Wikipedia

2019–2020 dengue fever epidemic

The 2019–2020 dengue fever epidemic was an epidemic of the infectious disease dengue fever in several countries of Southeast Asia, including the Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, and Bangladesh,[1] Pakistan,[2] India, Thailand, Singapore, and Laos.[3] The spread of the disease was exacerbated by falling vaccination levels in certain areas, and by a growing population of mosquitoes, which are the primary carriers of the disease, and which are able to reproduce in larger numbers where humans have littered the environment with plastic containers, which provide an ideal breeding ground for mosquitoes. Affected countries have sought to control the epidemic through increased vaccination efforts, and through efforts to control the mosquito population.

Number of confirmed cases by country:
  1,000,000 cases
  100,000–999,999 cases
  10,000–99,999 cases
  1,000–9,999 cases
  1–999 cases
  No cases reported/no sufficient data

Course in specific countries

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Bangladesh

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Main article: 2019 dengue outbreak in Bangladesh

In Bangladesh, the Communicable Disease Control (CDC) unit of the Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS) carried out a survey in Dhaka city in January 2019, where they found both larva and adult Aedes mosquitoes in different parts of the city. Based on the outcome of the survey, in March 2019, warned of a potential outbreak DGHS alerted both city corporations about a possible outbreak in upcoming months. According to CDC director Sanya Tahmina, they also started training the doctors and nurses from February considering the possibility of a future outbreak.[4] The 2019 outbreak in Bangladesh began primarily in April 2019. According to Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS), 14 people had died and 19,513 people had been affected by August 2019,[5] a majority of whom were children,[6] with other sources reporting that the death toll had already passed 50.[5] DGHS confirmed the outbreak affecting all districts of the country,[7] with Dhaka being the worst-hit city in the country and districts in Dhaka Division among the most affected regions.[6] The Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR) expected the outbreak to continue until September 2019.[8] In August 2019, the Bangladesh government withdrew all tariffs on dengue test kits imports.[9]

Malaysia

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The Malaysian Ministry of Health reported that by 3 August 2019, the number of cases in Malaysia had reached a record 80,000 on the year, with 113 deaths reported. The highest incidences were in the states of Selangor, the Johor, Kelantan, Sabah, Penang, Sarawak, Negeri Sembilan and Pahang, as well as the Federal territories.[10] The Malaysian government sought to counter the epidemic by releasing mosquitoes of the genus Aedes infected with the Wolbachia bacteria, which was expected to reduce the mosquito population.[10]

Pakistan

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In Pakistan, in the summer of 2019, more than 47 people died and more than 30,000 were infected by dengue fever, the worst outbreak of the disease in the history of the country.[2][11] In October 2019, Prime Minister Imran Khan took notice of the outbreak and sought a report from the Special Assistant to Prime Minister on National Health Services Zafar Mirza.[12] On 10 October 2019, a Peshawar High Court bench sent summons to the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa's provincial health secretary to explain the situation related to dengue outbreak in parts of the province.[13]

Philippines

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In August 2019, the Philippines declared an epidemic after more than 622 people had died of the disease in that country.[1][14]

The Philippines Department of Health reported that there were over 146,000 dengue fever cases from the beginning of 2019 to 20 July, which was "a 98% increase from the same time period last year".[14] The epidemic occurred in the regions of Calabarzon, Mimaropa, Bicol, Western Visayas, Eastern Visayas, Zamboanga Peninsula, and Northern Mindanao.[14] The epidemic was largely blamed on falling vaccination rates, following a series of issues with the Dengvaxia vaccine manufactured by Sanofi Pasteur. In 2017, Sanofi warned of possible adverse effects,[15] and in 2018 the vaccine was blamed for the deaths of children during a national vaccination program.[1]

Singapore

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Main article: 2020 dengue outbreak in Singapore

In Singapore, there were 15,998 reported cases of dengue fever in 2019, five times more than in 2018 but fewer than previous outbreaks in 2013 and 2014.[16]

2020 started off with a four-year high in the number of people infected with dengue in the first six weeks of the year[17] and eventually broke records for both the number of reported cases[18] and deaths,[19] at 35,315 and 32 respectively.[20][21][22][23]

In 2021, 5,261 people got infected with dengue fever and 5 people died with dengue fever in Singapore.

In 2022, 32,365 people got infected with dengue fever and 19 people died with dengue fever in Singapore.

In 2023, 5,207 people got infected with dengue fever and 2 people died with dengue fever in Singapore.

In total, 94,146 people got infected with dengue fever and 78 people died with dengue fever in Singapore from 2019 to 2023.

Vietnam

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In Vietnam, dengue fever cases tripled from the previous year, to 88,000 by mid-July, with six deaths.[24] By 19 November, Vietnam had recorded 250,000 cases with 50 deaths. The epidemic is most prevalent in the southern region of the country, where locals store rainwater in containers for use in farming, providing a breeding ground for mosquitoes.[24] In neighboring Laos, dengue fever cases exceeded 11,000 by mid-year, with 27 deaths, prompting the Lao Ministry of Health to recommend that likely mosquito breeding sites should be drained.[3]

In total, Vietnam had 815,274 infections and 238 deaths of dengue fever from 2019 to 2023.

Latin America

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In Latin America, 2019 was a record-setting dengue fever outbreak, with more than 2.7 million cases and 1206 deaths during the first 10 months of 2019.[25][26]

As of 2023, cases and Deaths of dengue fever reached up to 3 million cases and 1302 deaths.

Other places

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In the summer of 2019 an outbreak was confirmed in Oceania. 276 cases and one death were reported in the Marshall Islands, resulting in the government halting travel between the urban centers of Ebeye and Majuro to the outer islands.[27] Outbreakers were also reported in Palau, Federated States of Micronesia, the Cook Islands, Tuvalu, and the Philippines.[28]

The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control reported that the epidemic had affected the French island of Réunion, off the coast of Africa, with "over 15,000 autochthonous confirmed cases" being reported as of mid-2019, including nine deaths.[29] The ECDC expressed concern that Réunion's European tourism industry could provide a vector for the transmission of the virus to Europe. A systematic review that was done by Ahmed et al. revealed the appearance of autochthonous dengue in Europe along with the increase in imported dengue and dengue severity. Therefore, health authorities pay more attention and update the protocols in order to catch dengue infection among travelers coming from and to Europe.[30]

In November 2019, the epidemic struck Yemen, with nearly 8,000 cases in Taiz Governorate before the end of the month.[31]

Statistics

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Cases from 2005 to 15 May 2020
Country and territories 2019
[32][33][34][35] 		2020
[32][33][36][37] 		Total Ref
Cases Deaths Cases Deaths Cases Deaths
  Brazil 2,225,461 789 794,565 221 3,020,026 1,010
  Philippines 420,453 1,565 60,819 236 481,272 1,801
  Vietnam 320,702 54 60,525 7 381,227 61
  Mexico 268,458 191 29,941 11 298,399 202
  Nicaragua 186,173 30 22,951 0 209,124 30
  Colombia 127,553 87 49,561 19 177,114 106
  Malaysia 127,407 176 72,952 118 200,359 294
  Bolivia 80,460 23 68,570 19 149,030 42
  India 157,315 166 12,078 8 169,393 174 [38][39]
  Honduras 112,708 180 19,037 9 131,745 189
  Sri Lanka 105,049 90 18,279 0 123,328 90 [40][41]
  Thailand 98,741 106 8,147 4 106,888 110 [42][43]
  Bangladesh 101,354 129 271 0 101,625 129 [44][45]
  Paraguay 11,811 9 61,971 73 73,782 82 [46][47]
  Cambodia 65,000 24 7,823 9 72,823 33
  Pakistan 54,386 95 416 0 54,802 95 [48][49]
  Guatemala 50,432 66 3,384 4 53,816 70
  Singapore 15,998 20 34,690 28 50,688 48 [50]
  Laos 38,753 70 7,031 12 45,784 82
  Peru 17,143 37 23,128 32 40,271 69
  El Salvador 27,470 14 2,696 0 30,166 14
  Argentina 3,220 0 25,764 22 28,984 22 [51]
  Burma 23,203 123 296 23,499 123 [52]
  Dominican Republic 20,183 53 2,875 0 23,058 53
  China 22,211 104 0 22,315 0
  Réunion 18,188 14 1,248 0 19,436 14 [53][54]
  Venezuela 14,701 22 2,885 6 17,586 28
  Ecuador 8,446 2 7,388 6 15,834 8
  Nepal 14,662 6 36 0 14,698 6 [55][56]
  Panama 9,225 5 3,029 2 12,254 7
  Costa Rica 9,400 0 1,568 0 10,968 0
  Belize 8,302 0 473 0 8,775 0
  Jamaica 7,555 24 558 1 8,113 25
  Guadeloupe 3,230 0 4,605 0 7,835 0
  Maldives 4,984 0 1,912 0 6,896 0 [57][58]
  New Caledonia 3,916 2 34 0 3,950 2
  Sudan 3,823 11 3,823 11 [59]
  Mayotte 153 0 3,533 16 3,686 16 [59]
  French Polynesia 3,196 0 431 0 3,627 0
  Cuba 3,259 0 3,259 0
  Marshall Islands 1,483 1 1,659 2 3,142 3 [59]
  Martinique 1,530 0 802 0 2,332 0
  Australia 1,419 0 174 0 1,593 0
  Antigua and Barbuda 1,223 0 341 0 1,564 0
  Saint Martin 260 0 1,250 1 1,510 1
  United States 1,158 0 107 0 1,265 0
  Dominica 1,066 1 37 0 1,103 1
  French Guiana 250 0 719 0 969 0
  Trinidad and Tobago 416 0 20 0 436 0
  Suriname 86 0 157 0 243 0
  Guyana 230 0 10 0 240 0
  Puerto Rico 30 0 112 0 142 0
  Aruba 106 0 0 0 106 0
  Haiti 93 0 9 0 102 0
  Chile 38 0 7 0 45 0 [60]
  Barbados 44 0 0 0 44 0
  Bahamas 27 0 0 0 27 0
  Uruguay 0 0 14 0 14 0
  Angola 6 0 6 0 12 0
  Bermuda 2 0 0 0 2 0
Total 4,700,522 3,244 1,461,872 686 6,162,394 3,930

See also

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References

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