The 1988 United States Senate elections were elections for the United States Senate. Held on November 8, 1988, the 33 seats of Class 1 were contested in regular elections. In spite of the Republican victory by George H. W. Bush in the presidential election, the Democrats gained a net of 1 seat in the Senate. 7 seats changed parties, with 4 incumbents being defeated. The Democratic majority in the Senate increased by one to 55–45.
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33 of the 100 seats in the United States Senate 51 seats needed for a majority | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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 Results of the elections: Democratic gain Democratic hold Republican gain Republican hold No election | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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This is the last Senate election cycle in which California voted for a Republican, and the last in which Texas and Maine voted for the Democrat[a], and the last time Arizona voted Democratic until 2018. This would also be the last Senate election cycle until 1998 to not have at least one special election during that cycle.
This is also the last Senate election cycle in which no woman was elected to the Senate from either party as all of the winners were men.
Results summary
editSummary of the 1988 United States Senate election results
| 55 | 45 |
| Democratic | Republican |
| Parties | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Republican | Libertarian | Conservative | Other | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Last elections (1986) | 55 | 45 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Before these elections | 54 | 46 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Not up | 36 | 31 | — | — | — | 67 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Up Class 1 (1982→1988) |
18 | 15 | — | — | — | 33 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Incumbent retired | 3 | 3 | — | — | — | 6 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Held by same party | 1 | 2 | — | — | — | 3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Replaced by other party |  1 Republican replaced by  1 Democrat 2 Democrats replaced by 2 Republicans
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— | — | — | 3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Result | 2 | 4 | — | — | — | 6 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Incumbent ran | 15 | 12[b] | — | — | — | 27 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Won re-election | 14 | 9 | — | — | — | 23 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lost re-election | 3 Republicans replaced by 3 Democrats 1 Democrat replaced by 1 Republican
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— | — | — | 4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lost renomination, but held by same party |
0 | 0 | — | — | — | 0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Result | 17 | 10 | — | — | — | 27 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total elected | 19 | 14 | — | — | — | 33 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net gain/loss | 1
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1
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1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nationwide vote | 35,137,786 | 31,151,251 | 268,053 | 189,226 | 677,928 | 67,424,244 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Share | 52.11% | 46.20% | 0.40% | 0.28% | 1.01% | 100% | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Result | 55 | 45 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Source: Clerk of the United States House of Representatives. "Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of November 8, 1988" (PDF). U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
Gains and losses
editRetirements
editThree Republicans and three Democrats retired instead of seeking re-election.
Defeats
editThree Republicans and one Democrat sought re-election but lost in the general election.
| State | Senator | Replaced by |
|---|---|---|
| Connecticut | Lowell Weicker | Joe Lieberman |
| Montana | John Melcher | Conrad Burns |
| Nebraska | David Karnes | Bob Kerrey |
| Nevada | Chic Hecht | Richard Bryan |
Post-election changes
editOne Republican resigned on January 3, 1989, while one Democrat died on May 16, 1990. Initially, they were replaced by appointees.
| State | Senator | Replaced by |
|---|---|---|
| Hawaii (Class 1) |
Spark Matsunaga | Daniel Akaka |
| Indiana (Class 3) |
Dan Quayle | Dan Coats |
Change in composition
editBefore the elections
edit| D1 | D2 | D3 | D4 | D5 | D6 | D7 | D8 | D9 | D10 |
| D20 | D19 | D18 | D17 | D16 | D15 | D14 | D13 | D12 | D11 |
| D21 | D22 | D23 | D24 | D25 | D26 | D27 | D28 | D29 | D30 |
| D40 Maine Ran |
D39 Hawaii Ran |
D38 Fla. Retired |
D37 Ariz. Ran |
D36 | D35 | D34 | D33 | D32 | D31 |
| D41 Md. Ran |
D42 Mass. Ran |
D43 Mich. Ran |
D44 Miss. Retired |
D45 Mont. Ran |
D46 N.J. Ran |
D47 N.M. Ran |
D48 N.Y. Ran |
D49 N.D. Ran |
D50 Ohio Ran |
| Majority → | D51 Tenn. Ran | ||||||||
| R41 R.I. Ran |
R42 Utah Ran |
R43 Vt. Retired |
R44 Va. Retired |
R45 Wash. Retired |
R46 Wyo. Ran |
D54 Wis. Retired |
D53 W.Va. Ran |
D52 Texas Ran | |
| R40 Pa. Ran |
R39 Nev. Ran |
R38 Neb. Ran |
R37 Mo. Ran |
R36 Minn. Ran |
R35 Ind. Ran |
R34 Del. Ran |
R33 Conn. Ran |
R32 Calif. Ran |
R31 |
| R21 | R22 | R23 | R24 | R25 | R26 | R27 | R28 | R29 | R30 |
| R20 | R19 | R18 | R17 | R16 | R15 | R14 | R13 | R12 | R11 |
| R1 | R2 | R3 | R4 | R5 | R6 | R7 | R8 | R9 | R10 |
After the elections
edit| D1 | D2 | D3 | D4 | D5 | D6 | D7 | D8 | D9 | D10 |
| D20 | D19 | D18 | D17 | D16 | D15 | D14 | D13 | D12 | D11 |
| D21 | D22 | D23 | D24 | D25 | D26 | D27 | D28 | D29 | D30 |
| D40 Md. Re-elected |
D39 Maine Re-elected |
D38 Hawaii Re-elected |
D37 Ariz. Re-elected |
D36 | D35 | D34 | D33 | D32 | D31 |
| D41 Mass. Re-elected |
D42 Mich. Re-elected |
D43 N.J. Re-elected |
D44 N.M. Re-elected |
D45 N.Y. Re-elected |
D46 N.D. Re-elected |
D47 Ohio Re-elected |
D48 Tenn. Re-elected |
D49 Texas Re-elected |
D50 W.Va. Re-elected |
| Majority → | D51 Wis. Hold | ||||||||
| R41 Wash. Hold |
R42 Wyo. Re-elected |
R43 Fla. Gain |
R44 Miss. Gain |
R45 Mont. Gain |
D55 Va. Gain |
D54 Nev. Gain |
D53 Neb. Gain[c] |
D52 Conn. Gain | |
| R40 Vt. Hold |
R39 Utah Re-elected |
R38 R.I. Re-elected |
R37 Pa. Re-elected |
R36 Mo. Re-elected |
R35 Minn. Re-elected |
R34 Ind. Re-elected |
R33 Del. Re-elected |
R32 Calif. Re-elected |
R31 |
| R21 | R22 | R23 | R24 | R25 | R26 | R27 | R28 | R29 | R30 |
| R20 | R19 | R18 | R17 | R16 | R15 | R14 | R13 | R12 | R11 |
| R1 | R2 | R3 | R4 | R5 | R6 | R7 | R8 | R9 | R10 |
| Key |
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|---|
Race summary
editSpecial elections
editThere were no special elections in 1988.
Elections leading to the next Congress
editIn these general elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning January 3, 1989; ordered by state.
All of the elections involved the Class 1 seats.
| State | Incumbent | Result | Candidates | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Senator | Party | Electoral history | |||
| Arizona | Dennis DeConcini | Democratic | 1976 1982 |
Incumbent re-elected. |
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| California | Pete Wilson | Republican | 1982 | Incumbent re-elected. |
Others
|
| Connecticut | Lowell Weicker | Republican | 1970 1976 1982 |
Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic gain. |
Others
|
| Delaware | William Roth | Republican | 1970 1971 (appointed) 1976 1982 |
Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Florida | Lawton Chiles | Democratic | 1970 1976 1982 |
Incumbent retired. Republican gain. |
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| Hawaii | Spark Matsunaga | Democratic | 1976 1982 |
Incumbent re-elected. |
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| Indiana | Richard Lugar | Republican | 1976 1982 |
Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Maine | George J. Mitchell | Democratic | 1980 (appointed) 1982 |
Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Maryland | Paul Sarbanes | Democratic | 1976 1982 |
Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Massachusetts | Ted Kennedy | Democratic | 1962 (special) 1964 1970 1976 1982 |
Incumbent re-elected. |
Others
|
| Michigan | Donald Riegle | Democratic | 1976 1976 (appointed) 1982 |
Incumbent re-elected. |
Others
|
| Minnesota | David Durenberger | Republican | 1978 (special) 1982 |
Incumbent re-elected. |
Others
|
| Mississippi | John C. Stennis | Democratic | 1947 (special) 1952 1958 1964 1970 1976 1982 |
Incumbent retired. Republican gain. |
|
| Missouri | John Danforth | Republican | 1976 1976 (appointed) 1982 |
Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Montana | John Melcher | Democratic | 1976 1982 |
Incumbent lost re-election. Republican gain. |
|
| Nebraska | David Karnes | Republican | 1987 (appointed) | Interim appointee lost election. Democratic gain. |
|
| Nevada | Chic Hecht | Republican | 1982 | Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic gain. |
|
| New Jersey | Frank Lautenberg | Democratic | 1982 1982 (appointed) |
Incumbent re-elected. |
Others
|
| New Mexico | Jeff Bingaman | Democratic | 1982 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| New York | Daniel Patrick Moynihan | Democratic | 1976 1982 |
Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| North Dakota | Quentin Burdick | Democratic-NPL | 1960 (special) 1964 1970 1976 1982 |
Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Ohio | Howard Metzenbaum | Democratic | 1974 (appointed) 1974 (lost) 1974 (resigned) 1976 1976 (appointed) 1982 |
Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Pennsylvania | John Heinz | Republican | 1976 1982 |
Incumbent re-elected. |
Others
|
| Rhode Island | John Chafee | Republican | 1976 1976 (appointed) 1982 |
Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Tennessee | Jim Sasser | Democratic | 1976 1982 |
Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Texas | Lloyd Bentsen | Democratic | 1970 1976 1982 |
Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Utah | Orrin Hatch | Republican | 1976 1982 |
Incumbent re-elected. |
Others
|
| Vermont | Robert Stafford | Republican | 1971 (appointed) 1972 (special) 1976 1982 |
Incumbent retired. Republican hold. |
Others
|
| Virginia | Paul Trible | Republican | 1982 | Incumbent retired. Democratic gain. |
|
| Washington | Daniel J. Evans | Republican | 1983 (appointed) 1983 (special) |
Incumbent retired. Republican hold. |
|
| West Virginia | Robert Byrd | Democratic | 1958 1964 1970 1976 1982 |
Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Wisconsin | William Proxmire | Democratic | 1957 (special) 1958 1964 1970 1976 1982 |
Incumbent retired. Democratic hold. |
|
| Wyoming | Malcolm Wallop | Republican | 1976 1982 |
Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Arizona
edit | |||||||||||||||||
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 County results DeConcini: 40–50% 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% | |||||||||||||||||
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Incumbent Democrat Dennis DeConcini was reelected to a third term over Republican Keith DeGreen, Marine veteran and financial advisor.
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Dennis DeConcini (Incumbent) | 660,403 | 56.71% | −0.20% | |
| Republican | Keith DeGreen | 478,060 | 41.05% | 0.75% | |
| Libertarian | Rick Tompkins | 20,849 | 1.79% | −0.99% | |
| New Alliance | Ed Finkelstein | 5,195 | 0.45% | ||
| Write-ins | 32 | 0.00% | |||
| Majority | 182,343 | 15.66% | −0.95% | ||
| Turnout | 1,164,539 | ||||
| Democratic hold | Swing | ||||
California
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 County results Wilson: 40–50% 50–60% 60–70% McCarthy: 40–50% 50–60% 60–70% | |||||||||||||||||
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Incumbent Republican Pete Wilson won re-election to a second term over Democrat Leo T. McCarthy, Lieutenant Governor of California and former Speaker of the California State Assembly. As of 2020, this is the last Senate election in California won by a Republican.
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Pete Wilson (Incumbent) | 5,143,409 | 52.8% | |
| Democratic | Leo T. McCarthy | 4,287,253 | 44.0% | |
| Peace and Freedom | Maria Elizabeth Munoz | 166,600 | 1.7% | |
| Libertarian | Jack Dean | 79,997 | 0.8% | |
| American Independent | Merton D. Short | 66,291 | 0.7% | |
| Total votes | 9,743,550 | 100.00% | ||
| Majority | 856,156 | 8.8% | ||
| Republican hold | ||||
Connecticut
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Lieberman: 40–50% 50–60% 60–70% Weicker: 40–50% 50–60% 60–70% Tie: 40–50% | |||||||||||||||||
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Incumbent Republican Lowell P. Weicker Jr. ran for re-election to a fourth term, but was defeated by Democratic candidate Joe Lieberman, the Connecticut Attorney General and eventual 2000 nominee for Vice President of the United States, who would remain in office until his retirement in 2013.
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Joseph Lieberman | 688,499 | 49.8% | |
| Republican | Lowell Weicker (Incumbent) | 677,903 | 49.0% | |
| Libertarian | Howard A. Grayson Jr. | 12,409 | 0.9% | |
| New Alliance | Melissa M. Fisher | 4,154 | 0.3% | |
| Total votes | 1,379,362 | 100.0% | ||
| Majority | 10,596 | 0.8% | ||
| Democratic gain from Republican | ||||
Delaware
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 County results Roth: 50–60% 60–70% | |||||||||||||||||
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Incumbent Republican William Roth won re-election to a fourth term, beating Democrat Shien Biau Woo, Lieutenant Governor of Delaware
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | S. B. Woo | 20,225 | 50.09 | |
| Democratic | Samuel Beard | 20,154 | 49.91 | |
| Total votes | 40,379 | 100.00 | ||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | William V. Roth (Incumbent) | 151,115 | 62.06% | 6.89% | |
| Democratic | S.B. Woo | 92,378 | 37.94% | −6.27% | |
| Majority | 58,737 | 24.12% | 13.15% | ||
| Turnout | 243,493 | ||||
| Republican hold | Swing | ||||
Florida
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 County results
Mack: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% MacKay: 50–60% 60–70% | |||||||||||||||||
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Incumbent Democrat Lawton Chiles decided to retire instead of seeking a fourth term. Republican U.S. Representative Connie Mack III won the open seat over Democratic Congressman Buddy Mackay.[1]
This senate election was heavily targeted by both parties. U.S. Representative Mack announced his candidacy back in October 1987.[5] President Ronald Reagan endorsed Mack in June 1988[6] to allow Mack to focus on the general election, and easily won the September 6 Republican primary against U.S. Attorney Robert Merkle.[7] In May 1988, then-Congressman MacKay announced he would run for the open seat,[8] and defeated Insurance Commissioner Bill Gunter in a close October 4 runoff election.[9]
The general election soon became nasty, with Mackay portraying Mack as "extremist."[10] Mack also attacked his opponent in television ads by connecting him to liberal Massachusetts Governor and Democratic presidential nominee Michael Dukakis.[11] Mack had help from vice presidential candidate Dan Quayle.[12] The election was so close there was a recount until Mackay conceded eight days after election day.[13]
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Bill Gunter | 383,721 | 38.00 | |
| Democratic | Buddy MacKay | 263,946 | 26.14 | |
| Democratic | Dan Mica | 179,524 | 17.78 | |
| Democratic | Pat Collier Frank | 119,277 | 11.81 | |
| Democratic | Claude R. Kirk Jr. | 51,387 | 5.09 | |
| Democratic | Fred Rader | 11,820 | 1.17 | |
| Total votes | 1,009,675 | 100 | ||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Buddy MacKay | 369,266 | 52.00 | |
| Democratic | Bill Gunter | 340,918 | 48.00 | |
| Total votes | 710,184 | 100 | ||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Connie Mack III | 405,296 | 61.78 | |
| Republican | Robert Merkle | 250,730 | 38.22 | |
| Total votes | 656,026 | 100 | ||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Connie Mack III | 2,051,071 | 50.42% | 12.15% | |
| Democratic | Buddy MacKay | 2,016,553 | 49.57% | −12.15% | |
| Write-ins | 585 | 0.01% | |||
| Majority | 34,518 | 0.85% | −22.61% | ||
| Total votes | 4,068,209 | 100.00% | |||
| Republican gain from Democratic | Swing | ||||
Hawaii
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 County results Matsunaga: 70–80% 80–90% | |||||||||||||||||
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Incumbent Democrat Spark Matsunaga won re-election to a third term, beating Republican cattle rancher Maria Hustace.[16][17]
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Spark Matsunaga (Incumbent) | 247,941 | 76.6% | |
| Republican | Maria Hustace | 66,987 | 20.7% | |
| Libertarian | Ken Schoolland | 8,948 | 2.8% | |
| Total votes | 323,876 | 100.00% | ||
| Majority | 180,954 | 55.9% | ||
| Democratic hold | ||||
Indiana
edit | |||||||||||||||||
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 County results Lugar: 50-60% 60-70% 70-80% 80-90% Wickes: 50–60% | |||||||||||||||||
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Incumbent Republican Richard Lugar was re-elected to a third term over Democratic attorney Jack Wickes.[19][20]
Lugar, a popular incumbent, had token opposition in this election. An April 1988 poll showed that Lugar lead 65% to 23%. By June, Lugar raised over $2 million, while Wickes raised just over $100,000.[21] Lugar agreed to debate Wickes on September 10, 1988.[22]
Lugar won overall with two-thirds of the vote and won 91 of Indiana's 92 counties, Wickes won only the Democratic stronghold of Lake County.
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Richard Lugar (Incumbent) | 1,430,525 | 68.1% | |
| Democratic | Jack Wickes | 668,778 | 31.9% | |
| Total votes | 2,099,303 | 100.00% | ||
| Majority | 761,747 | 36.2% | ||
| Republican hold | ||||
Maine
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 County results Mitchell: 70–80% 80–90% | |||||||||||||||||
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Incumbent Democrat George J. Mitchell won re-election to a second full term over Republican Jasper Wyman, leader of Maine Christian Civic League and businessman.[24] As of 2020, this is the last Senate election in Maine won by a Democrat.
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | George Mitchell (Incumbent) | 452,581 | 81.3% | |
| Republican | Jasper Wyman | 104,164 | 18.7% | |
| Total votes | 556,745 | 100.00% | ||
| Majority | 348,417 | 62.6% | ||
| Democratic hold | ||||
Maryland
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 County results Sarbanes: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% Keyes: 50–60% | |||||||||||||||||
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Incumbent Democratic Paul Sarbanes was reelected to a third term over Republican Alan Keyes, former Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Affairs.
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Paul Sarbanes (Incumbent) | 999,166 | 61.8 | |
| Republican | Alan Keyes | 617,537 | 38.2 | |
| Independent | Imad A. Ahmad (Write In) | 349 | 0.0 | |
| Independent | Rashaad Ali (Write In) | 13 | 0.0 | |
| Majority | 381,629 | 23.6 | ||
| Turnout | 1,617,065 | |||
| Democratic hold | ||||
Massachusetts
edit | |||||||||||||||||
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County results Kennedy: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% 80–90% 90–100% Malone: 40–50% 50–60% Tie: 40–50% | |||||||||||||||||
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Incumbent Democrat Ted Kennedy won re-election to his sixth (his fifth full) term over Republican Joseph D. Malone.
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Ted Kennedy (Incumbent) | 1,693,344 | 64.97 | 4.16 | |
| Republican | Joseph D. Malone | 884,267 | 33.93 | −4.33 | |
| New Alliance | Mary Fridley | 15,208 | 0.58 | 0.58 | |
| Libertarian | Freda Lee Nason | 13,199 | 0.51 | −0.41 | |
| All others | 207 | 0.01 | 0 | ||
| Total votes | 2,606,225 | 87.77% | |||
| Democratic hold | Swing | ||||
Michigan
edit | |||||||||||||||||
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 County results Riegle: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% Dunn: 40–50% 50–60% 60–70% | |||||||||||||||||
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Incumbent Democrat Don Riegle won re-election to a third term over Republican U.S. Congressman James Whitney Dunn.
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Donald Riegle (incumbent) | 2,116,865 | 60.4 | |
| Republican | Jim Dunn | 1,348,216 | 38.5 | |
| Libertarian | Dick Jacobs | 27,116 | 0.8 | |
| Workers Against Concessions | Sally Bier | 8,908 | 0.3 | |
| Independent | Mark Friedman | 4,821 | 0.1 | |
| Total votes | 3,505,926 | 100.00% | ||
| Majority | 768,649 | 21.9% | ||
| Democratic hold | ||||
Minnesota
edit.svg){kind=small} | |||||||||||||||||
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 County results Durenberger: 50–60% 60–70% Humphrey: 50–60% | |||||||||||||||||
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Incumbent Republican David Durenberger won re-election to his second full term, beating Democrat Skip Humphrey, the Minnesota Attorney General and former state senator.
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | David Durenberger (incumbent) | 1,176,210 | 56.2 | |
| Democratic | Skip Humphrey | 856,694 | 40.9 | |
| Minnesota Progressive Party | Polly Mann | 44,474 | 2.1 | |
| Grassroots | Derrick Grimmer | 9,016 | 0.4 | |
| Libertarian | Arlen Overvig | 4,039 | 0.2 | |
| Socialist Workers | Wendy Lyons | 3,105 | 0.2 | |
| Total votes | 2,093,538 | 100.00% | ||
| Majority | 319,516 | 15.3 | ||
| Republican hold | ||||
Mississippi
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 County results Lott: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% Dowdy: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% 80–90% | |||||||||||||||||
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Incumbent Democrat John C. Stennis decided to retire instead of seeking an eighth term (and his seventh full term). Republican Trent Lott won the open seat, beating Democrat Wayne Dowdy, U.S. Congressman from the 4th district.
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Trent Lott | 510,380 | 53.9 | |
| Democratic | Wayne Dowdy | 436,339 | 46.1 | |
| Total votes | 946,719 | 100.00% | ||
| Majority | 74,041 | 7.8 | ||
| Republican gain from Democratic | ||||
Missouri
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 County results Danforth: 50-60% 60-70% 70-80% 80-90% Nixon: 50–60% | |||||||||||||||||
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Incumbent Republican John Danforth won re-election over Democratic state senator and future Governor Jay Nixon.[30]
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | John Danforth (Incumbent) | 1,407,416 | 67.70 | |
| Democratic | Jay Nixon | 660,045 | 31.75 | |
| Libertarian | John Guze | 11,410 | 0.55 | |
| Write-In Candidates | 4 | 0.00 | ||
| Majority | 747,371 | 35.95 | ||
| Turnout | 2,078,875 | |||
| Republican hold | ||||
Montana
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 County results Burns: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% Melcher: 50–60% 60–70% | |||||||||||||||||
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Incumbent John Melcher, who was first elected to the Senate in 1976 and was re-elected in 1982, ran for re-election. After winning the Democratic primary, he faced Yellowstone County Commissioner Conrad Burns in the general election, and in the general election a grueling campaign followed. Ultimately, Melcher was narrowly defeated in his bid for re-election by Burns.
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Jack Melcher (Incumbent) | 88,457 | 74.54 | |
| Democratic | Bob Kelleher | 30,212 | 25.46 | |
| Total votes | 118,669 | 100.00 | ||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Conrad Burns | 63,330 | 84.71 | |
| Republican | Tom Faranda | 11,427 | 15.29 | |
| Total votes | 74,757 | 100.00 | ||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Conrad Burns | 189,445 | 51.87% | 10.20% | |
| Democratic | John Melcher (Incumbent) | 175,809 | 48.13% | −6.33% | |
| Majority | 13,636 | 3.73% | −9.06% | ||
| Turnout | 365,254 | ||||
| Republican gain from Democratic | Swing | ||||
Nebraska
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 County results Kerrey: 40–50% 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% Karnes: 40–50% 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% Tie: 40–50% | |||||||||||||||||
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Republican David Karnes decided to seek election to his first complete term after being appointed to the seat of the late Edward Zorinsky in March 1987, but was soundly defeated by Democratic former governor Bob Kerrey in the November general election.[32]
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | David Karnes | 117,439 | 55 | |
| Republican | Hal Daub | 96,436 | 45 | |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Bob Kerrey | 378,717 | 56.71 | ||
| Republican | David Karnes (Incumbent) | 278,250 | 41.66 | ||
| New Alliance | Ernie Chambers | 10,372 | 1.55 | ||
| Write-In Candidates | 521 | 0.08 | |||
| Majority | 100,467 | 15.04 | |||
| Turnout | 667,860 | ||||
| Democratic gain from Republican | |||||
Nevada
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 County results Bryan: 40–50% 50–60% Hecht: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% | |||||||||||||||||
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Incumbent Republican Chic Hecht ran for re-election to a second term, but lost to Democratic governor Richard Bryan.
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Richard Bryan | 175,548 | 50.21% | |
| Republican | Chic Hecht (Incumbent) | 161,336 | 46.14% | |
| None | None of These Candidates | 7,242 | 2.07% | |
| Libertarian | James Frye | 5,523 | 1.58% | |
| Majority | 14,212 | 4.06% | ||
| Turnout | 349,649 | |||
| Democratic gain from Republican | ||||
New Jersey
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 Lautenberg: 50–60% 60–70%
Dawkins: 40–50% 50–60% 60–70% | |||||||||||||||||
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Incumbent Democrat Frank Lautenberg won re-election to a second term with a margin of 8.37% over Republican Pete Dawkins, military veteran and CEO of Primerica Financial Services, Inc.
The campaign was full of political mudslinging, with Lautenberg accusing Dawkins of being a carpetbagger, noting his very brief residency in the state,[34] and also accusing Dawkins' campaign of lying about his war record.[35] Dawkins accused Lautenberg of running a smear campaign against, called him a "swamp dog",[36] and criticized him for saying he voted eight times against a senatorial pay raise without mentioning the fact that he did vote once for the pay raise.[35]
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Frank Lautenberg (Incumbent) | 1,599,905 | 53.55% | |
| Republican | Pete Dawkins | 1,349,937 | 45.18% | |
| Independent | Joseph F. Job | 20,091 | 0.67% | |
| Libertarian | Jerry Zeldin | 12,354 | 0.41% | |
| Socialist | Thomas A. Fiske | 5,347 | 0.18% | |
| Majority | 249,968 | 8.37% | ||
| Turnout | 2,987,634 | 100.00% | ||
| Democratic hold | ||||
New Mexico
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 County results Bingaman: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% 80–90% Valentine: 50–60% | |||||||||||||||||
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Incumbent Democrat Jeff Bingaman won re-election to a second term, beating Republican New Mexico State Senator Bill Valentine.
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Jeff Bingaman (Incumbent) | 321,983 | 63.31% | 9.53% | |
| Republican | Bill Valentine | 186,579 | 36.68% | −9.54% | |
| Write-ins | 36 | 0.01% | |||
| Majority | 135,404 | 26.62% | 19.08% | ||
| Turnout | 508,598 | ||||
| Democratic hold | Swing | ||||
New York
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 County results Moynihan: 40–50% 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% 80–90% McMillan: 50–60% | |||||||||||||||||
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Incumbent Democrat Daniel Patrick Moynihan won re-election to a third term, over Republican Robert R. McMillan, business executive of Avon Products and Reagan Administration advisor.[38]
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Daniel Patrick Moynihan (Incumbent) | 4,048,649 | 67.0 | |
| Republican | Robert R. McMillan | 1,875,784 | 31.1 | |
| Right to Life | Adelle R. Nathanson | 64,845 | 1.1 | |
| Independent Progressive | Charlene Mitchell | 14,770 | 0.2 | |
| Workers World | Lydia Bayoneta | 13,573 | 0.2 | |
| Libertarian | William P. McMillen | 12,064 | 0.2 | |
| Socialist Workers | James E. Harris | 11,239 | 0.2 | |
| Total votes | 6,040,924 | 100.00% | ||
| Majority | 2,172,865 | 35.9% | ||
| Democratic hold | ||||
North Dakota
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 County results Burdick: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% Strinden: 40–50% 50–60% | |||||||||||||||||
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The incumbent, Quentin Burdick of the North Dakota Democratic NPL Party, sought and received re-election to his sixth term, defeating Republican candidate Earl Strinden.[1]
Only Burdick filed as a Dem-NPLer, and the endorsed Republican candidate was Earl Strinden of Grand Forks, North Dakota, who was President of the University of North Dakota Alumni Association. As in the Burdick's previous re-election campaign, the senator's age became an issue for voters as he was 80 years old during the campaign. However, challenger Strinden commented that he did not want to raise the age issue. Burdick and Strinden won the primary elections for their respective parties.
The Burdick campaign hired high-profile Washington, D.C. campaign consultant Bob Squire of Squire Eskew Communications. To counter the potential age issue, Burdick successfully focused the message on the "clout" he had earned over decades in the Senate, as well as his Chairmanship of Senate Agricultural Appropriations sub-committee and his Chairmanship of the Senate Environment and Public Works Committee.
One independent candidate, Kenneth C. Gardner, also filed before the deadline, officially calling himself a libertarian. Gardner had previously run for North Dakota's other United States Senate seat an independent in 1974, challenging Milton Young. He only received 853 votes in that election.
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic–NPL | Quentin Burdick (incumbent) | 171,899 | 59.45 | |
| Republican | Earl Strinden | 112,937 | 39.06 | |
| Independent | Kenneth C. Gardner | 4,334 | 1.50 | |
| Majority | 58,962 | 20.39 | ||
| Turnout | 289,170 | |||
| Democratic–NPL hold | ||||
Ohio
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 County results Metzenbaum: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% Voinovich: 50–60% 60–70% | |||||||||||||||||
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Incumbent Democrat Howard Metzenbaum won re-election over George Voinovich, Mayor of Cleveland and former Lieutenant Governor of Ohio.[40]
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Howard Morton Metzenbaum (Incumbent) | 2,480,038 | 56.97% | |
| Republican | George Victor Voinovich | 1,872,716 | 42.31% | |
| Independent | David Marshall | 151 | 0.00% | |
| Majority | 607,322 | 8.68% | ||
| Turnout | 4,352,905 | 100.00% | ||
| Democratic hold | ||||
Pennsylvania
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 County results Heinz: 50-60% 60-70% 70-80% 80-90% Vignola: 70–80% | |||||||||||||||||
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Incumbent Republican H. John Heinz III successfully sought re-election to another term, defeating Democratic nominee Joe Vignola, Philadelphia City Controller.
Joe Vignola was not expected by Democratic Party leaders to have a substantial chance at defeating the popular incumbent John Heinz, even predicting that Vignola would become "Heinz's 58th variety,"[41] referring to an advertising slogan of the H. J. Heinz Company. Heinz, knowing this, ran a low-profile re-election campaign and was safely ahead in polling. Vignola traveled across Pennsylvania promoting an increase in domestic spending, including education and healthcare, while decreasing the defense budget to compensate. Vignola ran a positive campaign, in contrast with Cyril Wecht six years previously, although many Democratic ward leaders and committee members had given up on the campaign and had stopped campaigning for Vignola.[41]
Heinz easily defeated Vignola to win the election and another term in the Senate, carrying every Pennsylvania county except Philadelphia, Vignola's home town, and by a comfortable 1.49 million vote margin. Heinz performed well in suburban areas, as well as the central, southwestern and northeastern portions of the state. Outside of Philadelphia, Vignola's best county-wide showing was in Mercer County, where he won 36% of the vote, and his poorest county-wide performance was in Snyder County, where he won 12% of the vote. Although Heinz's landslide victory was largely expected among Democratic leaders, Heinz won by a wide margin despite the Democrats' 551,000-voter registration advantage statewide.[41]
Heinz died in an airplane crash on April 4, 1991, in Lower Merion Township, Pennsylvania.[42] Democrat Harris Wofford was appointed on May 8 to fill the vacancy caused by Heinz's death, and subsequently won a special election in November 1991. In the 1994 election, however, Wofford was defeated by Republican Rick Santorum.[43][44]
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | H. John Heinz III (Incumbent) | 2,901,715 | 66.45% | 7.17% | |
| Democratic | Joseph Vignola | 1,416,764 | 32.45% | −6.75% | |
| Consumer | Darcy Richardson | 25,273 | 0.58% | 0.12% | |
| Libertarian | Henry E. Haller II | 11,822 | 0.27% | −0.26% | |
| Populist | Samuel Cross | 6,455 | 0.15% | 0.15% | |
| New Alliance | Sam Blancato | 4,569 | 0.11% | 0.11% | |
| Majority | 1,484,951 | 34.00% | 13.92% | ||
| Total votes | 4,366,598 | 100.00% | |||
| Republican hold | Swing | ||||
Rhode Island
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Chafee: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% Licht: 50–60% 60–70% | |||||||||||||||||
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Incumbent Republican John Chafee won re-election to a third term, beating Democratic lieutenant governor and former state senator Richard Licht.
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | John Chafee (Incumbent) | 217,273 | 54.59% | 3.39% | |
| Democratic | Richard Licht | 180,717 | 45.41% | −3.39% | |
| Majority | 36,556 | 9.19% | 6.79% | ||
| Turnout | 397,990 | ||||
| Republican hold | Swing | ||||
Tennessee
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 County results Sasser: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% 80–90% Andersen: 50–60% | |||||||||||||||||
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Incumbent Democrat Jim Sasser won re-election to a third term over Republican Bill Anderson.
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Jim Sasser (Incumbent) | 1,020,061 | 65.09% | ||
| Republican | Bill Anderson | 541,033 | 34.52% | −30.57% | |
| Independent | Khalil-Ullah Al-Muhaymin | 6,042 | 0.39% | −64.70% | |
| Others | (W) Others | 45 | 0.00 | −65.09% | |
| Majority | 479,028 | 30.57% | |||
| Turnout | 1,561,094 | ||||
| Democratic hold | Swing | ||||
Texas
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 Bentsen: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% 80–90% >90% Boulter: 50–60% 60–70% | |||||||||||||||||
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Incumbent Democrat Lloyd Bentsen won re-election to a fourth term defeating Republican Representative Beau Boulter.
Bentsen easily won the Democratic nomination for another term, while Boulter came through a run-off in the Republican primary defeating Wes Gilbreath. After being nominated for the senate Bentsen was chosen by Michael Dukakis as his vice-presidential running mate and therefore ran for both the Senate and the vice-presidency at the same time. Bentsen was always the favorite for the senate election and won with 59.2% of the vote, compared to 40% for Boulter.
As of 2020, this was the last time a Democrat won a United States Senate election in Texas.[45][46]
In the Democratic primary Democratic senator Lloyd Bentsen defeated the same opponent he had beaten in 1982, Joe Sullivan, a psychology professor from San Antonio.[47]
Bentsen had been senator from Texas since first winning election in 1970 and had been re-elected in 1976 and 1982. He was also Chairman of the Senate Finance Committee and the clear favourite for re-election in 1988.[48] Sullivan stood on a platform calling for reduced spending by the federal government, but had been easily defeated by Bentsen in the 1982 Democratic primary.[48] This was repeated in 1988 with Bentsen winning the primary with over 80% of the vote.[47]
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Lloyd Bentsen | 1,365,736 | 84.8 | ||
| Democratic | Joe Sullivan | 244,805 | 15.2 | ||
| Total votes | 1,610,541 | 100 | |||
Four candidates competed for the Republican nomination; U.S. representative Beau Boulter, former state representative Milton Fox, millionaire Houston businessman Wes Gilbreath and businessman Ned Snead.[50] Boulter was a two-term representative for the 13th district, while Gilbreath was competing in his first election, but spent $500,000 on the primary.[51]
Wes Gilbreath led in the March primary with 36.7%, but as no candidate won a majority, went into a run-off election against Beau Boulter who came second with 30.5%.[49]
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Wes Gilbreath | 275,080 | 36.7 | |
| Republican | Beau Boulter | 228,676 | 30.5 | |
| Republican | Milton Fox | 138,031 | 18.4 | |
| Republican | Ned Snead | 107,560 | 14.4 | |
| Total votes | 749,347 | 100 | ||
There were few policy differences between Boulter and Gilbreath, with both candidates being conservatives who opposed abortion and called for reduced government spending.[52] Gilbreath spent about one million dollars of his money in his contest for the primary,[53] while Boulter spent about $250,000.[52] However Boulter won endorsements from many Texas Republican leaders,[53] including the candidates who had come third and fourth in the March primary, as well as from anti-abortion groups.[52]
Boulter won the April run-off for the Republican nomination with just over 60% of the vote.[52]
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Beau Boulter | 111,134 | 60.2 | |
| Republican | Wes Gilbreath | 73,573 | 39.8 | |
| Total votes | 184,707 | 100 | ||
In July 1988 the Democratic presidential nominee Michael Dukakis chose Lloyd Bentsen to be the Democratic vice-presidential candidate.[54] As the Texas Democrats had already had their primary for senate candidate, Bentsen could not be replaced on the ballot.[54] Bentsen was however able to run both for the Senate and for vice-president as Lyndon Johnson had gotten Texas law changed in 1960 to allow Johnson to do the same at the 1960 election.[55]
Lloyd Bentsen won the senate election by a clear margin over Beau Boulter, at the same time as he and Michael Dukakis lost the presidential race, [56] with George Bush winning Texas with 56% of the vote compared to 43% for Dukakis.[57] Bentsen's vote total in the senate election was reported to be at the time the highest vote total in any Texas statewide election.[58] Bentsen then returned to the Senate and remained until the next four years when he was appointed the Secretary of the Treasury under President Bill Clinton. Had the Dukakis–Bentsen ticket won, Bentsen would have become U.S. Vice President and forced to resign his Senate seat, which would have led to a 1990 special election. It would also have led Republican Governor Bill Clements to temporarily appoint an interim replacement.
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Lloyd Bentsen (Incumbent) | 3,149,806 | 59.2 | 0.6 | |
| Republican | Beau Boulter | 2,129,228 | 40.0 | −0.5 | |
| Libertarian | Jeff Daiell | 44,572 | 0.8 | ||
| Majority | 1,020,578 | 19.2 | 1.1 | ||
| Turnout | 5,323,606 | ||||
| Democratic hold | Swing | ||||
Utah
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 County results Hatch: 50-60% 60-70% 70-80% 80-90% Moss: 60–70% | |||||||||||||||||
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Incumbent Orrin Hatch easily won re-election to a third term over Democrat Brian Moss.
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Orrin Hatch (Incumbent) | 430,084 | 67.13% | |
| Democratic | Brian H. Moss | 203,364 | 31.74% | |
| American | Robert J. Smith | 6,016 | 0.94% | |
| Socialist Workers | William M. Arth | 1,233 | 0.19% | |
| Majority | 227,720 | 35.39% | ||
| Total votes | 640,697 | 100.00% | ||
| Republican hold | ||||
Vermont
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Jeffords: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% 80–90% Gray: 40–50% | |||||||||||||||||
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Incumbent Republican Robert Stafford did not run for re-election to another term in the United States Senate. Republican candidate Jim Jeffords defeated Democratic candidate Bill Gray to succeed him.
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Jim Jeffords | 30,555 | 60.8 | |
| Republican | Mike Griffes | 19,593 | 38.9 | |
| Republican | Other | 128 | 0.3 | |
| Total votes | '50,276' | '100' | ||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Bill Gray | 23,138 | 91.5 | |
| Democratic | Other | 2,149 | 8.5 | |
| Total votes | '25,287' | '100' | ||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Jim Jeffords | 163,203 | 63.2 | |
| Democratic | Bill Gray | 71,469 | 29.8 | |
| Liberty Union | Jerry Levy | 2,506 | 1.0 | |
| Independent | King Milne | 2,424 | 1.0 | |
| N/A | Other | 509 | 0.2 | |
| Majority | 91,736 | 33.4 | ||
| Total votes | 240,111 | 100.0 | ||
| Republican hold | ||||
Virginia
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| Turnout | 49.8% (voting eligible)[62] | ||||||||||||||||
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 County and independent city results Robb: 50-60% 60-70% 70-80% 80-90% | |||||||||||||||||
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Former Democratic governor Chuck Robb replaced Republican Senator Paul S. Trible Jr., who opted not to run for re-election. Robb beat Republican Maurice A. Dawkins, minister and black activist.
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Chuck Robb | 1,474,086 | 71.25% | 22.45% | |
| Republican | Maurice A. Dawkins | 593,652 | 28.69% | −22.51% | |
| Write-ins | 1,159 | 0.06% | |||
| Majority | 880,434 | 42.56% | 40.18% | ||
| Turnout | 2,068,897 | ||||
| Democratic gain from Republican | Swing | ||||
Washington
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 County results Gorton: 50-60% 60-70% 70-80% 80-90% Lowry: 50–60% | |||||||||||||||||
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Incumbent Republican Daniel J. Evans decided to retire instead of running for re-election to a full term, after being appointed to the seat in 1983, and won election to a partial term that same year. Republican former U.S. Senator Slade Gorton, who had just lost a re-election bid in 1986, won the open seat over congressman Mike Lowry.[64]
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Slade Gorton | 944,359 | 51.09 | |
| Democratic | Mike Lowry | 904,183 | 48.91 | |
| Majority | 40,176 | 2.17 | ||
| Turnout | 1,848,542 | |||
| Republican hold | ||||
West Virginia
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 County results Byrd: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% Wolfe: 50–60% | |||||||||||||||||
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Incumbent Democrat Robert Byrd won re-election to a sixth term over Republican, State Senator Jay Wolfe.[65]
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Robert Byrd (Incumbent) | 410,983 | 64.8% | |
| Republican | Jay Wolfe | 223,564 | 35.2% | |
| Total votes | 634,547 | 100.00% | ||
| Majority | 187,319 | 29.6% | ||
| Democratic hold | ||||
Wisconsin
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 County results Kohl: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% Engeleiter: 40–50% 50–60% 60–70% | |||||||||||||||||
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Incumbent Democrat William Proxmire decided to retire, instead of running for re-election to a sixth full term. Democratic businessman Herb Kohl won the open seat, beating Republican state senator Susan Engeleiter.
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Herb Kohl | 1,128,625 | 52.1% | |
| Republican | Susan Engeleiter | 1,030,440 | 47.6% | |
| Independent | George W. Zaehringer | 3,965 | 0.2% | |
| Socialist Workers | Patricia Grogan | 3,029 | 0.1% | |
| Independent | Arlyn F. Wollenburg | 1,198 | 0.1% | |
| Total votes | 2,167,257 | 100.00% | ||
| Majority | 98,185 | 4.5% | ||
| Democratic hold | ||||
Wyoming
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 County results Wallop: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% Vinich: 50–60% | |||||||||||||||||
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Incumbent Republican Malcolm Wallop ran for re-election to a fourth term, and was narrowly re-elected, defeating the Democratic state senator John Vinich by a margin of a little over 1,300 votes.[68]
Despite being a reliably Republican state, Vinich, a Democrat, was able to impressively compete with Wallop. During the campaign, Wallop attacked Vinich as being a tax-and-spend liberal who was beholden to labor and anti-business.[68] Vinich, in turn, cited his "A" score he got from the National Rifle Association of America due to his votes in the Wyoming Legislature to counter Wallop's attacks, and possibly attract conservative voters.[68]
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Malcolm Wallop (Incumbent) | 91,143 | 50.37% | |
| Democratic | John P. Vinich | 89,821 | 49.64% | |
| Total votes | 180,964 | 100.00% | ||
| Majority | 1,322 | 0.73% | ||
| Republican hold | ||||
See also
editNotes
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i Clerk of the United States House of Representatives. "Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of November 8, 1988" (PDF). U.S. Government Printing Office. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 5, 2007. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - CA US Senate Race - Nov 08, 1988". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - CT US Senate Race - Nov 08, 1994". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on May 12, 2013. Retrieved November 14, 2013.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Miami Herald: Search Results". nl.newsbank.com. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ^ "Archives: Sun-Sentinel - REAGAN ENDORSES MACK IN MIAMI PRESIDENT REBUKES DUKAKIS AT FUND- RAISER". pqasb.pqarchiver.com. Archived from the original on November 5, 2012. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ^ "Mack Easily Wins in Florida Primary". The New York Times. Associated Press. September 7, 1988. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ^ "Daytona Beach Sunday News-Journal - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ^ "Gunter, MacKay in Runoff". pqasb.pqarchiver.com. Archived from the original on November 5, 2012. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ^ "The Albany Herald - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ^ "Sarasota Herald-Tribune - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ^ "Ocala Star-Banner - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ^ "Welcome to nginx". news.google.com. Archived from the original on January 24, 2013. Retrieved January 26, 2022.
- ^ a b "Florida Department of State - Election Results". Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved March 28, 2011.
- ^ "Florida Department of State - Election Results". Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved March 28, 2011.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - Candidate - Maria M. Hustace". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - HI US Senate Race - Nov 08, 1988". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - Race". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ^ "The Madison Courier - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - IN US Senate Race - Nov 08, 1988". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ^ "The Rochester Sentinel - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ^ "Times-Union - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ^ "Login: CQ Voting and Elections Collection". library.cqpress.com. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ^ "Bangor Daily News - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - ME US Senate Race - Nov 08, 1988". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ^ "Maryland State Board of Elections". Elections.state.md.us. July 24, 2001. Retrieved May 18, 2012.
- ^ Parker, Randy; Thomas Walker (July 6, 2005). "Our Campaigns: MI U.S. Senate". Our Campaigns.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - MN US Senate Race - Nov 08, 1988". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - MS US Senate Race - Nov 08, 1988". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - MO US Senate Race - Nov 08, 1988". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ^ a b "Report of the Official Canvass of the Vote Cast at the Primary Election Held in the State of Montana, June 7, 1988" (PDF). Montana Secretary of State. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 28, 2013. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
- ^ "NE US Senate Race - Nov 08, 1988". Our Campaigns. Archived from the original on October 24, 2012. Retrieved June 19, 2016.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - NV US Senate Race - Nov 08, 1988". www.ourcampaigns.com. Archived from the original on June 15, 2011. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ^ Otterbourg, Robert (June 26, 1988). "NEW JERSEY OPINION; Carpetbagging is Not a Real Issue". New York Times. Archived from the original on May 25, 2015. Retrieved May 16, 2015.(subscription required)
- ^ a b Povich, Elaine S. (October 20, 1988). "New Jersey Senate Race A Mudslide". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved May 16, 2015.
- ^ May, Clifford D. (October 26, 1988). "For Senate Rivals in Jersey, It's Personal". New York Times. Retrieved May 16, 2015.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - NJ US Senate Race - Nov 08, 1988".
- ^ "Our Campaigns - Candidate - Robert R. McMillan". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - NY US Senate Race - Nov 08, 1988". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - OH US Senate Race - Nov 08, 1988". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ^ a b c Kennedy, John J. (2006). Pennsylvania elections : statewide contests from 1950-2004. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America. pp. 67–68. ISBN 0761832793.
- ^ "HEINZ, Henry John, III, (1938 - 1991)". Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress. Retrieved July 6, 2012.
- ^ "WOFFORD, Harris, (1926 - )". Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress. Retrieved July 6, 2012.
- ^ "SANTORUM, Richard John (Rick), (1958 - )". Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress. Retrieved July 6, 2012.
- ^ Giroux, Gregory (May 30, 2012). "Texas Democratic U.S. Senate Turnout May Be Lowest Since 1916". Bloomberg. Retrieved May 11, 2013.
- ^ "Senate: Texas". CNN. November 8, 2012. Retrieved August 9, 2014.
- ^ a b "Mississippi Congressmen Will Battle for Stennis' Senate Seat". Los Angeles Times. Associated Press. March 9, 1988. Retrieved May 11, 2013.
- ^ a b "Bentsen target of 5 'Davids'". The Victoria Advocate. February 27, 1988. p. 46. Retrieved May 11, 2013.
- ^ a b c d e "Texas Almanac, 1990-1991". Texas Almanac. The Portal to Texas History. 1989. p. 366. Retrieved May 11, 2013.
- ^ "Candidates for Stennis seat chosen". Bangor Daily News. Associated Press. March 9, 1988. p. 33. Retrieved May 11, 2013.
- ^ "Sen. Bentsen Nominated for 4th Term". The Washington Post. HighBeam Research. March 9, 1988. Archived from the original on March 15, 2016. Retrieved August 9, 2014.
- ^ a b c d "Boulter, Gilbreath in Texas GOP senate runoff". Associated Press News. April 13, 1988. Retrieved May 12, 2013.
- ^ a b "Texas Senate Primary Today Pits 2 Survivors of March 8". The New York Times. Associated Press. April 12, 1988. Retrieved May 12, 2013.
- ^ a b "Dukakis Chooses Texas Sen. Bentsen as Running Mate". The Washington Post. July 13, 1988. Retrieved May 12, 2013.
- ^ Weaver, Warren (October 4, 1988). "Texas Law Seems Mixed Blessing to Bentsen". The New York Times. Retrieved May 12, 2013.
- ^ "Sen. Bentsen 'wins' even while losing". Chicago Sun-Times. HighBeam Research. November 9, 1988. Archived from the original on April 9, 2016. Retrieved August 10, 2014.
- ^ "Sen. John Cornyn (R-Texas)". Roll Call. Retrieved August 10, 2014.
- ^ Black, Chris (November 9, 1988). "Bentsen reelected but Texas goes GOP". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved August 10, 2014 – via HighBeam Research.
- ^ "Election Results" (PDF). Office of the Utah Lieutenant Governor. Retrieved January 27, 2019.
- ^ a b "Primary Election Results" (PDF). Office of the Vermont Secretary of State. Retrieved June 15, 2015.
- ^ "General Election Results - U.S. Senator - 1914-2014" (PDF). Office of the Vermont Secretary of State. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved June 15, 2015.
- ^ Dr. Michael McDonald (March 25, 2013). "Turnout 1980-2012". George Mason University. Archived from the original on October 30, 2012. Retrieved April 3, 2013.
- ^ "1988 Senatorial General Election Results - Virginia". Archived from the original on March 4, 2016.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - WA US Senate Race - Nov 08, 1988". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ^ "Beaver County Times - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - WV US Senate Race - Nov 08, 1988". www.ourcampaigns.com. Archived from the original on June 15, 2011. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - WI US Senate Race - Nov 08, 1988". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ^ a b c "THE 1988 ELECTIONS: West; WYOMING". New York Times. November 9, 1988. Retrieved May 16, 2015.(subscription required)
- ^ "Our Campaigns - WY US Senate Race - Nov 08, 1988". ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved May 10, 2015.
External links
edit- Complete election results at: Clerk of the United States House of Representatives (1989). "Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of November 8, 1988" (PDF). U.S. Government Printing Office. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 5, 2007. Retrieved July 2, 2014.