Wikipedia

Attack-class submarine

This article a about a specific class of submarines. For the general class of attack submarines see Attack submarine.

The Attack-class submarine was a planned class of French-designed submarines for the Royal Australian Navy (RAN), expected to enter service in the early 2030s with construction extending until 2050.[4] The project, which would have replaced the Collins-class submarines, began in 2007 as the Future Submarine program. In 2020 it was estimated to cost A$90 billion and would have been the largest and most complex defence acquisition project in Australian history.

Attack-class submarine
Class overview
BuildersNaval Group
Operators Royal Australian Navy
Preceded byCollins class
Succeeded bySSN-AUKUS class
CostA$89.7 billion (2020)[1][2] for twelve units TOT (est.)
Planned12
Cancelled12
General characteristics
TypeDiesel-electric attack submarine
Displacement4,500 t surfaced[3]
Length97 m (318 ft 3 in)[3]
Beam8.8 m (28 ft 10 in)[3]
Installed powerDiesel electric with lead acid batteries
PropulsionPump-jet[3]
SpeedIn excess of 20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph)[3]
Range18,000 nmi (33,000 km; 21,000 mi) at 10 kn (19 km/h; 12 mph) surfaced[3]
Endurance80 days[3]
Complement60[3]
Sensors and
processing systems		AN/BYG-1 combat system[4]
Armament
  • 8 × 533 mm (21 in) torpedo tubes
  • 28 torpedoes:
  • Mark 48 MOD 7 heavyweight torpedo, Harpoon anti-ship missiles or Mk III Stonefish mines[4]

Australia's unique operating environment (including significant variations in ocean climate and conditions) and rejection of nuclear marine propulsion had led it to operate the Collins-class, the world's largest diesel-electric submarines, capable of transiting the long distances from HMAS Stirling to their deployment areas. In the early phases of the project, four design options were identified: purchase a military off-the-shelf (MOTS) design, modify a MOTS design for Australian conditions, design an evolution of the Collins class, or create a new design.

In 2009, the Australian Government's defence white paper announced that a new class of twelve submarines would be built.[5] The selected design was to be built at the ASC Pty Ltd shipyard in South Australia, but, if a company other than ASC was selected to build the submarines, they would be granted access to the government-owned facility. Early plans suggested the first submarine would be completed before 2025. However, there were significant delays in the project and by the end of 2014, operational capabilities had still not been defined. In February 2015 the Abbott government announced a competitive evaluation process between competing Japanese, French, and German designs. On 26 April 2016, Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull announced the Shortfin Barracuda, a conventionally-powered variant of the Barracuda-class nuclear submarine by French firm DCNS (now Naval Group), as the winner.[6]

On 16 September 2021, Prime Minister Scott Morrison announced the cancellation of the contract with Naval Group and the creation of AUKUS, a trilateral security pact between the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia, that will help Australia to acquire nuclear-powered submarines:[7][8] the SSN-AUKUS, expected to enter service in the early 2040s.[9]

Background

edit

Australian diesel-electric submarines operate in a wide range of geographic and oceanographic conditions, from the cold Southern Ocean to the tropics of the Coral, Arafura, and Timor Seas – requiring the submarines to handle significant variances in temperature, salinity, density, and climate. Australian submarines provide a deterrent towards military aggression against Australia by patrolling the waters of Australia and nearby nations; in addition, they gather intelligence through the interception of electronic communications by foreign nations and assist in the deployment and retrieval of special forces operatives. Because RAN submarines operate from HMAS Stirling, Australian submarines have to transit long distances to reach some of their potential patrol areas. This requirement for range and endurance resulted in the 1980s Collins-class design incorporating a large fuel load, large engines and sufficient batteries to transit these long distances; technological improvements since then have enabled smaller diesel-electric submarines such as the German Type 214 submarine and Dutch Walrus-class submarine to achieve similar range and endurance as the Collins class.[10] It has also been noted that the transit distances Australian submarines travel could be reduced by operating the submarines from HMAS Coonawarra in Darwin, rather than HMAS Stirling in Western Australia.[11]

 
The Collins-class submarine HMAS Rankin. The SEA 1000 project was to replace the six Collins-class boats.

The Collins class were the first diesel-electric submarines specifically designed for Australian conditions of long transit distances and diverse sea states, and thus represent an 'orphan' design with no evolved design to replace them.[12] The submarines were enlarged and heavily modified versions of Swedish shipbuilder Kockums' Västergötland class.[13][14] Built during the 1990s and 2000s, the Collins-class submarines have a predicted operational life of around 30 years, with the lead boat HMAS Collins due to be decommissioned around 2025.[15][16]

Project history

edit

The Submarine Institute of Australia released a report in July 2007 arguing that planning for the next generation of Australian submarines had to begin soon if they were to be replaced by the 2020s.[16] In December 2007, a month after coming into office, Minister for Defence Joel Fitzgibbon announced that planning for the Collins-class replacement (designated SEA 1000) had commenced.[16] The SEA 1000 project office was established within the Defence Materiel Organisation in October 2008, and was being jointly administered with Defence's Capability Development Group.[17][18] In February 2009, Rear Admiral Rowan Moffitt was appointed as project head.[17]

2009 defence white paper

edit

The 2009 Defending Australia in the Asia Pacific Century: Force 2030 white paper confirmed the replacement project, and announced that the submarine fleet would be increased to twelve vessels.[19][20] Reasons for this included the growing quantity and sophistication of Asian-Pacific naval forces (particularly submarine forces), the need to sustain submarine operations in any conflict, and the greater deterrent an increased submarine force would provide.[21]

Originally, the planned timeline called for concept work to start in 2009, preliminary designs to be established between 2011 and 2013, then detailed design work completed in time for construction to start in 2016.[17] This was to ensure that the new class would be in service before the Collins class began decommissioning in 2025.[17] However, meetings between Moffitt and the National Security Committee to clarify concept details and intended capabilities scheduled for November 2009 did not go ahead until March 2012.[17] On 3 May 2012, the Australian government announced funding for the initial design phase.[22] The initial phase would encompass studies to select the new submarines' design, Defence Science and Technology Organisation projects to establish parameters for propulsion, combat system, and stealth capabilities, along with initiating programs to develop the required industry skills for the actual construction.[22] Under the 2012 revised timeline, the preliminary phase would conclude in 2013, with 'first pass approval' to be done by early 2014, and 'second pass approval' in 2017.[22] The best case prediction for seeing the first new submarine enter service, made in 2012, was "after 2030".[17] Some of the slow pace and lack of decision making has been attributed to politicians fearing being held responsible for a repeat of the problems experienced by the Collins class during their construction and early career.[23]

In September 2013, Rear Admiral Greg Sammut AO was appointed as Head Future Submarine Program.[24]

Speculation of a Sōryū class decision

edit
 
The Sōryū-class submarine Unryū in 2014. The Japanese submarines had been widely speculated as the forerunner for the replacement project.

Although the German Type 214 submarine has comparable range and endurance to the Collins class, and superior range and endurance compared to the Sōryū class, throughout 2014 there was increasing speculation that a Japanese design had been pre-selected as the Collins-class replacement,[25] leading to criticism that the Japanese submarines did not have the range or endurance that Australia required.[26]

A September 2012 weapons technology swap deal and a July 2014 agreement on the sharing of defence technology were seen as preliminary steps towards Australian-Japanese collaboration on a submarine design, or towards integrating technologies like the Sōryū's Kockums-designed air-independent propulsion Stirling engines and research into incorporating the Japanese boats' hydrodynamic capabilities into a potential SEA 1000 design.[27] Advantages in such a deal between the nations include the attention that securing the SEA 1000 project would bring to Japanese arms manufacturers (particularly after loosening of defence export restrictions in 2014), the provision of a proven high-end submarine design to the Australian military, and improved relations, both directly and as mutual allies of the United States of America.[28] However, it has been noted that cooperation on such a major defence project would be high risk due to Japan's lack of previous arms export experience, and any deal could negatively impact on both nations' relations with China.[29] The close personal relationship between the then-Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott and Japanese Prime Minister Shinzō Abe was also cited as a factor in the likeliness of such a deal, although with the caveat that a change in government in either nation would compromise any potential deal for construction, or the ongoing maintenance support of the submarines: the Australian Labor Party has a greater interest in supporting local shipbuilding than Abbott's Coalition government, while a souring of China-Japan relations is something the Democratic Party of Japan is less likely to risk than the Liberal Democratic government led by Abe.[11][28][30]

By November 2014, initial capabilities had not been decided on, and recommendations were to be made throughout 2015.[31] In December 2014, the Australian Coalition government ruled out using a tender process to identify a new submarine design, blaming the limited time left before the Collins class were scheduled to begin leaving service.[32] Although there was speculation at the time that the Australian government would purchase directly from Japanese shipbuilders,[11][30] in January 2015, Defence Minister Kevin Andrews stated that the government was still considering the options offered by European shipbuilders: ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems of Germany, Saab of Sweden, and a partnership of the French companies Thales and DCNS.[33][34]

In mid-December 2015, the Japanese Maritime Self Defence Force allowed a journalist from the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) to tour the newest of the class, Kokuryū, at its base at Yokoska and speak to the commanding officer, Commander Takehiko Hirama, and several other personnel.[35]

2015 policy announcements

edit

On 8 February 2015 the Abbott government signalled that both the selection of a design and selection of construction options would be competitive, and on 9 February 2015 announced a "competitive evaluation process" with the possibility of construction in Australia.[36] On 20 February 2015 the Australian Government announced three key strategic considerations that would be taken into account in the competitive evaluation process: that the future submarines would have a similar range and endurance to the Collins class, superior sensor performance and stealth compared to the Collins class, and that the combat system and Mark 48 Mod 7 torpedo jointly developed between the United States and Australia would be the future submarines' preferred combat system and main weapon.[37] The government also announced a three-way competition between ThyssenKrupp, the Thales-DCNS partnership and a Japanese design, while Saab was excluded.[38]

Technical considerations

edit

Propulsion

edit

Deciding the future submarines' propulsion system is closely tied to determining its operational range, underwater endurance, and stealthiness. Two basic options are presented in submarine propulsion: nuclear propulsion, and conventional, diesel-electric propulsion. The option of nuclear propulsion effectively gives submarines an unlimited range and endurance, only restrained by maintenance and human crew requirements for resupply and rest. It also removes the necessity for surfacing to recharge batteries, an unstealthy and risky process. Australian governments have repeatedly rejected the nuclear propulsion option due to the lack of an Australian nuclear power industry (Australia would be the only non-nuclear nation to operate nuclear submarines), related issues of operational sovereignty were Australia to operate an American nuclear-powered submarine such as the Virginia class, rendering it dependent on American technical support, and public opposition to nuclear technology.[39]

The second alternative is to operate a conventional diesel-electric submarine with sufficient fuel and battery power to transit the large operational ranges required by Australia, and to provide maximum range, endurance and stealth (operating underwater), before having to resurface to snorkel and recharge batteries. Previously, this design brief led to the construction of a relatively large conventionally powered submarine, the Collins class, possessing a large diesel electric engine, fuel load and sufficient batteries capable of transporting the submarines to their operational areas, without having to resurface for extended periods.

A further innovation in diesel electric propulsion which might have been considered for the Collins-class replacement was air independent propulsion which is used in a number of modern submarine designs including the German Type 214, Japanese Sōryū class, and French Scorpène class. Air independent propulsion performs the role of an auxiliary engine, providing submarines with increased stealth by allowing them to operate submerged for longer. The German Type 214 submarine employs advanced polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells that assist in delivering it comparable range and endurance to the Collins class.[40]

Batteries

edit

Batteries are an important component of diesel-electric submarines, propelling them and operating electric equipment underwater for long periods before having to surface to recharge the batteries. Improvements in battery technology in the 21st century have allowed smaller diesel-electric submarines to operate with greatly improved range and endurance.[41] Lithium-ion battery technology was being planned for submarines by Japan in 2014.[27] The Collins-class replacement may have operated battery technology superior to that of the existing Collins class.

The Australian Government's announcement on 20 February 2015 that the future submarines would have a similar range and endurance to the Collins class increased the likelihood that an evolved MOTS or completely new design would be selected.

Weapons capabilities

edit

The 2009 defence white paper identified a land strike capability as an important addition to torpedo, mine and anti-ship missile weapons.[5] In February 2015 the Australian Government identified its preference for the future submarines to have a US weapon system and heavyweight torpedo.

Design

edit

Candidates

edit
 
A German designed Type 214 submarine at the HDW building yard in Kiel, 2008. An evolved Type 214 was one of the options under consideration for the replacement program.

In the 2009 Defence white paper, the replacement submarines were outlined as a class of twelve vessels of up to 4,000 tons displacement, fitted with land-attack cruise missiles in addition to torpedoes and anti-ship missiles, capable of launching and recovering covert operatives while submerged, and carrying surveillance and intelligence-gathering equipment.[42] The submarines would likely be fitted with the United States AN/BYG-1 combat system.

There were four possible routes for the SEA 1000 project to take, in order of increasing design complexity and risk:

  • Buy a Military-Off-The-Shelf (MOTS) design without modification
  • Develop a modified MOTS design to better suit Australian service conditions
  • Design an evolution of the Collins class
  • Design an entirely new submarine

Designs initially considered for the various MOTS routes included the German-designed Type 214, Japan's Sōryū class, the French-designed Scorpène class, the Spanish S-80 class, and an evolved Collins class.[citation needed] An evolved Collins-class design was also considered in 2013 but was officially dropped from consideration in 2015, due to it being assessed that the work required equated to a brand new design.[43] In addition, Saab pushed an enlarged variant of its Swedish A26 submarine, but was excluded from further consideration in February 2015 due to Sweden having not designed and built a submarine independently for twenty years.[43] Pure MOTS submarines were initially ruled out by the project in March 2011, but were put back on the table in December 2011.

Evolved designs of the Scorpène class were offered, while ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems, in additions to options for an evolved Type 214, proposed the development of a brand new design, the Type 216, to specifically match Australian requirements.[11][30]

Selected: Shortfin Barracuda (France; DCNS)

edit

On 30 November 2015, DCNS with Thales delivered its proposal for the Shortfin Barracuda Block 1A design (a diesel-electric variant of the Barracuda-class nuclear submarine under construction for the French Navy) to the Australia's Department of Defence. It includes a Government to Government Agreement from the Ministry of the Armed Forces's Direction générale de l'armement (DGA) with a binding written agreement for aspects of the deliverables.[44]

DCNS was chosen by the Australian Government on 26 April 2016 to build 12 of the Shortfin Barracuda Block 1A variant at a projected A$50 billion. Much of the works were to be undertaken in Adelaide, South Australia.[45]

According to the Royal Australian Navy the Shortfin Barracuda would displace 4,500 tons (surfaced), measure 97 m (318 ft) in length, have an 8.8 m (29 ft) beam, use pump-jet propulsion, have a range of 18,000 nautical miles, a top speed of greater than 20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph), an endurance of 80 days and a crew of 60.[3]

Construction

edit
 
The ASC shipyard in Osborne, South Australia. The original intention was to build the new submarines at this government-owned shipyard, even if ASC was not the successful tenderer.

Initially, the Australian government promised that the government-owned ASC, the company responsible for building the Collins class, would build the new submarines.[46] In a May 2009 announcement about plans to release a request for tender, the Labor government indicated that if a company other than ASC was the successful tenderer, that company would be granted access to ASC's shipyard in Osborne, South Australia.[46] Despite ongoing support for the submarines to be built in South Australia by successive Coalition and Labor governments, in July 2014, the Abbott-led Coalition government abandoned their pre-election commitment to ASC-based construction and opened up the possibility of building the submarines at a foreign shipyard.[47][48] In February 2015 the Abbott government in announcing a 'competitive evaluation process' noted that the government would not approach the submarine decision with an 'open cheque book', but would rather allow a competitive process in which various construction options would be explored, including construction in Australia, overseas, or a 'hybrid approach' of foreign and local construction, along with estimated costs and schedules.[49][50]

Original plans for construction indicated a 25-year period from work starting to final completion.[51] Because of the lengthy construction period, building the submarines in evolving 'batches' was under consideration; ongoing research and innovation would see updated equipment and designs incorporated into new submarines as built, then added to existing submarines during refits.[52][53] As of 2021, construction of the submarines was scheduled to begin in 2023.[54] The SEA 1000 submarines were predicted to remain in service until the 2070s.[51]

In July 2017, Malcolm Turnbull opened the Future Submarine Project office in Cherbourg.[55]

The class was named the Attack class in December 2018, with the first of class to have been designated HMAS Attack.[56]

Cost

edit

When announced, the Collins replacement project was identified as the most expensive ever undertaken by the Australian Defence Force.[57] In December 2010, an update to the 2009 Defence Capability Plan forecast the cost of the project as over A$10 billion.[58] However, the Australian Strategic Policy Institute has predicted that the new submarines would cost over A$36 billion to design and build, with construction of each submarine valued between A$1.4 and A$3.04 billion.[57][59] Government predictions in 2014 estimated a total cost of up to A$80 billion for 12 Collins derivatives built by ASC, although ASC contested this with claims of a cost of A$18–24 billion.[11][60]

An unspecified number of Sōryū-class submarines, built in Japan by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and Kawasaki Shipbuilding Corporation was estimated at A$25 billion.[11][60] European shipbuilder offers in 2014 were valued by the shipbuilders as costing around $A20 billion or otherwise being competitive with the Japanese valuation.[11][61]

In 2020 the Department of Finance indicated that the real cost would be in excess of $80 billion, which had been known as early as October 2015.[62]

From the original €35 billion cost, only €8 billion would go to French companies.[63]

Submarines in class

edit

Estimated dates in Italics

Name[64] Pennant Builder Laid down Launched Delivered[64] Commissioned[64] Status Namesake
Batch 1
Attack Naval Group Australia and ASC Pty Ltd, Osborne Projected 2023[54] 2030s 2030s Cancelled To act against aggressively with armed force. She would have been the second vessel in the RAN named "Attack".

Cancellation

edit

On 16 September 2021, Australia cancelled the contract with Naval Group.[7] Less than three weeks earlier, on the 30th of August, the French and Australian defence and foreign affairs ministers had released a joint statement reaffirming the project, stating that the "Ministers underlined the importance of the Future Submarine program."[65] Prime Minister Scott Morrison said that Australia now required a nuclear-powered submarine which has the advantages of greater speed, remaining underwater for longer and carrying heavier loads than a conventionally powered submarine, based on a change in the strategic situation in the Indo-Pacific and that the Attack class would have been "the most capable and lethal conventional submarine ever built."[7][66]

Australia had invested A$2.4 billion into the program.[66] The strategic partnership agreement contained "control gates" with "off-ramps" at which point Australia could withdraw from the contract.[67][68] The program had been intensively criticised in Australia because of its alleged increase in costs and failure to place most of the work in Australia.[69][70][71]

Morrison said when announcing the contract cancellation that Australia had "advised Naval Group and of course, the Government of France and President Macron of that decision".[66] He later said that he had tried to call the President hours before the announcement.[72]

AUKUS

edit
Main article: AUKUS

The Telegraph reported that in March 2021 the Australian navy chief Vice Admiral Michael Noonan met in London with his British counterpart Admiral Tony Radakin and requested assistance from the UK and the US in acquiring nuclear-powered submarines.[73] A trilateral discussion was held between British prime minister Boris Johnson, US president Joe Biden and Morrison at the June 2021 G7 summit in Cornwall, England.[66][74] The talks took place without Macron's knowledge.[75] On the day the contract was cancelled, Morrison, Johnson and Biden jointly announced the creation of the AUKUS trilateral security pact.[76] Morrison separately announced the contract cancellation.[7][77]

Under the AUKUS pact, the US and UK will share nuclear propulsion technology with Australia, as they have with each other since 1958 under the 1958 US–UK Mutual Defence Agreement.[68][78][7] Australia will now acquire at least eight nuclear-powered submarines armed with conventional weapons. The submarines will be built by ASC in Osborne.[7] The basic design and key technologies will be decided by the Nuclear-Powered Submarine Task Force, an 18-month Department of Defence research project headed by Vice Admiral Jonathan Mead, begun in September 2021 with assistance from the US and UK.[7][79]

Australia considered purchasing French nuclear submarines which use nuclear reactors fuelled by low-enriched uranium (LEU) at less than 6% enrichment.[80][81] However, French reactor designs have to be refuelled every ten years,[80][82] and Australia does not have a civil nuclear capability with nuclear energy prohibited.[83] In contrast, American and British designs power the submarines for the expected life of the submarines[80][84][85] using nuclear reactors fuelled by highly enriched uranium (HEU) at 93% enrichment.[86]

Reaction

edit

Naval Group said that Australia had "terminated the contract for convenience".[87] The French Ministry of Defense claimed that on the day that the contract was cancelled, Australia had written to France stating that "they were satisfied with the submarine's achievable performance and with the progress of the program."[88] The French foreign minister Jean-Yves Le Drian said that Australia told France one hour before the public announcement of the cancellation.[89] He called the decision to cancel the contract and the secret AUKUS negotiations a "stab in the back".[90][91][92] He said in regards to NATO alliance partners the US and the UK that "In a real alliance you talk to each other, you don't hide things, you respect the other party."[89] Christian Cambon, chairman of the Committee of the French Senate's Foreign Affairs, Defence and Armed Forces, said the decision to cancel the contract must lead France "to wonder about the recurrent attitude from some of our allies, behaving as adversaries rather than fair competitors".[93][94] On 17 September 2021, Le Drian announced that President Macron had recalled the French ambassadors to Australia and the United States.[95][92]

Settlement

edit

On 11 June 2022, Australia's newly elected Labor-led government agreed a €555 million ($583.58 million) settlement with Naval Group.[96] French defense minister Sébastien Lecornu welcomed the settlement and stated that France was willing to rebuild its relationship with Australia. In addition, the Australian Prime Minister Anthony Albanese announced plans to travel to France to repair bilateral relations between the two countries.[97][98]

See also

edit

Citations

edit
  1. ^ "Australia signs $50 billion submarine contract with France after two-year squabble". Reuters. 11 February 2019.
  2. ^ "Australia to spend $90B for 12 Attack-class Submarines". Defense World. 4 May 2020.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Superior sub-mission". Navy News: Official Newspaper of the Royal Australian Navy. Vol. 59, no. 7. Canberra: Department of Defence. 5 May 2016. p. 3. OCLC 223485215.
  4. ^ a b c Department of Defence, 2016 Defence White Paper, pp. 91–92
  5. ^ a b 2009 defence white paper, p. 70.
  6. ^ "Australian submarines to be built in Adelaide after French company DCNS wins $50b contract". ABC News. 26 April 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g Prime Minister; Minister for Defence; Minister for Foreign Affairs; Minister for Women (16 September 2021). "Australia to pursue Nuclear-powered Submarines through new Trilateral Enhanced Security Partnership". Prime Minister of Australia (Press release). Archived from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 25 September 2021.  This article contains quotations from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence.
  8. ^ Maiden, Samantha (16 September 2021). "Australia confirms landmark nuclear submarine deal and it's 'China's worst nightmare'". News.com.au. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
  9. ^ Galloway, Anthony (14 March 2023). "Eight submarines, three decades, up to $368 billion: Australia's historic AUKUS plan at a glance". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
  10. ^ "WHAT LIES BENEATH? Sea 1000". asiapacificdefencereporter.com. Archived from the original on 9 May 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g Nicholson & Wallace, Home-built submarines deemed too expensive, too risky
  12. ^ John Thornton (31 July 2011). "Beyond the Collins Class: what next for Australia's submarines?". The Conversation. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  13. ^ Dennis et al., The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History, p. 138
  14. ^ Woolner, Procuring Change, p. 7
  15. ^ Coleman, More problems with Collins class submarines
  16. ^ a b c Stewart, Defence to reach new depths
  17. ^ a b c d e f Kerr, Sea 1000
  18. ^ ABC News, 4.6m for next generation submarine study
  19. ^ Department of Defence, Defending Australia in the Asia Pacific Century, pp. 70–1
  20. ^ Future Force, in Australian Warship, p. 24
  21. ^ Department of Defence, Defending Australia in the Asia Pacific Century, pgs. 38, 64, 70–1
  22. ^ a b c Offices of the Prime Minister, Minister for Defence, and Minister for Defence Materiel, Next stage of future submarine project announced
  23. ^ McDonald & Snow, Submarines no longer all at sea
  24. ^ Rear Admiral Gregory Sammut, Official Biography (RAN), accessed 2021-09-19
  25. ^ "Navy to get Japanese submarines". NewsComAu. 7 September 2014. Archived from the original on 26 March 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  26. ^ "Inquiry rejects 'inadequate' Japanese sub option". Financial Review. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  27. ^ a b Kallender-Umezu, Paul (29 September 2014). "Japan To Make Major Switch on Sub Propulsion: Lithium-ion Batteries Will Power Soryu-class Boats". Defense News. Archived from the original on 28 February 2015. Captcha must be solved.
  28. ^ a b Hardy, After Collins: Australia's submarine replacement programme
  29. ^ "Abbott's plunge into submarine market is a risk we cannot afford". The Age. 16 February 2015. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  30. ^ a b c Kerr, Analysis: European yards face Soryu-shaped hurdle to replacing Collins class
  31. ^ Kerr, Submarine chief: Canberra to get recommendations in next 12 months
  32. ^ Owens, Joe Hockey rules out open tender for new submarines
  33. ^ Scott & Reynolds, Australia gingerly mulls Japanese submarine offer
  34. ^ Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Defence Minister promises 'conservative' approach to submarines following tour of ASC
  35. ^ 'The characteristic is secrecy': Behind the scenes on Japan's state-of-the-art submarine, Matthew Carney, ABC News Online, 14 December 2015
  36. ^ Kelly, Joe (8 February 2015). "Abbott leadership crisis: PM woos MPs with $20bn submarine contract". The Australian. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  37. ^ "Strategic Direction of the Future Submarine Programme". Kevin Andrews. Archived from the original on 9 May 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  38. ^ Patrick, Rex (24 March 2015). "Submarine v Submarine". The Advertiser. Adelaide. While criticism has been yielded as to the non-inclusion of Sweden's SAAB, the reality is that if only three candidates were to be chosen, the minister has made the correct decision. All three have pedigree, ongoing design and construction work and solid order books.
  39. ^ Dibb, Paul; Brabin-Smith, Richard (19 January 2012). "We need submarines, not subservience to the US". The Australian. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  40. ^ "Siemens Website". Siemens USA.
  41. ^ Buckingham, John; Hodge, Christopher; Hardy, Timothy (January 2008). Submarine Power and Propulsion – Trends and Opportunities. BMT Defence Services. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  42. ^ Department of Defence, Defending Australia in the Asia Pacific Century, p. 81
  43. ^ a b "Sweden barred from Australia sub program". Sky News. 25 February 2015. Archived from the original on 13 July 2015.
  44. ^ DCNS delivers proposal for future submarines Archived 8 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine, DCNS media release, 30 November 2015
  45. ^ Wroe, David (26 April 2016). "France wins $50b contract to help build Australia's new submarines". The Sydney Morning Herald.
  46. ^ a b Owen & Akerman, Labor reneges on submarine promise to builder ASC
  47. ^ Pultarova, Australia seeks partners to build next-generation submarines
  48. ^ McGuire & Shepherd, Defence Minister David Johnston won't rule out dumping plans to build submarines in Adelaide
  49. ^ "Cormann says no open chequebook for subs". The Australian. 24 February 2015. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  50. ^ "Strategic Direction of the Future Submarine Programme" (Press release). Office of the Hon Kevin Andrews MP. 20 February 2015. Archived from the original on 25 February 2015. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
  51. ^ a b Nicholson, New subs to be built in Adelaide whatever the pick
  52. ^ Scott, Horns of a dilemma
  53. ^ Ferguson, Gregor (2 March 2021). "It's full steam ahead for Australia's submarine construction project".
  54. ^ a b Vavasseur, Xavier (23 March 2021). "Australia and Naval Group ink agreement on Attack-class submarine program".
  55. ^ Benson, Simon (10 July 2017). "ASD upgrade to bolster terror fight". The Australian. Sydney. Retrieved 10 July 2017. In France last night, Mr Turnbull officially opened the Future Submarine Project at Cherbourg where the design work is underway for the next generation of submarines (subscription required)
  56. ^ Keane, Daniel (13 December 2018). "Future submarines renamed 'Attack class' but concerns remain about project rollout". ABC News. Retrieved 17 December 2018.
  57. ^ a b Nicholson, Sub fleet carries $36b price tag: experts
  58. ^ Kerr, Australia publishes second update to capability plan
  59. ^ Kerr, Australia tests the water for its largest-ever defence procurement challenge
  60. ^ a b Wroe, Australian-made submarines substantially cheaper than government suggests
  61. ^ Jennett, German shipbuilders ThyssenKrupp convinced they remain in race for Australian submarine contract
  62. ^ Anthony Galloway (13 October 2020). "Defence knew submarines would cost almost $80b five years ago". The Age. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
  63. ^ Bezat, Jean-Michel (16 September 2021). "Sous-marins : la fin du "contrat du siècle" avec l'Australie porte un coup à l'image de Naval Group" [Submarines: the end of the "contract of the century" with Australia is a blow to the image of Naval Group]. Le Monde (in French).
  64. ^ a b c Royal Australian Navy. "Attack Class SSG". www.navy.gov.au. Retrieved 9 November 2019.
  65. ^ Minister for Europe and Foreign Affairs of France Jean-Yves Le Drian; Minister for the Armed Forces of France Florence Parly; Minister for Foreign Affairs and Minister for Women of Australia Marise Payne; Minister for Defence of Australia Peter Dutton (30 August 2021). "Inaugural Australia-France 2 2 Ministerial Consultations". Department of Defence Ministers (Press release). Archived from the original on 25 September 2021. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
  66. ^ a b c d Prime Minister Scott Morrison (16 September 2021). "Press Conference - Canberra, ACT". Prime Minister of Australia. Canberra, ACT. Archived from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
  67. ^ Australian National Audit Office (14 January 2020). Future Submarine Program - Transition to Design (PDF). Auditor-General Report No.22 2019-20. pp. 28, 30. ISBN 9781760335175. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 September 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
  68. ^ a b Morrison, Prime Minister Scott (16 September 2021). "Interview with Jane Marwick, 6PR". 6PR (Interview). Interviewed by Jane Marwick. Perth, Western Australia. Archived from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
  69. ^ Donnellan, Angelique (20 January 2021). "Australia's next submarine fleet faces criticism over rising costs and milestone delays". 730 Report. ABC. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
  70. ^ "Attack class woes not all that is happening on subs". Australian Defence Magazine. 8 April 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
  71. ^ Galloway, Anthony (13 September 2021). "'Lost the plot': How an obsession with local jobs blew out Australia's $90 billion submarine program". The Sydney Morning Herald.
  72. ^ Borys, Stephanie (19 September 2021). "Scott Morrison says he called Emmanuel Macron before pulling out of French submarine contract". ABC News. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
  73. ^ Bodkin, Henry; Samuel, Henry; Crisp, James (19 September 2021). "'Declaration of war': how UK's secret nuclear pact blindsided Europe's elite". The Sunday Telegraph. Archived from the original on 24 September 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  74. ^ Hurst, Daniel (18 September 2021). "The nuclear option: why has Australia ditched the French submarine plan for the Aukus pact?". No. The Guardian. Archived from the original on 23 September 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  75. ^ Malnick, Edward (19 September 2021). "Liz Truss defies EU backlash over submarine pact with vow to fight for freedom". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 23 September 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  76. ^ Prime Minister of Australia Scott Morrison; Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Boris Johnson; President of the United States of America Joseph R. Biden (16 September 2021). "Joint Leaders Statement on AUKUS". Prime Minister of Australia (Press release). Archived from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
  77. ^ Prime Minister of Australia Scott Morrison; Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Boris Johnson; President of the United States of America Joseph R. Biden (15 September 2021). "Remarks by President Biden, Prime Minister Morrison of Australia, and Prime Minister Johnson of the United Kingdom Announcing the Creation of AUKUS". The White House. Retrieved 2 October 2021.
  78. ^ Ritchie, Nick (February 2015). The UK Naval Nuclear Propulsion Programme and Highly Enriched Uranium (PDF) (Report). University of York, UK. pp. 3, 4–5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 September 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
  79. ^ Galliford, Claire; Rohweder, LT Sarah (17 September 2021). "Navy enters new era". Department of Defence (Press release). Retrieved 2 October 2021.
  80. ^ a b c Shepherd, Tory (17 September 2021). "Australia considered buying nuclear submarines from France before ditching deal, Peter Dutton says". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 17 September 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
  81. ^ Philippe, Sébastien; von Hippel, Frank (November 2016). "The Feasibility of Ending HEU Fuel Use in the U.S. Navy" (PDF). Arms Control Today. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 June 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
  82. ^ Moore, Dr. George (March 2017). Life-of-the-Ship Reactors and Accelerated Testing of Naval Propulsion Fuels and Reactors (PDF) (Report). Federation of American Scientists. pp. 11–12. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 September 2021. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
  83. ^ Morrison, Prime Minister Scott (17 September 2021). "Interview with Ben Fordham, 2GB". 2GB (Interview). Interviewed by Ben Fordham. Sydney. Archived from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
  84. ^ Husseini, Talal (15 April 2019). "Astute vs Virginia: Which navy has the best nuclear attack submarine?". Naval Technology. Archived from the original on 17 September 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2021.
  85. ^ Ritchie, Nick (February 2015). The UK Naval Nuclear Propulsion Programme and Highly Enriched Uranium (PDF) (Report). University of York, UK. p. 4. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 September 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
  86. ^ Hanlon, Brendan (2015). Validation of the Use of Low Enriched Uranium as a Replacement for Highly Enriched Uranium in US Submarine Reactors (PDF) (Masters). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 October 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
  87. ^ Shepherd, Tory (29 September 2021). "Australia tore up French submarine contract 'for convenience' Naval Group says". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 October 2021.
  88. ^ Vavasseur, Xavier (21 September 2021). "French MoD Sets the Record Straight on Australian Submarine Affair". Naval News. Archived from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
  89. ^ a b Willsher, Kim (19 September 2021). "Aukus: France's ambassador recall is 'tip of the iceberg', say analysts". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
  90. ^ Liptak, Kevin; Vazquez, Maegan (16 September 2021). "Biden and UK to help Australia acquire nuclear-powered submarines in new pushback on China". CNN. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
  91. ^ "Macron to speak to Biden for first time since submarine dispute". France24 with AFP and Reuters. MSN. 22 September 2021. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
  92. ^ a b Staunton, Eglantine (24 September 2021). "AUKUS: France's strategic outcry". The Interpreter. Lowy Institute. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
  93. ^ "Sous-marins/Australie : Pour le Sénat, certains alliés se " comportent comme des adversaires et non comme des concurrents loyaux "". www.opex360.com (in French). 16 September 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
  94. ^ "Annulation par l'Australie du contrat de sous-marins : le Sénat dénonce une décision grave aux conséquences lourdes". Sénat (Press release) (in French). Foreign Affairs and Defence Committee. 16 September 2021. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
  95. ^ "France recalls its ambassadors to US and Australia in submarine deal backlash". FRANCE 24 with AFP and AP. France24. 17 September 2021. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
  96. ^ "Australia reaches settlement with France over scrapped submarine deal". CNBC. 11 June 2022. Archived from the original on 11 June 2022. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
  97. ^ Engels, Jorge; Kwon, Jake; Ravindran, Jeevan (11 June 2022). "France commits to rebuilding relationship with Australia after failed submarine deal". CNN. Reuters. Archived from the original on 11 June 2022. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
  98. ^ "Australia agrees payout to end France submarine spat". Al Jazeera. 11 June 2022. Archived from the original on 11 June 2022. Retrieved 12 June 2022.

References

edit

Books

edit

Journal articles

edit

News articles

edit

Press releases and reports

edit
edit
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attack-class_submarine&oldid=1248164625"