The 1790–91 United States Senate elections were held on various dates in various states. These U.S. Senate elections occurred during the first midterm election cycle, which took place in the middle of President George Washington's first term. As these elections were prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were chosen by state legislatures. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1790 and 1791, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due to legislative deadlock.[1] In these elections, terms were up for the nine senators in Class 1.
 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
9 of the 26 seats in the United States Senate, plus special elections 14 seats needed for a majority | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Results: Pro-Administration hold Anti-Administration gain Legislature failed to elect | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
As of these elections, formal organized political parties had yet to form in the United States, but two political factions were present: The coalition of senators who supported President Washington's administration were known as the Pro-Administration Party, and the senators against him as the Anti-Administration Party.
Change in Senate composition
editNote: There were no political parties in this Congress. Members are informally grouped into factions of similar interest, based on an analysis of their voting record.[2]
Before the elections
editAfter the June 25, 1790 elections in Rhode Island.
| A3 | A2 | A1 | |||||||
| A4 | A5 | A6 Penn. Ran |
A7 Va. Ran |
P19 N.J. Unknown |
P18 R.I. Ran |
P17 N.Y. Ran |
P16 Mass. Ran |
P15 Md. Ran |
P14 Del. Ran |
| Majority → | |||||||||
| P4 | P5 | P6 | P7 | P8 | P9 | P10 | P11 | P12 | P13 Conn. Ran |
| P3 | P2 | P1 | |||||||
Results of the regular elections
edit| A3 | A2 | A1 | |||||||
| A4 | A5 | A6 Va. Re-elected |
A7 N.Y. Gain |
V1 Penn. A Loss |
P18 N.J. Hold |
P17 Mass. Hold |
P16 R.I. Re-elected |
P15 Md. Re-elected |
P14 Del. Re-elected |
| Majority → | |||||||||
| P4 | P5 | P6 | P7 | P8 | P9 | P10 | P11 | P12 | P13 Conn. Re-elected |
| P3 | P2 | P1 | |||||||
Results of the special elections
edit| A3 | A2 | A1 | |||||||
| A4 | A5 Va. Gain |
A6 | A7 | A8 | V1 | P17 | P16 | P15 | P14 |
| Majority → | |||||||||
| P4 | P5 | P6 | P7 | P8 | P9 | P10 | P11 | P12 N.J. Hold |
P13 |
| P3 | P2 | P1 | |||||||
| Key: |
|
Race summaries
editExcept if/when noted, the number following candidates is the whole number vote(s), not a percentage.
Regular and special elections during the 1st Congress
editIn these elections, the winners were seated before March 4, 1791; ordered by election date.
| State | Incumbent | Results | Candidates | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Senator | Party | First elected | |||
| Rhode Island (Class 1) |
New seat | Rhode Island ratified the Constitution May 29, 1790. New senator elected June 7, 1790. Pro-Administration gain. |
| ||
| Rhode Island (Class 2) |
New seat | Rhode Island ratified the Constitution May 29, 1790. New senator elected June 7, 1790. Anti-Administration gain. |
| ||
| Virginia (special: Class 1) |
John Walker | Pro-Administration | 1790 (appointed) | Interim appointee retired when successor elected. New senator elected November 9, 1790. Anti-Administration gain. |
|
| New Jersey (special: Class 2) |
William Paterson | Pro-Administration | 1788 | Incumbent resigned November 13, 1790, to become Governor of New Jersey. New senator elected November 13, 1790. Pro-Administration hold. |
|
Races leading to the 2nd Congress
editIn these regular elections, the winners were seated March 4, 1791; ordered by state.
All of these elections involved the Class 1 seats.
| State | Incumbent | Results | Candidates | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Senator | Party | First elected | |||
| Connecticut | Oliver Ellsworth | Pro-Administration | 1788 | Incumbent re-elected on an unknown date. |
|
| Delaware | George Read | Pro-Administration | 1788 | Incumbent re-elected October 23, 1790. |
|
| Maryland | Charles Carroll | Pro-Administration | 1788 | Incumbent re-elected in 1791. |
|
| Massachusetts | Tristram Dalton | Pro-Administration | 1788 | Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected in 1790 on the third ballot. Pro-Administration hold. |
|
| New Jersey | Jonathan Elmer | Pro-Administration | 1788 | Incumbent retired or lost re-election. New senator elected in 1790. Pro-Administration hold. |
|
| New York | Philip Schuyler | Pro-Administration | 1789 | Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected January 19, 1791. Anti-Administration gain. |
|
| Pennsylvania | William Maclay | Anti-Administration | 1788 | Incumbent lost re-election. Legislature failed to elect a successor, leaving the seat vacant. Anti-Administration loss. |
None. |
| Rhode Island | Theodore Foster | Pro-Administration | 1790 | Incumbent re-elected in 1791. |
|
| Virginia | James Monroe | Anti-Administration | 1790 (special) | Incumbent re-elected in 1791. |
|
Special and regular elections in 1791 during the 2nd Congress
editIn these elections, the winners were seated after March 4, 1791, the beginning of the next Congress.
| State | Incumbent | Results | Candidates | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Senator | Party | First elected | |||
| Connecticut (Class 3) |
William S. Johnson | Pro-Administration | 1788 | Resigned March 4, 1791. New senator elected June 13, 1791. Pro-Administration hold. |
|
| Vermont (Class 1) |
None (new state) | Vermont was admitted to the Union March 4, 1791. New senator elected October 17, 1791. Anti-Administration gain. |
| ||
| Vermont (Class 3) |
None (new state) | Vermont was admitted to the Union March 4, 1791. New senator elected October 17, 1791. Anti-Administration gain. |
| ||
Connecticut
editAll of the senators from Connecticut were Pro-Administration through 1795.
Connecticut (regular)
editOliver Ellsworth was re-elected in 1791.
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2018) |
Connecticut (special)
editWilliam Samuel Johnson resigned March 3, 1791, at the end of the 1st Congress and Roger Sherman was elected June 13, 1791, to finish the term.
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2018) |
Delaware
editThis section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2018) |
Maryland
editThis section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2022) |
| ||||||||||||||||
80 members of the Maryland General Assembly | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ||||||||||||||||
Charles Carroll won re-election over Uriah Forrest by a margin of 20.00%, or 15 votes, for the Class 1 seat.[6]
Massachusetts
editIncumbent U.S. Senator, Tristam Dalton sought re-election but was eliminated before the third ballot. The third ballot saw the election of George Cabot, who had been a member of the Massachusetts Provincial Congress. Cabot won 87 votes.[7]
 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (August 2019) |
New Jersey
editNew Jersey (regular)
editThis section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2018) |
New Jersey (special)
editThis section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2018) |
New York
editThe election in New York was held January 19, 1791, by the New York State Legislature.
Incumbent Philip Schuyler's term would expire March 3, 1791.
At the State election in April 1790, nominal Federalist majorities were elected to both houses of the 14th New York State Legislature, but many Federalists were friendly to the Democratic-Republican Governor George Clinton, party lines not being drawn very strictly then.
The incumbent Philip Schuyler ran for re-election as the candidate of the Federalist Party. New York State Attorney General Aaron Burr was the candidate of the Democratic-Republican Party, but was at that time a rather moderate politician, opposing the ultras of both parties.
Burr was the choice of both the State Senate and the State Assembly, and was declared elected. Schuyler was defeated despite the nominal majority of his party. Many of the Federalists took the opportunity to show their disapproval of both Schuyler's haughtiness and the financial policies of Alexander Hamilton, the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury and Schuyler's son-in-law. Besides, the Livingston faction of the Federalist Party felt betrayed after the election of Rufus King over their candidate James Duane in 1789, and now allied themselves with Clinton and later became Democratic-Republicans.
| Office | House | Democratic-Republican candidate | Federalist candidate | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| U.S. senator | State Senate (23 members) | 12 | Philip Schuyler | 4 | |
| State Assembly (65 members) | Philip Schuyler | ||||
Obs.: Burr had a majority of 5 votes in the Assembly, but the exact number of votes is unclear.
Pennsylvania
editIn 1791, the legislature failed to elect due to a disagreement on procedure.[8] The seat would remain vacant until 1793.[8]
Rhode Island
editThis section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2018) |
Vermont
editStephen R. Bradley and Moses Robinson were elected by the Vermont House of Representatives and Governor and Council in January 1791, anticipating Vermont's admission to the union.[9] Vermont was admitted as the 14th state on March 4, 1791.[10] The Senate had adjourned on March 3, at the completion of the 1st United States Congress; the 2nd United States Congress held a one-day session on March 4, and was not scheduled to convene again until October 24.[11]
As a result of this congressional schedule Bradley and Robinson had not been seated when the Vermont House of Representatives convened in early October, 1791.[10] At this legislative session, some members suggested that the January election of Bradley and Robinson had been premature, since Vermont had not yet been admitted to the union.[10] Bradley and Robinson volunteered to resign the credentials of their January elections; on October 17, the Governor and Council voted again, and selected Bradley and Robinson.[10] The House of Representatives then voted a second time, and also selected Bradley and Robinson.[10] No vote totals were recorded.[10]
Bradley was selected for the "short term" (Class 3), which expired on March 3, 1795.[12] Robinson received the "long term" (Class 1), which expired on March 3, 1797.[13]
Virginia
edit.jpg)
William Grayson died March 12, 1790, and John Walker was appointed to continue the term.
Virginia (special)
editFuture President James Monroe was elected in November 1790 to finish the term.
Virginia (regular)
editMonroe was re-elected in 1791 to the next term, as well.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Direct Election of U.S. Senators (1913)". National Archives and Records Administration. February 8, 2022.
- ^ Martis, Kenneth C. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress.
- ^ "Delaware 1790 U.S. Senate". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved February 6, 2018., citing General Advertiser (Philadelphia). October 30, 1790.
- ^ "Massachusetts 1790 U.S. Senate, Ballot 3". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved February 6, 2018., citing The Massachusetts Centinel (Boston, MA). June 23, 1790.
- ^ "New York 1791 U.S. Senate". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Archived from the original on March 6, 2020. Retrieved February 6, 2018., citing Journal of the New York Assembly, 1791. 23-24. Journal of the New York State Senate, 1791. 12. The New-York Journal, and Patriotic Register (New York, NY). January 24, 1791.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - MD US Senate Race - Nov 26, 1790". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2022-11-04.
- ^ "A New Nation Votes". elections.lib.tufts.edu. Retrieved 2021-03-10.
- ^ a b Cox, Harold E. "U.S. Senate Election 1791" (PDF). Wilkes University Election Statistics Project.
- ^ Walton, Eliakim Persons (1876). Records of the Governor and Council of the State of Vermont. Vol. IV. Montpelier, VT: J. and J. M. Poland. pp. 4–6.
- ^ a b c d e f Records of the Governor and Council of the State of Vermont.
- ^ De Puy, W. H. (1892). American Revisions and Additions to the Encyclopaedia Britannica. Vol. III. Chicago, IL: R. S. Peale Company. pp. 1547–1548.
- ^ Dodge, Prentiss Cutler (1912). Encyclopedia of Vermont Biography. Burlington, VT: Ullery Publishing Company. pp. 28-29.
- ^ Encyclopedia of Vermont Biography.
External links
edit- Party Division in the Senate, 1789-Present, via Senate.gov
- The New York Civil List compiled in 1858 (see: pg. 114 for State senators 1790–91; page 165f for Members of Assembly 1790–91)
- History of Political Parties in the State of New-York by Jabez Delano Hammond (pages 50ff)
- The Life and Times of Aaron Burr by James Parton (1866, pages 177ff)