General elections were held for the first time in the New Hebrides on 10 November 1975.[1] The result was a victory for the New Hebrides National Party, which won 17 seats in the new Representative Assembly.[1]
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All 29 seats in the Representative Assembly 15 seats needed for a majority | |||||||||||||||||
| Turnout | 40,174 (88.80%) | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below. | |||||||||||||||||
Background
editThe elections were held following a 1974 agreement between France and the United Kingdom on the territory's future. The agreement provided for the replacement of the Advisory Council with an assembly with increased powers and elected by universal suffrage.[2] The election date in November was agreed on 11 July 1975.[3]
The 41-member Representative Assembly had 29 directly-elected members, six members representing the Chamber of Commerce (three British and three French), four representatives of customary chiefs and three representing co-operatives.[4] The directly-elected members were elected from 14 constituencies with between one and five seats. In 12 constituencies the members were elected by single non-transferable vote, while in two seats (Port Vila and Santo Town), multiple non-transferable vote was used, with voters allowed to case as many votes as there were seats.
Campaign
editFearing a victory for the New Hebrides National Party and reluctant to sanction independence due to fears that it may encourage similar sentiments in French Polynesia and New Caledonia, the French element of the joint administration gave support to the European-backed Union of the Communities of the New Hebrides (UCNH). Aircraft hired from New Caledonia were used to campaign around the islands, with the French High Commissioner of New Caledonia involved.[5] Seven planeloads of New Hebrideans were also flown from New Caledonia to vote, with electoral regulations changed on election day to allow the practice.[5]
Results
editDirectly-elected seats
edit| Party | Votes | % | Seats | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| New Hebrides National Party | 27,978 | 54.19 | 17 | |
| Union of the Communities of the New Hebrides | 15,761 | 30.53 | 10 | |
| Movement for the Autonomy of the New Hebrides | 4,155 | 8.05 | 2 | |
| Nagriamel | 650 | 1.26 | 0 | |
| MANH–Tabwemasana–Nagriamel | 678 | 1.31 | 0 | |
| Friend Melanesian Party | 457 | 0.89 | 0 | |
| Tabwemasana | 331 | 0.64 | 0 | |
| Independents | 1,620 | 3.14 | 0 | |
| Total | 51,630 | 100.00 | 29 | |
| Valid votes | 34,911 | 97.86 | ||
| Invalid/blank votes | 763 | 2.14 | ||
| Total votes | 35,674 | 100.00 | ||
| Registered voters/turnout | 40,174 | 88.80 | ||
| Source: Plant[6] | ||||
Chamber of Commerce seats
edit| British members | French members | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Candidate | Votes | Candidate | Votes |
| Chung Wai | 217 | R. Bacon | 241 |
| René Ah Pow | 202 | R. Keller | 218 |
| John Stegler | 199 | Philippe Delacroix | 168 |
| J. Seagoe | 143 | B. Wong | 140 |
| D. Curtis | 118 | J. Russet | 84 |
| J. Miu Mah Kam | 65 | R. Coulon | 74 |
| J. Leveredge | 56 | C. van Nerum | 54 |
| R. Gallimore | 49 | J. Simonsen | 38 |
| D. Joffick | 27 | C. Boudier | 38 |
| H. Hamlin | 19 | Thevenin | 17 |
| Source: Plant[6] | |||
Aftermath
editFollowing the victory of the New Hebrides National Party, the authorities sought to try to avoid pro-independence factions holding a majority in the Assembly. No date was set for the opening meeting of the Assembly due to disputes over the election of the chiefs. Following several months of delay, the French High Commissioner proposed increasing the number of chiefs from four to eight.[7][8] The UCNH later called for the number to be increased to ten.[9]
Protests were held by supporters of the National Party on 27 March 1976. In Pacific Islands Monthly, a member of the National Party claimed that the French authorities had encouraged people to disrupt the demonstrations, with 54 people attached in Espiritu Santo.[10]
In May 1976, six months after voting had taken place, the election of four members in Espiritu Santo – Mary Gilu, Titus Path and Thomas Reuben of the National Party and Michel Thevenin of MANH – was annulled.[9][11] An appeal to Joint Court in July was unsuccessful, with the court also annulling the election of Philibert de Montgremier, another National Party candidate. By-elections for the seats were held between 25 and 27 October; Gilu, Path and Reuben were re-elected, while de Montgremier was defeated by George Cronsteadt of MANH–Nagramiel. Thevenin was replaced as the MANH–Nagramiel candidate by Jimmy Stevens, who was also elected.[12][13]
An incomplete Assembly finally met on 29 June. At the first meeting it was agreed that the number of chiefs should remain at four. The National Party also attempted to pass a motion of no confidence in the British and French administrators, which was left unresolved.[14] The final unfilled seat – the chief representing Northern District, was elected on 26 November following a delay caused by Nagramiel chiefs complaining that others were not wearing traditional dress. National Party supporter Moli Liu Tamata was elected, giving the party 21 of the 42 seats (16 directly elected, three chiefs and two co-operative members); the UCNH had twelve seats, MANH–Nagramiel three and the remaining six were independents.[15]
The first official meeting of the complete Assembly took place on 29 November, over a year after the initial elections.[15] A motion calling for all seats to be elected by universal suffrage at the next election was passed unanimously.[15] However, the Assembly was suspended in March 1977 following a boycott by the National Party.[16] Early elections were held in late 1977.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Dieter Nohlen, Florian Grotz & Christof Hartmann (2001) Elections in Asia: A data handbook, Volume II, p834 ISBN 0-19-924959-8
- ^ "Anglo-French agreement on New Hebrides" The Times, 6 November 1974, p5, issue 59237
- ^ "News in Brief" The Times, 12 July 1975, p6 issue 86346
- ^ NP leads Pacific Islands Monthly, December 1975, p14
- ^ a b Bombs, bribery and ballots in New Hebrides Pacific Islands Monthly, January 1976, p8
- ^ a b Chris Plant (1977) New Hebrides: The road to independence, Institute of Pacific Studies, pp78–80
- ^ The Ghost Assembly Pacific Islands Monthly, June 1976, p10
- ^ Splinters flying in N. Hebrides Pacific Islands Monthly, May 1976, p11
- ^ a b Playing to New Hebrideans' gallery Pacific Islands Monthly, July 1976, p11
- ^ Nails in the colonial coffin Pacific Islands Monthly, July 1976, pp25–29
- ^ New Hebrides runaround continues Pacific Islands Monthly, October 1976, p16
- ^ Keith Woodward (2014) A Political Memoir of the Anglo-French Condominium of the New Hebrides p61
- ^ Santo still 'National' Pacific Islands Monthly, December 1976, p17
- ^ New Hebrides Assembly meets Pacific Islands Monthly, August 1976, p18
- ^ a b c New Hebrides Assembly meets – but what's new? Pacific Islands Monthly February 1977, pp17–18
- ^ New Hebrides independence in 1980? Pacific Islands Monthly, September 1977, p11