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1996 United States presidential election in Georgia

Main article: 1996 United States presidential election

The 1996 United States presidential election in Georgia took place on November 5, 1996, as part of the 1996 United States presidential election. Voters chose 13 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

1996 United States presidential election in Georgia
← 1992 November 5, 1996 2000 →
Turnout49.6%[1] Increase 2.6 pp
 
Nominee Bob Dole Bill Clinton Ross Perot
Party Republican Democratic Reform
Home state Kansas Arkansas Texas
Running mate Jack Kemp Al Gore Pat Choate
Electoral vote 13 0 0
Popular vote 1,080,843 1,053,849 146,337
Percentage 47.01% 45.84% 6.37%
County Results
President before election

Bill Clinton
Democratic

Elected President

Bill Clinton
Democratic

Georgia was won by Senator Bob Dole (R-KS) by a narrow 1.2% margin.[2] Georgia was the third-closest contest that year, with only Kentucky and Nevada being closer, as well as Dole's closest race. Dole's victory was possible due to the declining support for Democrats in Georgia and many other Southeastern States, though the Democratic Party in Georgia would remain a significant institution until the early 2000s. Billionaire businessman Ross Perot (Ref-TX), who had unsuccessfully run for president as an Independent in the previous election, won 6.4% of the popular vote in Georgia, a significant total for a third-party candidate. Until the 2020 election (which Democrats won), this was the last time that a Democratic presidential nominee finished within 2% of the Republican candidate; this was also the last time any third-party candidate has won more than 5% of the popular vote in Georgia.

During the concurrent U.S. Senate election in Georgia, Secretary of State of Georgia Max Cleland (D) narrowly defeated businessman Guy Millner (R) 48.87% to 47.54% to win election to the seat that Incumbent Senator Sam Nunn (D) left open to retire. In addition, incumbent U.S. Representatives Sanford Bishop (D-GA-2), Saxby Chambliss (R-GA-8), and Charlie Norwood (R-GA-10) all received strong challenges that year during the House elections but were nonetheless re-elected.

Georgia weighed in for this election as 10 points more Republican than the national average. As of the 2020 presidential election, this is the last election in which Wheeler, Butts, Heard, Polk, Long, Hart, Chattooga, Elbert, Treutlen, Decatur, Screven, Wilkes, Greene, Dodge, Clinch, Crawford, Lanier, Miller, Brooks, Taylor, Turner, Wilcox, Cook, Marion, Jenkins, Atkinson, Berrien, Lamar, Crisp, Emanuel, Pulaski, Schley, Grady, Irwin, Johnson, Seminole, Putnam, Montgomery, Jasper, and Ben Hill counties voted for a Democratic presidential candidate.[3]

Georgia was one of three states won by Clinton in 1992 that Bob Dole was able to flip, the others being Montana and Colorado.

Dole's victory was the first of six consecutive Republican victories in the state, as Georgia would not vote Democratic again until Joe Biden narrowly won the state in 2020. It has since become a swing state. This is the last election in which Georgia would vote differently from Arizona as both had Republican winning streaks from 2000 to 2016 before both flipping to Biden in 2020 followed by both going back to Donald Trump in 2024.

Results

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1996 United States presidential election in Georgia[4]
Party Candidate Running mate Votes Percentage Electoral votes
Republican Bob Dole Jack Kemp 1,080,843 47.01% 13
Democratic Bill Clinton (incumbent) Al Gore (incumbent) 1,053,849 45.84% 0
Reform Ross Perot Pat Choate 146,337 6.37% 0
Libertarian Harry Browne Jo Jorgensen 17,870 0.78% 0
Taxpayers Howard Phillips (write-in) Herbert Titus 145[a] 0.01% 0
Independent Charles E. Collins (write-in) Rosemary Giumarra 15[a] 0.00% 0
Socialist Workers James Harris (write-in) Laura Garza 12[a] 0.00% 0
Totals 2,299,071 100.00% 13
Voter turnout (Voting age) 42%

Results by county

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County Bob Dole
Republican 		Bill Clinton
Democratic 		Ross Perot
Reform 		Harry E. Browne
Libertarian 		Margin Total votes cast
# % # % # % # % # %
Appling 2,572 50.44% 2,070 40.60% 446 8.75% 11 0.22% 502 9.84% 5,099
Atkinson 784 42.94% 823 45.07% 215 11.77% 4 0.22% -39 -2.13% 1,826
Bacon 1,580 47.07% 1,360 40.51% 402 11.97% 15 0.45% 220 6.56% 3,357
Baker 408 27.66% 955 64.75% 105 7.12% 7 0.47% -547 -37.09% 1,475
Baldwin 4,570 40.79% 5,740 51.23% 849 7.58% 46 0.41% -1,170 -10.44% 11,205
Banks 1,925 47.23% 1,536 37.68% 595 14.60% 20 0.49% 389 9.55% 4,076
Barrow 5,342 51.65% 3,928 37.98% 942 9.11% 130 1.26% 1,414 13.67% 10,342
Bartow 9,250 51.32% 6,853 38.02% 1,770 9.82% 152 0.84% 2,397 13.30% 18,025
Ben Hill 1,516 37.08% 2,198 53.77% 358 8.76% 16 0.39% -682 -16.69% 4,088
Berrien 1,950 42.87% 2,066 45.42% 525 11.54% 8 0.18% -116 -2.55% 4,549
Bibb 20,778 41.61% 26,727 53.53% 2,268 4.54% 159 0.32% -5,949 -11.92% 49,932
Bleckley 1,632 49.33% 1,365 41.26% 300 9.07% 11 0.33% 267 8.07% 3,308
Brantley 1,738 47.83% 1,494 41.11% 386 10.62% 16 0.44% 244 6.72% 3,634
Brooks 1,738 42.87% 1,977 48.77% 314 7.75% 25 0.62% -239 -5.90% 4,054
Bryan 3,577 57.06% 2,152 34.33% 513 8.18% 27 0.43% 1,425 22.73% 6,269
Bulloch 6,646 50.97% 5,396 41.38% 939 7.20% 58 0.44% 1,250 9.59% 13,039
Burke 2,590 37.47% 3,915 56.63% 389 5.63% 19 0.27% -1,325 -19.16% 6,913
Butts 2,027 42.61% 2,271 47.74% 416 8.75% 43 0.90% -244 -5.13% 4,757
Calhoun 541 28.96% 1,217 65.15% 106 5.67% 4 0.21% -676 -36.19% 1,868
Camden 4,222 49.75% 3,644 42.94% 572 6.74% 48 0.57% 578 6.81% 8,486
Candler 1,131 45.22% 1,097 43.86% 264 10.56% 9 0.36% 34 1.36% 2,501
Carroll 11,157 51.25% 8,438 38.76% 2,002 9.20% 172 0.79% 2,719 12.49% 21,769
Catoosa 8,237 55.89% 5,185 35.18% 1,257 8.53% 60 0.41% 3,052 20.71% 14,739
Charlton 1,374 45.33% 1,368 45.13% 280 9.24% 9 0.30% 6 0.20% 3,031
Chatham 31,987 44.88% 35,781 50.20% 3,028 4.25% 481 0.67% -3,794 -5.32% 71,277
Chattahoochee 398 36.78% 565 52.22% 115 10.63% 4 0.37% -167 -15.44% 1,082
Chattooga 2,513 39.72% 3,003 47.47% 796 12.58% 14 0.22% -490 -7.75% 6,326
Cherokee 24,527 63.41% 10,802 27.93% 2,872 7.43% 476 1.23% 13,725 35.48% 38,677
Clarke 10,504 38.41% 15,206 55.61% 1,201 4.39% 435 1.59% -4,702 -17.20% 27,346
Clay 293 25.63% 787 68.85% 62 5.42% 1 0.09% -494 -43.22% 1,143
Clayton 20,625 37.34% 30,687 55.55% 3,494 6.32% 436 0.79% -10,062 -18.21% 55,242
Clinch 789 40.42% 973 49.85% 182 9.32% 8 0.41% -184 -9.43% 1,952
Cobb 114,188 56.93% 73,750 36.77% 10,438 5.20% 2,197 1.10% 40,438 20.16% 200,573
Coffee 3,934 48.72% 3,407 42.19% 711 8.80% 23 0.28% 527 6.53% 8,075
Colquitt 4,847 48.51% 4,135 41.38% 977 9.78% 33 0.33% 712 7.13% 9,992
Columbia 21,291 67.18% 8,601 27.14% 1,709 5.39% 92 0.29% 12,690 40.04% 31,693
Cook 1,354 39.74% 1,780 52.25% 267 7.84% 6 0.18% -426 -12.51% 3,407
Coweta 13,058 56.85% 7,794 33.93% 1,949 8.48% 169 0.74% 5,264 22.92% 22,970
Crawford 1,290 41.57% 1,534 49.44% 270 8.70% 9 0.29% -244 -7.87% 3,103
Crisp 2,321 43.83% 2,504 47.28% 445 8.40% 26 0.49% -183 -3.45% 5,296
Dade 2,295 49.16% 1,737 37.21% 618 13.24% 18 0.39% 558 11.95% 4,668
Dawson 2,343 54.41% 1,434 33.30% 473 10.98% 56 1.30% 909 21.11% 4,306
Decatur 3,035 44.65% 3,245 47.74% 497 7.31% 20 0.29% -210 -3.09% 6,797
DeKalb 60,255 29.08% 137,903 66.55% 6,742 3.25% 2,329 1.12% -77,648 -37.47% 207,229
Dodge 2,478 42.86% 2,696 46.64% 587 10.15% 20 0.35% -218 -3.78% 5,781
Dooly 990 31.33% 1,951 61.74% 207 6.55% 12 0.38% -961 -30.41% 3,160
Dougherty 11,144 39.98% 15,600 55.97% 1,072 3.85% 56 0.20% -4,456 -15.99% 27,872
Douglas 14,495 54.75% 9,631 36.37% 2,109 7.97% 242 0.91% 4,864 18.38% 26,477
Early 1,374 41.98% 1,648 50.35% 246 7.52% 5 0.15% -274 -8.37% 3,273
Echols 335 45.09% 308 41.45% 97 13.06% 3 0.40% 27 3.64% 743
Effingham 5,022 56.76% 3,031 34.26% 769 8.69% 26 0.29% 1,991 22.50% 8,848
Elbert 2,393 40.86% 2,900 49.51% 552 9.42% 12 0.20% -507 -8.65% 5,857
Emanuel 2,451 41.73% 2,947 50.18% 450 7.66% 25 0.43% -496 -8.45% 5,873
Evans 1,206 47.52% 1,117 44.01% 204 8.04% 11 0.43% 89 3.51% 2,538
Fannin 3,373 48.67% 2,741 39.55% 782 11.28% 34 0.49% 632 9.12% 6,930
Fayette 21,005 63.25% 9,875 29.74% 2,016 6.07% 313 0.94% 11,130 33.51% 33,209
Floyd 12,426 48.96% 10,464 41.23% 2,345 9.24% 143 0.56% 1,962 7.73% 25,378
Forsyth 15,013 64.83% 5,957 25.72% 1,889 8.16% 300 1.30% 9,056 39.11% 23,159
Franklin 2,364 43.79% 2,338 43.30% 665 12.32% 32 0.59% 26 0.49% 5,399
Fulton 89,809 36.93% 143,306 58.93% 7,720 3.17% 2,333 0.96% -53,497 -22.00% 243,168
Gilmer 3,121 49.06% 2,464 38.74% 725 11.40% 51 0.80% 657 10.32% 6,361
Glascock 532 52.78% 348 34.52% 128 12.70% 0 0.00% 184 18.26% 1,008
Glynn 12,305 56.96% 8,058 37.30% 1,137 5.26% 102 0.47% 4,247 19.66% 21,602
Gordon 5,232 48.35% 4,239 39.18% 1,284 11.87% 65 0.60% 993 9.17% 10,820
Grady 2,674 43.23% 2,862 46.27% 633 10.23% 16 0.26% -188 -3.04% 6,185
Greene 1,702 42.39% 2,115 52.68% 173 4.31% 25 0.62% -413 -10.29% 4,015
Gwinnett 96,610 59.29% 53,819 33.03% 10,236 6.28% 2,280 1.40% 42,791 26.26% 162,945
Habersham 4,730 51.93% 3,170 34.80% 1,149 12.62% 59 0.65% 1,560 17.13% 9,108
Hall 19,280 59.84% 10,362 32.16% 2,321 7.20% 256 0.79% 8,918 27.68% 32,219
Hancock 438 16.55% 2,135 80.69% 71 2.68% 2 0.08% -1,697 -64.14% 2,646
Haralson 3,260 46.89% 2,850 40.99% 808 11.62% 35 0.50% 410 5.90% 6,953
Harris 3,829 53.70% 2,779 38.97% 489 6.86% 34 0.48% 1,050 14.73% 7,131
Hart 2,884 40.22% 3,486 48.61% 767 10.70% 34 0.47% -602 -8.39% 7,171
Heard 1,170 41.14% 1,248 43.88% 406 14.28% 20 0.70% -78 -2.74% 2,844
Henry 16,968 58.36% 9,498 32.67% 2,320 7.98% 288 0.99% 7,470 25.69% 29,074
Houston 17,050 52.18% 12,760 39.05% 2,730 8.35% 138 0.42% 4,290 13.13% 32,678
Irwin 1,085 42.72% 1,225 48.23% 224 8.82% 6 0.24% -140 -5.51% 2,540
Jackson 4,782 50.38% 3,746 39.46% 899 9.47% 65 0.68% 1,036 10.92% 9,492
Jasper 1,423 44.00% 1,553 48.02% 243 7.51% 15 0.46% -130 -4.02% 3,234
Jeff Davis 1,796 47.08% 1,576 41.31% 428 11.22% 15 0.39% 220 5.77% 3,815
Jefferson 2,077 35.86% 3,404 58.77% 298 5.15% 13 0.22% -1,327 -22.91% 5,792
Jenkins 955 38.77% 1,336 54.24% 166 6.74% 6 0.24% -381 -15.47% 2,463
Johnson 815 36.14% 1,194 52.95% 242 10.73% 4 0.18% -379 -16.81% 2,255
Jones 3,272 46.80% 3,195 45.70% 497 7.11% 28 0.40% 77 1.10% 6,992
Lamar 1,988 43.75% 2,125 46.76% 409 9.00% 22 0.48% -137 -3.01% 4,544
Lanier 519 34.55% 818 54.46% 160 10.65% 5 0.33% -299 -19.91% 1,502
Laurens 6,118 47.79% 5,792 45.24% 818 6.39% 75 0.59% 326 2.55% 12,803
Lee 3,983 61.15% 2,005 30.78% 506 7.77% 19 0.29% 1,978 30.37% 6,513
Liberty 3,042 37.42% 4,462 54.89% 580 7.13% 45 0.55% -1,420 -17.47% 8,129
Lincoln 1,391 47.33% 1,334 45.39% 208 7.08% 6 0.20% 57 1.94% 2,939
Long 791 40.11% 936 47.46% 236 11.97% 9 0.46% -145 -7.35% 1,972
Lowndes 10,578 48.92% 9,470 43.79% 1,518 7.02% 58 0.27% 1,108 5.13% 21,624
Lumpkin 2,576 49.86% 1,949 37.73% 588 11.38% 53 1.03% 627 12.13% 5,166
McDuffie 3,254 50.96% 2,725 42.68% 395 6.19% 11 0.17% 529 8.28% 6,385
McIntosh 1,219 35.35% 1,927 55.89% 293 8.50% 9 0.26% -708 -20.54% 3,448
Macon 1,006 26.54% 2,618 69.06% 159 4.19% 8 0.21% -1,612 -42.52% 3,791
Madison 3,992 53.40% 2,571 34.39% 868 11.61% 45 0.60% 1,421 19.01% 7,476
Marion 678 37.23% 977 53.65% 159 8.73% 7 0.38% -299 -16.42% 1,821
Meriwether 2,259 36.13% 3,492 55.85% 480 7.68% 22 0.35% -1,233 -19.72% 6,253
Miller 847 42.43% 909 45.54% 235 11.77% 5 0.25% -62 -3.11% 1,996
Mitchell 2,033 36.39% 3,165 56.66% 372 6.66% 16 0.29% -1,132 -20.27% 5,586
Monroe 3,054 48.19% 2,768 43.67% 488 7.70% 28 0.44% 286 4.52% 6,338
Montgomery 1,163 43.31% 1,233 45.92% 284 10.58% 5 0.19% -70 -2.61% 2,685
Morgan 2,118 45.92% 2,111 45.77% 364 7.89% 19 0.41% 7 0.15% 4,612
Murray 3,289 46.17% 2,861 40.16% 938 13.17% 36 0.51% 428 6.01% 7,124
Muscogee 19,360 41.86% 24,867 53.77% 1,891 4.09% 130 0.28% -5,507 -11.91% 46,248
Newton 7,274 47.10% 6,759 43.77% 1,258 8.15% 152 0.98% 515 3.33% 15,443
Oconee 5,116 58.05% 2,992 33.95% 615 6.98% 90 1.02% 2,124 24.10% 8,813
Oglethorpe 1,826 48.03% 1,570 41.29% 369 9.71% 37 0.97% 256 6.74% 3,802
Paulding 10,152 57.57% 5,699 32.32% 1,603 9.09% 179 1.02% 4,453 25.25% 17,633
Peach 2,676 39.63% 3,582 53.05% 471 6.98% 23 0.34% -906 -13.42% 6,752
Pickens 3,041 46.31% 2,693 41.01% 783 11.93% 49 0.75% 348 5.30% 6,566
Pierce 2,319 56.73% 1,420 34.74% 333 8.15% 16 0.39% 899 21.99% 4,088
Pike 2,054 52.52% 1,474 37.69% 357 9.13% 26 0.66% 580 14.83% 3,911
Polk 4,130 43.25% 4,298 45.01% 1,076 11.27% 46 0.48% -168 -1.76% 9,550
Pulaski 1,196 39.47% 1,554 51.29% 268 8.84% 12 0.40% -358 -11.82% 3,030
Putnam 2,306 44.81% 2,340 45.47% 474 9.21% 26 0.51% -34 -0.66% 5,146
Quitman 224 28.11% 514 64.49% 59 7.40% 0 0.00% -290 -36.38% 797
Rabun 2,213 46.42% 1,943 40.76% 585 12.27% 26 0.55% 270 5.66% 4,767
Randolph 816 34.24% 1,438 60.34% 126 5.29% 3 0.13% -622 -26.10% 2,383
Richmond 23,670 41.62% 30,738 54.05% 2,310 4.06% 151 0.27% -7,068 -12.43% 56,869
Rockdale 13,006 57.31% 7,656 33.73% 1,750 7.71% 284 1.25% 5,350 23.58% 22,696
Schley 470 40.17% 576 49.23% 123 10.51% 1 0.09% -106 -9.06% 1,170
Screven 1,862 44.13% 2,087 49.47% 263 6.23% 7 0.17% -225 -5.34% 4,219
Seminole 1,003 39.74% 1,265 50.12% 250 9.90% 6 0.24% -262 -10.38% 2,524
Spalding 7,376 50.74% 6,017 41.39% 1,059 7.29% 84 0.58% 1,359 9.35% 14,536
Stephens 3,890 48.77% 3,072 38.51% 979 12.27% 36 0.45% 818 10.26% 7,977
Stewart 525 23.67% 1,537 69.30% 152 6.85% 4 0.18% -1,012 -45.63% 2,218
Sumter 3,358 41.64% 4,239 52.57% 451 5.59% 16 0.20% -881 -10.93% 8,064
Talbot 652 27.79% 1,579 67.31% 111 4.73% 4 0.17% -927 -39.52% 2,346
Taliaferro 235 26.52% 615 69.41% 36 4.06% 0 0.00% -380 -42.89% 886
Tattnall 2,518 46.23% 2,369 43.49% 541 9.93% 19 0.35% 149 2.74% 5,447
Taylor 1,002 37.77% 1,450 54.66% 195 7.35% 6 0.23% -448 -16.89% 2,653
Telfair 1,143 34.30% 1,856 55.70% 322 9.66% 11 0.33% -713 -21.40% 3,332
Terrell 1,111 40.33% 1,509 54.77% 129 4.68% 6 0.22% -398 -14.44% 2,755
Thomas 5,649 49.04% 5,183 45.00% 667 5.79% 19 0.16% 466 4.04% 11,518
Tift 5,613 53.07% 4,198 39.69% 728 6.88% 38 0.36% 1,415 13.38% 10,577
Toombs 3,646 51.81% 2,763 39.26% 602 8.55% 26 0.37% 883 12.55% 7,037
Towns 2,030 48.58% 1,664 39.82% 459 10.98% 26 0.62% 366 8.76% 4,179
Treutlen 723 41.10% 912 51.85% 122 6.94% 2 0.11% -189 -10.75% 1,759
Troup 8,716 55.06% 5,940 37.52% 1,090 6.89% 85 0.54% 2,776 17.54% 15,831
Turner 924 37.64% 1,272 51.81% 246 10.02% 13 0.53% -348 -14.17% 2,455
Twiggs 958 30.80% 1,927 61.96% 210 6.75% 15 0.48% -969 -31.16% 3,110
Union 2,685 48.70% 2,175 39.45% 622 11.28% 31 0.56% 510 9.25% 5,513
Upson 3,783 47.08% 3,491 43.45% 731 9.10% 30 0.37% 292 3.63% 8,035
Walker 8,817 50.10% 6,743 38.32% 1,969 11.19% 69 0.39% 2,074 11.78% 17,598
Walton 7,934 52.82% 5,618 37.40% 1,323 8.81% 145 0.97% 2,316 15.42% 15,020
Ware 4,746 49.55% 4,171 43.54% 636 6.64% 26 0.27% 575 6.01% 9,579
Warren 735 35.82% 1,230 59.94% 83 4.04% 4 0.19% -495 -24.12% 2,052
Washington 2,348 33.94% 4,057 58.64% 488 7.05% 26 0.38% -1,709 -24.70% 6,919
Wayne 3,709 52.05% 2,734 38.37% 665 9.33% 18 0.25% 975 13.68% 7,126
Webster 235 28.55% 529 64.28% 59 7.17% 0 0.00% -294 -35.73% 823
Wheeler 460 33.90% 751 55.34% 141 10.39% 5 0.37% -291 -21.44% 1,357
White 2,959 54.59% 1,864 34.39% 556 10.26% 41 0.76% 1,095 20.20% 5,420
Whitfield 12,368 56.69% 7,720 35.39% 1,637 7.50% 92 0.42% 4,648 21.30% 21,817
Wilcox 882 41.56% 1,067 50.28% 171 8.06% 2 0.09% -185 -8.72% 2,122
Wilkes 1,417 39.51% 1,971 54.96% 184 5.13% 14 0.39% -554 -15.45% 3,586
Wilkinson 1,332 34.08% 2,278 58.28% 287 7.34% 12 0.31% -946 -24.20% 3,909
Worth 2,752 48.07% 2,300 40.17% 521 9.10% 152 2.66% 452 7.90% 5,725
Totals 1,080,843 47.01% 1,053,849 45.84% 146,337 6.37% 17,870 0.78% 26,994 1.17% 2,299,071

Counties that flipped from Democratic to Republican

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Counties that flipped from Republican to Democratic

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Electors

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Technically the voters of Georgia cast their ballots for electors: representatives to the Electoral College. Georgia was allocated 13 electors because it had 11 congressional districts and 2 senators. All candidates who appeared on the ballot or qualified to receive write-in votes had to submit a list of 13 electors, who pledged to vote for their candidate and his or her running mate. Whoever won the majority of votes in the state was awarded all 13 electoral votes. Their chosen electors then vote for president and vice president. Although electors are pledged to their candidate and running mate, they are not obligated to vote for them. An elector who votes for someone other than his or her candidate is known as a faithless elector.

The electors of each state and the District of Columbia met in December 1996 to cast their votes for president and vice president. The Electoral College itself never meets as one body. Instead the electors from each state and the District of Columbia met in their respective capitols.

The following were the members of the Electoral College from the state. All were pledged to and voted for Bob Dole and Jack Kemp.[6]

  1. Thomas J. Barnette
  2. Dot Burns
  3. Jeanne Ferst
  4. Briggs A. Goggans
  5. Camilla Johnson-Moore
  6. Brenda R. (B.J.) Lopez
  7. Mack Mattingly
  8. Russell K. (Rusty) Paul
  9. Oscar N. Persons
  10. Alec Poitevint
  11. John M. Stuckey, Jr.
  12. Stan Wise
  13. Ray Wooldridge

Notes

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  1. ^ a b c These write-in votes were not separated by county but given only as a state-wide total.[5]

References

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  1. ^ ("Voting and Registration in the Election of November 1996". United States Census Bureau. July 1998. Retrieved December 19, 2020.)
  2. ^ "11/5/96 - Federal and Statewide". Archived from the original on May 15, 2010. Retrieved March 1, 2010.
  3. ^ Sullivan, Robert David; ‘How the Red and Blue Map Evolved Over the Past Century’; America Magazine in The National Catholic Review; June 29, 2016
  4. ^ Dave Leip’s U.S. Election Atlas; 1996 Presidential General Election Results – Georgia
  5. ^ "GA US President Race, November 05, 1996". Our Campaigns.
  6. ^ "The Electoral College". May 20, 2019.
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