The Banias (Arabic: نهر بانياس, romanized: Nahr Baniyas; Hebrew: נחל חרמון, romanized: Nahal Hermon)[3] is a river flowing from the Golan Heights to Israel. It is the easternmost of the three main northern tributaries of the Jordan River; together with the Dan River and the Hasbani River, it forms the Jordan River's upper catchment (UCJR).[4] Israel has included the stream in the Hermon nature reserve.
| Banias River | |
|---|---|
 | |
 | |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Source | |
| • location | Banias spring[1] |
| • coordinates | 33°14′55″N 35°41′40″E / 33.24861°N 35.69444°E |
| Mouth | |
• location | Dan River |
• coordinates | 33°11′45″N 35°37′32″E / 33.1957°N 35.6256°E |
| Length | 9 km |
| Basin features | |
| River system | Upper Catchment of the Jordan River |
| Tributaries | |
| • left | Sa'ar Stream Pera' Stream |
| • right | Guvta Stream Sion Stream[2] |
Course and streamflow
edit
The main source of the Banias River is the Banias spring, located at the southern base of the Hermon mountain range and contributing a discharge of 67·million m3 annually. From there the stream flows south for nine kilometers before draining into the Dan River just north of Sde Nehemia.[1][5] Along the way, it drains the Guvta Stream (right), the Sa'ar Stream (left), the Pera' Stream (left), and the Sion (Ar.: el-'Asl[6]) Stream (right), with a total drainage area of 158 km2. The total annual streamflow of the river comes to 106 million m3.[4]
Flora and fauna
editThe banks of the river abound in willow trees, oriental planes, silver-leaf poplars, Tabor oaks, Palestine oaks, Mt. Atlas mastics, terebinths, carobs, ferns, giant canes, and various vines.
The stream is home to a variety of fluvial fish, including longhead barbel, large-scale barbel, Damascus barbel, and tilapia. Living and roaming around the stream or in it are wild boars, Syrian rock hyrax, swamp cats, nutria, and Indian porcupines.[7]
Birds that frequent the vicinity of the stream include rock doves and Western rock nuthatch.[8]
History
editThe Newcombe-Paulet Agreement of 1923, endorsed later by the League of Nations, delineated the international boundary between the British Mandate and the French Mandate, effectively separating Palestine from Syria and Lebanon. According to the agreement, the stream itself would remain within British Mandate territory, while the village and springs would fall under French Mandate control ( therefor, part of Syria). Following the armistice agreements after the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, areas west of the international boundary line captured by Syria were designated as demilitarized zones. In practice, Syria took control of the northern part of the Banias Ridge in the early 1950s, leaving only the southern part of the stream under Israeli jurisdiction.[9]
In 1964, Syria mobilized heavy engineering equipment in the area and initiated a project to divert the stream eastward, aiming to prevent its waters from reaching Israel, which contravened international law. Israel strongly opposed this action, sparking an intense conflict over control of the Jordan River's water resources. A pivotal moment in this conflict was the IDF's operation on August 12, 1965, when they successfully destroyed the diversion equipment in a battle involving artillery and tanks. Despite Syrian efforts, they managed to dig only a small portion of the diversion before the area was later captured by Israel during the Six-Day War. During that conflict, a Syrian tank battalion ventured into the area, and during ensuing engagements, one of the tanks ended up submerged in the streambed, where it remained.[10]
References
edit- ^ a b Hartmann, Andreas (September 2008). "Process-based modelling of karst springs in Mt. Hermon, Israel" (PDF) (in English and German). University of Freiburg. p. 11. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
Banias Spring is the spring contributing most of the discharge to the Hermon stream.
- ^ "וואלה!מפות" [Walla! Maps]. Walla! (in Hebrew). Retrieved 5 August 2011.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). "Golan Heights and vicinity: October 1994". Library of Congress. Library of Congress Geography and Map Division Washington, D.C. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
- ^ a b Rimmer, Alon; Salingar, Yigal (2006). Krzysztofowicz, R. (ed.). "Modelling precipitation-streamflow processes in karst basin: The case of the Jordan River sources, Israel" (PDF). Journal of Hydrology. 331 (3–4). Elsevier: 527–528. Bibcode:2006JHyd..331..524R. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.06.003. Retrieved 20 July 2011.
Rainfall and snowmelt of Mt. Hermon recharge the main tributaries of the UCJR: (1) Dan (252 x 106 m3 annually); (2) Snir also known as Hatzbani (118 x 106 m3); and (3) Hermon also known as Banias (106 x 106 m3) (Table 2 and Fig. 2).
[dead link] - ^ "Hermon Stream (Banias) Nature Reserve". Israel Nature and Parks Authority. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
Nine kilometers from its source, the Hermon Stream meets the Dan, and together they form the Jordan River.
- ^ Mark Zeitoun; Karim Eid-Sabbagh; Muna Dajani; Michael Talhami (2012). "Hydro-political Baseline of the Upper Jordan River". Beirut: Association of the Friends of Ibrahim Abd el Al (AFIAL) with the UEA Water Security Research Centre. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
- ^ Hareuveni, Imanuel (1985). "עמק החולה". In Ehud Avishai (ed.). Nature Reserves in Israel (in Hebrew) (2nd ed.). Israel: Ministry of Defense (Israel). pp. 64–66. ISBN 965-05-0193-2.
במי הנחל רבים הדגים, ביניהם: בינית-ארֻכת-רֹאש, בינית גדולת-הקשקשים, חפף, בינון, לבנונית ואמנוּן.
- ^ Baraq, Pinhas. "The Nahal Hermon Reserve (Banias)". Jewish Agency for Israel. Archived from the original on 9 January 2012. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
Sometimes, rock hyrax can be found, lying on the piled-up rocks, and flocks of rock doves nest in depths of caves. You can occasionally spot Neumayer's Rock Nuthatch, which flies from Mount Hermon, and black sweet-water snails (melanopsis praemorsa) lie on the floor of pools.
- ^ Database, E. C. F. "Franco-British Agreement on Northern Border (Paulet-Newcombe Agreement, 1923)". ecf.org.il. Retrieved 2024-06-30.
- ^ Shapland, Greg (1997). Rivers of Discord: International Water Disputes in the Middle East. Hurst. ISBN 978-1-85065-214-4.
