1843 in science

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The year 1843 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Astronomy

March 11–14 – Eta Carinae flares to become the second brightest star.
February 5–April 19 – "Great March Comet" observed.
December 21 – The first total solar eclipse of Saros 139 occurs over southern Asia.
Heinrich Schwabe reports a periodic change in the number of sunspots: they wax and wane in number according to a ten-year cycle.

Chemistry

Jean-Baptiste Dumas names lactose.^[1]
Carl Mosander discovers the chemical elements Terbium and Erbium.^[2]
John J. Waterston produces an account of the kinetic theory of gases.^[3]
Alfred Bird produces single-acting baking powder.^[4]

Mathematics

September – Ada Lovelace translates and expands Menabrea’s notes on Charles Babbage's analytical engine, including an algorithm for calculating a sequence of Bernoulli numbers, regarded as the world's first computer program.^[5]^[6]^[7]
October 16 – William Rowan Hamilton discovers the calculus of quaternions and deduces that they are non-commutative.^[8]
Arthur Cayley and James Joseph Sylvester found the algebraic invariant theory.
John T. Graves discovers the octonions.
Pierre-Alphonse Laurent discovers and presents the Laurent expansion theorem.

Physics

James Prescott Joule experimentally finds the mechanical equivalent of heat.^[9]
Ohm's acoustic law is proposed by German physicist Georg Ohm.

Physiology and medicine

April–May – English surgeon Benjamin Brodie extracts a coin lodged in the bronchus of engineer Isambard Kingdom Brunel using novel methods.^[10]
British surgeon James Braid publishes Neurypnology: or the Rationale of Nervous Sleep, a key text in the history of hypnotism.
Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr., argues that puerperal fever is spread by lack of hygiene in physicians.^[11]

Technology

March 25 – Completion of the Thames Tunnel, the first bored underwater tunnel in the world (engineer: Marc Isambard Brunel).^[12]
July 19 – Launch of SS Great Britain, the first iron-hulled, propeller-driven ship to cross the Atlantic Ocean (designer: Isambard Kingdom Brunel).^[13]
November 21 – Thomas Hancock patents the vulcanisation of rubber using sulphur in the United Kingdom
The steam powered rotary printing press is invented by Richard March Hoe in the United States.^[14]
Robert Stirling and his brother James convert a steam engine at a Dundee factory to operate as a Stirling engine.
The first public telegraph line in the United Kingdom is laid between Paddington and Slough.
Approximate date – Euphonium invented.

Publications

October – Anna Atkins begins publication of Photographs of British Algae: Cyanotype Impressions, a collection of contact printed cyanotype photograms of algae which forms the first book illustrated with photographic images.^[15]^[16]^[17]^[18]

Awards

Copley Medal: Jean-Baptiste Dumas^[19]
Wollaston Medal for Geology: Jean-Baptiste Elie de Beaumont; Pierre Armand Dufrenoy

Births

January 13 – David Ferrier (died 1928), Scottish neurologist.^[20]
May 6 – G. K. Gilbert (died 1918), American geologist.
June 12 – David Gill (died 1914), Scottish astronomer.
June 23 – Paul Heinrich von Groth (died 1927), German mineralogist.
July 24 – William de Wiveleslie Abney (died 1920), English astronomer.
August 17 – Alexandre Lacassagne (died 1924), French forensic scientist.
November 30 – Martha Ripley (died 1912), American physician.^[21]
December 11 – Robert Koch (died 1910), German physician, famous for the discovery of the tubercle bacillus (1882) and the cholera bacillus (1883) and for his development of Koch's postulates; awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1905
Adelaida Lukanina (died 1908), Russian chemist.

Deaths

July 25 – Charles Macintosh (born 1766), Scottish inventor of a waterproof fabric.^[22]
August 10 – Robert Adrain (born 1775), Irish American mathematician.
September 11 – Joseph Nicollet (born 1786), French geographer, explorer, mathematician and astronomer.
September 19 – Gaspard-Gustave Coriolis (born 1792), French mathematician and discoverer of the Coriolis effect.
September 30 – Richard Harlan (born 1796), American zoologist.
November 16 – Abraham Colles (born 1773), Anglo-Irish surgeon.

References

^ Dumas (1843). Traité de Chimie, Appliquée aux Arts. 6 Paris: Bechet Jeune. p. 293.
^ "Carl Gustav Mosander - Oxford Reference". www.oxfordreference.com. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
^ Thoughts on the Mental Functions; being an attempt to treat metaphysics as a branch of the physiology of the nervous system. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd. 1843.
^ Cannon, Matthew (2014-11-03). "Alfred Bird: Egg-free custard inventor and chemist". Birmingham Mail. Retrieved 2018-02-25.
^ Fuegi, John; Francis, Jo (October–December 2003). "Lovelace & Babbage and the creation of the 1843 'notes'". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 25 (4): 16–26. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2003.1253887. S2CID 40077111.
^ "Ada Byron, Lady Lovelace". Archived from the original on 21 July 2010. Retrieved 2010-07-11.
^ Menabrea, L. F. (1843). "Sketch of the Analytical Engine Invented by Charles Babbage". Scientific Memoirs. 3. Archived from the original on 13 September 2010. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
^ "William Rowan Hamilton Plaque". Geograph. 2007. Retrieved 2011-03-08.
^ Joule, J. P. (1843). "On the Mechanical Equivalent of Heat". Abstracts of the Papers Communicated to the Royal Society of London. 5: 839. doi:10.1098/rspl.1843.0196.
^ Brodie, Benjamin. "An account of a case in which a foreign body was lodged in the right bronchus." Paper to Royal Medical & Chirurgical Society 27 June 1843.
^ "The Contagiousness of puerperal fever". New England Quarterly Journal of Medicine and Surgery.
^ Smith, Denis (2001). London and the Thames Valley. London: Thomas Telford. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-7277-2876-0.
^ "Royal Visit". The Bristol Mirror. 20 July 1843. pp. 1–2.
^ Meggs, Philip B. (1998). A History of Graphic Design (3rd ed.). Wiley. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-471-29198-5. It receives U.S. patent 5,199 in 1847 and is placed in commercial use the same year.
^ Parr, Martin; Badger, Gerry (2004). The Photobook: a history, Volume I. London: Phaidon. ISBN 978-0-7148-4285-1.
^ James, Christopher (2009). The Book of Alternative Photographic Processes (2nd ed.). Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1-4180-7372-5. Retrieved 2009-08-11.
^ "Photography. Cyanotype photograph. Anna Atkins (1799-1871)". Seeing is Believing: 700 years of scientific and medical illustration. New York Public Library. 2001 [1843]. Retrieved 2009-08-11.
^ Peres, Michael R. (2007). The Focal Encyclopedia of Photography: Digital Imaging, Theory and Applications, History, and Science (4th ed.). Amsterdam; Boston: Elsevier/Focal Press. ISBN 978-0-240-80740-9.
^ "Copley Medal | British scientific award". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
^ Sherrington, C. S.; Bevan, Michael. "Ferrier, Sir David (1843–1928), neurologist". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/33117. Retrieved 16 February 2020. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ Ogilvie, Marilyn Bailey; Harvey, Joy Dorothy (2000). The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: L-Z. Taylor & Francis. p. 1102. ISBN 978-0-415-92040-7.
^ Day, Lance; McNeil, Ian (11 September 2002). Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology. Routledge. p. 786. ISBN 978-1-134-65019-4.

[1] Dumas (1843). Traité de Chimie, Appliquée aux Arts. 6 Paris: Bechet Jeune. p. 293.

[2] "Carl Gustav Mosander - Oxford Reference". www.oxfordreference.com. Retrieved 16 February 2020.

[3] Thoughts on the Mental Functions; being an attempt to treat metaphysics as a branch of the physiology of the nervous system. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd. 1843.

[4] Cannon, Matthew (2014-11-03). "Alfred Bird: Egg-free custard inventor and chemist". Birmingham Mail. Retrieved 2018-02-25.

[5] Fuegi, John; Francis, Jo (October–December 2003). "Lovelace & Babbage and the creation of the 1843 'notes'". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 25 (4): 16–26. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2003.1253887. S2CID 40077111.

[6] "Ada Byron, Lady Lovelace". Archived from the original on 21 July 2010. Retrieved 2010-07-11.

[7] Menabrea, L. F. (1843). "Sketch of the Analytical Engine Invented by Charles Babbage". Scientific Memoirs. 3. Archived from the original on 13 September 2010. Retrieved 2010-10-01.

[8] "William Rowan Hamilton Plaque". Geograph. 2007. Retrieved 2011-03-08.

[9] Joule, J. P. (1843). "On the Mechanical Equivalent of Heat". Abstracts of the Papers Communicated to the Royal Society of London. 5: 839. doi:10.1098/rspl.1843.0196.

[10] Brodie, Benjamin. "An account of a case in which a foreign body was lodged in the right bronchus." Paper to Royal Medical & Chirurgical Society 27 June 1843.

[11] "The Contagiousness of puerperal fever". New England Quarterly Journal of Medicine and Surgery.

[12] Smith, Denis (2001). London and the Thames Valley. London: Thomas Telford. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-7277-2876-0.

[13] "Royal Visit". The Bristol Mirror. 20 July 1843. pp. 1–2.

[14] Meggs, Philip B. (1998). A History of Graphic Design (3rd ed.). Wiley. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-471-29198-5. It receives U.S. patent 5,199 in 1847 and is placed in commercial use the same year.

[15] Parr, Martin; Badger, Gerry (2004). The Photobook: a history, Volume I. London: Phaidon. ISBN 978-0-7148-4285-1.

[16] James, Christopher (2009). The Book of Alternative Photographic Processes (2nd ed.). Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1-4180-7372-5. Retrieved 2009-08-11.

[17] "Photography. Cyanotype photograph. Anna Atkins (1799-1871)". Seeing is Believing: 700 years of scientific and medical illustration. New York Public Library. 2001 [1843]. Retrieved 2009-08-11.

[18] Peres, Michael R. (2007). The Focal Encyclopedia of Photography: Digital Imaging, Theory and Applications, History, and Science (4th ed.). Amsterdam; Boston: Elsevier/Focal Press. ISBN 978-0-240-80740-9.

[19] "Copley Medal | British scientific award". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 16 February 2020.

[20] Sherrington, C. S.; Bevan, Michael. "Ferrier, Sir David (1843–1928), neurologist". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/33117. Retrieved 16 February 2020. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)

[21] Ogilvie, Marilyn Bailey; Harvey, Joy Dorothy (2000). The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: L-Z. Taylor & Francis. p. 1102. ISBN 978-0-415-92040-7.

[22] Day, Lance; McNeil, Ian (11 September 2002). Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology. Routledge. p. 786. ISBN 978-1-134-65019-4.

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