] 2020[48]

In 1899, the United States conducted its first census of Puerto Rico finding that the population of Caguas was 19,857.

In 2020, Caguas had a population of 127,244 compared to 142,893 in 2010. This shows an 11% decrease in the population in the municipality. The population density in 2020 was 2,200 people per square mile (850 people/km2). Hispanic or Latino of any race constitute 98.4% of the population of the municipality. There are also communities of Dominicans, Cubans and Colombians.

Government

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See also: List of mayors of Caguas, Puerto Rico and Mayoralty in Puerto Rico

All municipalities in Puerto Rico are administered by a mayor, elected every four years. The mayor of the city of Caguas were

1953 to 1969 - Angel Rivera PPD

1969 to 1973 - Miguel Hernandez Rodriguez (New Progressive Party (PNP))

1973 to 1977 - Angel O. Berrios Diaz (PPD)

1977 to 1981 - Miguel Hernandez Rodriguez (PNP)

1981 to 1997 - Angel O. Berrios Diaz (PPD)

1997 to 2010 - William Miranda Marín (PPD)

2010 to present - William Miranda Torres (PPD)

The city belongs to the Senatorial district VII (Humacao), which is represented by two Senators. In 2016, Miguel Laureano (PNP) and José Luis Dalmau (PPD) were elected as District Senators.

Symbols

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The municipio or municipality has an official flag and coat of arms.[50]

Flag and coat of arms

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The colors blue and gold were chosen for the shield, distinctive of the city of Caguas. The figures symbolize both the indigenous and Christian origins of the city.

The coat of arms consists of a shield with a blue field. Upon the field are two sets of three golden arrows, forming a cross of St. Andrew. Above the cross is a crown which represents Caguax, cacique of the Turabo Valley region at the time of the arrival of the Spanish conquerors. Arrows were used as a remembrance of the first Christian place of worship established in the region which was dedicated under the patronage of St. Sebastian. There are pineapples interspersed to reflect the native agriculture. A castellated wall surmounts the shield to show the city's having been granted status as a municipality by the Spanish Crown.

On the flag, the shield sits atop another blue field on which the cross of arrows motif is repeated.[51]

Transportation

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Defunct double gauge rail line of the former railway in Caguas.
 
Caguas Municipal Trolley in the Town Square

Public transportation in Caguas, as in most of Puerto Rico, is limited to small "guaguas públicas" (Mini Bus). There is inexpensive but slow service to and from San Juan and Rio Piedras. Several buses and public taxi services serve the town to a limited degree. In 2019,[16] 91.55% of the population relied on their own cars or carpool services to commute.

A "light interurban rail" system connecting Caguas to San Juan was in the planning stages and discarded due to lack of funding.

Caguas is served by one freeway, one tolled expressway and one main divided highway. Puerto Rico Highway 30 connects Caguas to the eastern part of the island. There is no freeway/expressway to the west, due mainly to the fact that there is no sufficient population west of Caguas to develop a new freeway or expressway; good access to the municipalities of Cidra (southwest) and Aguas Buenas (northwest) are possible via PR-172 and PR-156, respectively. Puerto Rico Highway 52 connects Caguas to the north (San Juan) and south (Cayey, Ponce). Puerto Rico Highway 1 is an alternate route to San Juan and Guaynabo with two lanes per direction; in south Caguas it becomes rural near Borinquen, therefore the only good access to Cayey is the expressway (PR-52) and a $1.00 toll has to be paid (only in the south direction). The only municipality bordering Caguas with a poor-access road is San Lorenzo, via PR-183; but good access to San Lorenzo is possible by entering Gurabo via PR-30, and then taking PR-203 south. Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport is about 35 minutes away by car.

There are 86 bridges in Caguas.[52]

Education

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High schools

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  • Colegio Católico Notre Dame
  • Elohim Christian Academy
  • New Generation Christian Academy (formerly CLA)
  • Caguas Military Academy
  • Colegio Bautista
  • Colegio Católico San Juan Apóstol
  • Academia Cristo de los Milagros
  • Dr. Juan José Osuna High school
  • José Gautier Benítez High school
  • Escuela Libre de Música - Antonio S. Paoli
  • Manuela Toro Morice High School
  • Republic of Costa Rica Vocacional High School of Caguas
  • Eloisa Pascual "Bairoa III" High School
  • Rio Cañas High School
  • Santa Rosa Superior School
  • Thomas Alva Edison School
  • Colegio San José Superior
  • Escuela Secundaria Especializada en Ciencias, Matemáticas y Tecnología (CIMATEC)
  • Caguas Private School (CPS)
  • Academia Adventista Caguas
  • BYPA
  • Nuestra Escuela
  • Caguas Learning Academy (CLA)
  • Gerardo Sellés Solá High School

Higher education

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Health care

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  • Hospital Pavia
  • Menonita Caguas Regional Hospital
  • San Juan Bautista Medical Center
  • Corporacion SANOS
  • Healthcare Ambulatory Services (HAS)

International relations

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Twin towns – sister cities

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See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in North America § Puerto Rico

Caguas is also twinned domestically with Hartford, Connecticut and Southbridge, Massachusetts.[53]

Notable residents

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Main category: People from Caguas, Puerto Rico
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  •  
    Museo de Arte de Caguas
  •  
    The José Ignacio Quintón Center for Criollo Music, located at the corner of Calle Ruiz Belvis and Calle Intendente Ramírez in Caguas, Puerto Rico. The center occupies the historic First Baptist Church of Caguas (built 1907–1909), and is listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.
  •  
    Carousel in Plaza de Caguas
  •  
    Caguas cathedral 'Dulce Nombre de Jesús' founded in 1729. On the facade hangs an image of native son Blessed Carlos Manuel Rodríguez, whose body rests in the cathedral.
  •  
    Entrance to the Botanical and Cultural Gardens in Caguas
  •  
    Main square for recreation, Plaza de Recreo Santiago R. Palmer in Caguas barrio-pueblo
  •  
    The Walmart in Caguas, Puerto Rico is one of five Walmart facilities on the island equipped with solar panels.
  •  
    Chimney at former sugar producing Hacienda Santa Catalina

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Demographics/Ethnic U.S. 2000 census" (PDF). Topeurtorico.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 16, 2008. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
  2. ^ "Puerto Rico Population Declined 11.8% From 2010 to 2020". Census.gov. Retrieved April 11, 2022.
  3. ^ "Caguas celebrates its Tree City recognition for the 10th consecutive time". US Forest Service. May 3, 2019. Retrieved February 14, 2024.
  4. ^ Florencio Morales Ramos: Ramito, “el Cantor de la Montaña”. Archived 2017-11-07 at the Wayback Machine David Morales. Our Country Music. Undated. Accessed 8 December 2018.
  5. ^ Alvarado, Lisandro (2008). Glosario de voces indígenas de Venezuela (in Spanish). Caracas: Monte Ávila Editores Latinoamericana.
  6. ^ Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
  7. ^ "Los cognomentos de los 78 municipios de Puerto Rico [Nicknames of the 78 "municipios" of Puerto Rico]". IndicePR (in Spanish). August 27, 2016. Retrieved June 14, 2020.
  8. ^ "Caguas: Centro y Corazón de Puerto Rico". VisitaCaguas (in Spanish). Retrieved October 23, 2024.
  9. ^ "Willie Miranda Marín, un boricua que soñó con "un nuevo país" (Biografía y vídeos)". Primera Hora (in Spanish). June 5, 2010. Retrieved October 23, 2024.
  10. ^ admin_caguax (April 11, 2019). "Hon. William E. Miranda Torres, Alcalde". Municipio de Caguas. Retrieved October 23, 2024.
  11. ^ Katia Gil, de Lamadrid Pesant (2012). Caguas: Transformaciones territoriales desde el período colonial hasta 1952 (in Spanish). Gurabo, Puerto Rico: Universidad del Turabo. pp. 24–26.
  12. ^ "Memoria Viva: la Carretera Central de Puerto Rico". www.noticel.com. Retrieved October 21, 2021.
  13. ^ Joseph Prentiss Sanger; Henry Gannett; Walter Francis Willcox (1900). Informe sobre el censo de Puerto Rico, 1899, United States. War Dept. Porto Rico Census Office (in Spanish). Imprenta del gobierno. p. 161. Archived from the original on November 15, 2012. Retrieved June 7, 2020.
  14. ^ "American FactFinder - Results". archive.ph. February 13, 2020. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved September 6, 2021.
  15. ^ Samame, Juan Carlos. "Historia". Municipio de Caguas. Retrieved October 11, 2021.
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Further reading

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