Apellai (‹See Tfd›Greek: ἀπέλλαι), was a three-day family-festival of the Northwest Greeks similar with the Ionic Apaturia, which was dedicated to Apollo (Doric form: Ἀπέλλων).[1] The fest was spread in Greece by the Dorians as it is proved by the use of the month Apellaios (Ἀπελλαῖος or Ἀπελλαιών in Ionic Tenos), in various Dorian states.[2]
Etymology and related words
editThe word is derived from the Ancient Macedonian word pélla (πέλλα), "stone", (Heshychius) which appears in some toponyms in Greece like Pella (Πέλλα), Pellene (Πελλήνη)[3][4][5] Robert Beekes suggests that the word πέλλα has probably Pre-Greek origin.[6] The Doric word apella (ἀπέλλα) originally meant wall, enclosure of stones, and later assembly of people within the limits of the square . The word usually appears in plural.[7][8] Robert Beekes derives the word from the verb ἀπέλλειν,[9] ἀποκλείειν[10]("shut off from or out from") therefore apella is the "enclosed space, meeting space".[11]
When a pubescent was received into the body of grown men, as a grown Kouros (male youth) he became ἀπελλάξ (apellax, "sharer in secret rites") and he could enter the apellai. The apellaia were the offerings made at the initiation of the young men at a meeting of a family group.[12]
Apellaion is the offering of a part of the hair to the god, and corresponds to the Koureion of the Apaturia.[13] Apellaios is the month of these rites, and Apellon is the "megistos kouros" (the great Kouros).[14]
Ancient practice
editThere is evidence for this festival in Epidauros, Olous, Kalchedon, "Heracleia" at Siris, Tauromenion, Chaleion, Lamia, Oeta (Oἳτη (Oetē)),[15] Tolophon, Delphi and also in Ancient Macedonia.[16][17] The phratry (‘brotherhood’) controlled the access to civic rights. The three-day family-festival included initiation ceremonies, not concerning the state:
- A father introduced his young child
- A father presented his son again, later, as grown youth (kouros)
- A husband presented his wife after the marriage
The corresponding names for the offerings made were paideia (child), apellaia (kouros) and gamela (marriage, Greek: γάμος gamos).[1]
It is almost sure that the fest belonged originally to Apollo, because his name is used in the oaths only near Poseidon Phratrios and Zeus Patroοs. In Athens a common epithet of Apollo as family-god is "Apollo Patroos".[18][19][20]
See also
editΝotes
edit- ^ a b Walter Burkert (1985) Greek Religion. Harvard University Press. p. 255
- ^ Ἀπελλαῖος
- ^ Solders (Hesychius) p.204 Schol.Ulp. Demosth. XIX 155 : Nilsson Vol I p.558
- ^ pella, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek–English Lexicon
- ^ Αlso: Pellana, Pella (Thessaly), Pallene etc.
- ^ R. S. P. Beekes Etymological Dictionary of Greek, Brill, 2009, p. 1168).
- ^ Spartan verb: ἀπελλάζειν: "to assemble", and the festival ἀπέλλαι, which surely belonged to Apollo: Nilsson, Vol I, p. 556
- ^ ἀπελλάζω
- ^ ἀπείλλω
- ^ αποκλείω
- ^ Beekes Etymological Dictionary of Greek, Brill, 2009, p. 115.
- ^ ἀπελλαῖα
- ^ Nilsson, Vol I, pp. 137, 556
- ^ Jane Ellen Harrison (2010): Themis: A study to the Social origins of Greek Religion. Cambridge University Press. p. 441. ISBN 1108009492
- ^ A city on the territory of the Malians.
Smith, William, ed. (1854). "Oeta". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. Vol. I. London: John Murray.
- ^ Martin Nilsson, Die Geschichte der Griechische Religion, vol. I (C. H. Beck), 1955, pp. 555–556
- ^ Compare Hesychius: ἀπέλλακες ἱερών κοινωνούς: Sharers in secret rites Nilsson, Vol I, p. 556
- ^ Plato, Euthyd., 302c
- ^ Demosth. XVIII 141: "To Apollo Pythios, who is the father of the city.": Nilsson, Vol I, p. 556
- ^ Temple of Apollo Patroos