Year 1541 (MDXLI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | |
| Decades: | |
| Years: |
| Gregorian calendar | 1541 MDXLI |
| Ab urbe condita | 2294 |
| Armenian calendar | 990 ԹՎ ՋՂ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6291 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 1462–1463 |
| Bengali calendar | 948 |
| Berber calendar | 2491 |
| English Regnal year | 32 Hen. 8 – 33 Hen. 8 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2085 |
| Burmese calendar | 903 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7049–7050 |
| Chinese calendar | 庚子年 (Metal Rat) 4238 or 4031 — to — 辛丑年 (Metal Ox) 4239 or 4032 |
| Coptic calendar | 1257–1258 |
| Discordian calendar | 2707 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1533–1534 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5301–5302 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 1597–1598 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1462–1463 |
| - Kali Yuga | 4641–4642 |
| Holocene calendar | 11541 |
| Igbo calendar | 541–542 |
| Iranian calendar | 919–920 |
| Islamic calendar | 947–948 |
| Japanese calendar | Tenbun 10 (天文１０年) |
| Javanese calendar | 1459–1460 |
| Julian calendar | 1541 MDXLI |
| Korean calendar | 3874 |
| Minguo calendar | 371 before ROC 民前371年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | 73 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2083–2084 |
| Tibetan calendar | 阳金鼠年 (male Iron-Rat) 1667 or 1286 or 514 — to — 阴金牛年 (female Iron-Ox) 1668 or 1287 or 515 |
Events
editJanuary–March
edit- January 4 – Leonardo Cattaneo della Volta is elected to a two-year term as the new Doge of the Republic of Genoa, succeeding Giannandrea Giustiniani Longo
- February –
- February 8 – (13th day of 1st month of Tenbun 10) In Japan, the Siege of Koriyama, started by Amago Haruhisa of the 30,000 strong Amago clan the previous September in an attack against the Mōri clan led by Mōri Motonari and the Ōuchi clan, ends with a defeat of the attackers. The Amago clan sustains heavy losses, including the death of Amago Hisayuki.
- February 12 – Pedro de Valdivia founds Santiago del Nuevo Extremo, which will become the capital of Chile.[1][2]
- February 19 – Petru Rareș becomes the Prince of Moldavia for a second time, overthrowing the Voivode Alexandru Cornea at Suceava (now in Romania) at the direction of the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman. [3]
- March 8 – At the Battle of Suakin, fought at an Ottoman port city on the Red Sea in what is now Sudan, Portuguese General Estêvão da Gama and his brother Cristóvão da Gama lead an attack against the Ottoman ruler and plunder the city.[4]
- March 12 – The Portuguese Empire's fortress at Agadir falls to the Moroccan general Mohammed al-Shaykh after a siege of 24 days.[5]
- March 28 – In what is now the capital of Ecuador, San Francisco de Quito is declared a city by the decree of King Charles I of Spain and the Viceroyalty of Peru.
April–June
edit- April 7 – Francis Xavier leaves Lisbon, on a mission to the Portuguese East Indies.[6]
- April 24 – Battle of Sahart: Gelawdewos is defeated by the forces of Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi.[7]
- May 8 – Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto reaches the Mississippi River, naming it the Rio de Espiritu Santo ("River of the Holy Spirit").[8][9]
- May 23 – Jacques Cartier departs from Saint-Malo, France on his third voyage.[10]
- June 13 – The Parliament of Ireland is opened by King Henry VIII for a session that will last for two years.
- June 16 – Şehzade Mustafa, the son of the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, is appointed as the new Ottoman Governor of the Amasya region of Turkey.
- June 26 – At Lima, Francisco Pizarro, the Spanish conqueror of the Inca Empire of Peru and Governor of Nueva Castilla since 1529, is assassinated by 20 heavily-armed supporters of Diego de Almagro II in retaliation for the 1538 execution of Diego de Almagro.[11]
July–September
edit- July 7 &ndash (Tenbun 10, 14th day of the 6th month) Takeda Shingen becomes head of Japan's powerful Takeda clan of samurais that rules the Kai Province, overthrowing and banishing his father, Takeda Nobutora.[12] Nobutora is exiled to Suruga Province for the next 32 years.
- July 9 – Estêvão da Gama departs Massawa, leaving behind 400 matchlock men and 150 slaves under his brother Cristóvão da Gama, with orders to assist the Emperor of Ethiopia to defeat Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi, who had invaded his Empire.
- August 21 – The Janissaries of Suleiman the Magnificent besiege Buda, wounding Wilhelm von Roggendorf, who dies from his wounds on the way to Komárno a few days later.[13]
- September 9–11 – Spanish noblewoman Beatriz de la Cueva serves as governor of the colony of Guatemala, before she is killed in a mudslide from Volcán de Agua, which ruins the capital city, Ciudad Vieja.[14]
- September 13 – After three years of exile, John Calvin returns to Geneva to reform the church under a body of doctrine that comes to be known as Calvinism.[15][16]
- September 28 – King Charles of Spain begins the disastrous against the Regency of Algiers as he assembles a fleet of 500 ships, with 24,000 soldiers, at the Spanish island of Majorca and prepares to cross the Mediterranean with the fleets of allied nations led by the Admiral Andrea Doria of the Republic of Genoa.[17]
October–December
edit- October 7 – Through royal decree, the city of Arequipa is granted its coat of arms.[18]
- October 24 – Algiers Expedition: One day after thousands of Spanish, German and Italian soldiers arrived on the North African coast and proceeded to surround the city of Algiers, heavy storms begin and the Algerian defenders surround King Charles and the other commanders. Fifteen European ships are wrecked onshore, and 33 others sink. Over the next 30 days, the Europeans are forced to retreat.[19]
- November 1 – King Henry VIII of England is first informed of that the Queen consort, Catherine Howard, has been having an affair with Thomas Culpeper.[20]
- November 19 – (1st waxing of Tazaungmon 903 ME) King Tabinshwehti of Burma, having concluded the Buddhist Lent, leads the attack on the Kingdom of Prome with 17,000 troops and 1,400 boats.[21]
- November 23 –
- Catherine Howard, the Queen consort of England, is arrested after 16 days of questioning by Thomas Cranmer, the Archbishop of Canterbury, reveals that she had also been conducting an adulterous affair with Francis Dereham while married to King Henry VIII. She is imprisoned at Syon Abbey in Middlesex near London.[20]
- Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, who also serves as King Carlos I of Spain, is finally able to depart from Algiers and abandons his army.[22]
- December 3 – The Holy Roman Emperor Charles V is finally able to return to Spain, arriving at Cartagena[19]
- December 10 – Thomas Culpeper and Francis Dereham are both executed at Tyburn after being convicted of treason in committing adultery with Queen Catherine. Culpeper is beheaded, while Dereham is hanged, drawn and quartered. As a warning to the public, the severed heads of both men are placed on spikes on the London Bridge.[23]
Date unknown
edit- Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent seals off The Golden Gate in Jerusalem,[24] likely because of a prophecy that that the Messiah would return through this gate to Jerusalem.[25]
- Iceland adopts the Lutheran faith.[26]
- Gerardus Mercator makes his first globe.[27]
- The first official translation of the entire Bible into Swedish is made, and is called the Gustav Vasa Bible.[28]
- John Calvin translates his Institutio Christianae religionis into French, as L'Institution chrétienne.[29]
- Elia Levita's chivalric romance, the Bovo-Bukh, is first printed, the earliest published secular work in Yiddish.
Births
edit- January 24 – Magdalena Moons, Dutch woman associated with the 1574 Siege of Leiden (d. 1613)[30]
- January 26 – Florent Chrestien, French writer (d. 1596)[31]
- February 21 – Philipp V, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg (d. 1599)[32]
- March 25 – Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (d. 1587)[33]
- April 8 – Michele Mercati, Italian physician and gardener (d. 1593)[34]
- April 12 – Ipatii Potii, Metropolitan of Kiev (d. 1613)[35]
- September 7
- Luigi Groto, Italian lutenist and poet (d. 1588)[36]
- Hernando de Cabezón, Spanish musician (d. 1602)[37]
- September 5 – Roberto de' Nobili, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1559[38]
- September 21 – Anna of Nassau-Dillenburg, Countess consort of Nassau-Weilburg (d. 1616)[39]
- November 9 – Menso Alting, Dutch preacher and reformer (d. 1612)[40]
- November 25 – Michele Bonelli, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1598)[41]
- February 12 – Johann Bauhin, Swiss botanist (d. 1613)[42]
- date unknown
- Pierre Charron, French philosopher (d. 1603)[43]
- El Greco, or Domênikos Theotokópoulos (Greek: Δομήνικος Θεοτοκόπουλος), Cretian painter, sculptor and architect (d. 1614)[44]
- Hatano Hideharu, Japanese samurai (d. 1579)
- Mizuno Tadashige, Japanese nobleman (d. 1600)[45][unreliable source?]
- Guðbrandur Þorláksson, Icelandic mathematician (d. 1627)[46]
- Hattori Hanzō, Japanese ninja who served under Tokugawa Ieyasu (d. 1596)[47]
Deaths
edit
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- January 2 – Wang Gen, Chinese philosopher (b. 1483)
- January 5 – Philip of the Palatinate, Bishop of Freising and Naumburg (b. 1480)[48]
- April – Jerzy Radziwiłł, Polish nobleman (b. 1480)[49]
- April 21 – James, Duke of Rothesay, Scottish prince (b. 1540)
- April 24 – Celio Calcagnini, Italian astronomer (b. 1479)[50]
- April 29 – Johann Gramann, German theologian (b. 1487)[51]
- May 27 – Margaret Pole, 8th Countess of Salisbury (executed) (b. 1473)[52]
- June 26 – Francisco Pizarro, Spanish conquistador (b. c. 1475)[53]
- July 4 – Pedro de Alvarado, Spanish conquistador (b. 1495)[54]
- August – Juan de Valdés, Spanish religious writer (b. 1500)[55]
- August 1 – Simon Grynaeus, German scholar and theologian (b. 1493)[56]
- August 18 – Henry IV, Duke of Saxony (1539–1541) (b. 1473)[57]
- August 19 – Vincenzo Cappello, Venetian admiral and statesman (b. 1469)[58]
- September 24 – Paracelsus, Swiss alchemist and physician (b. 1493)[59]
- September – Beatriz de la Cueva, Governor of Guatemala (b. 1510)[14]
- October 18 – Margaret Tudor, queen of James IV of Scotland (b. 1489)[60]
- November 4 – Wolfgang Fabricius Capito, German reformer (b. 1478)[61]
- November 30 – Amago Tsunehisa, Japanese warlord (b. 1458)
- December 10
- Thomas Culpeper, English courtier, lover of Catherine Howard (b. c. 1514)[62]
- Francis Dereham, English lover of Catherine Howard (executed)[62]
- December 24 – Andreas Karlstadt, Christian theologian and reformer (b. 1486)[63]
- date unknown
- Jean Clouet, French miniature painter (b. 1480)[64]
- Margareta von Melen, Swedish noblewoman (b. 1489)
- Gül Baba, Ottoman dervish poet[65]
- Giovanni Guidiccioni, Italian poet (b. 1480)[66]
- Gazi Husrev-beg, Ottoman statesmen (b. 1480)[67]
References
edit- ^ Figueroa, Gonzalo Piwonka (1999). Las aguas de Santiago de Chile, 1541-1999: Los primeros doscientos años, 1541-1741 (in Spanish). Editorial Universitaria. p. 29. ISBN 978-956-244-102-5. Retrieved September 13, 2023.
- ^ Revista de la Universidad Nacional de Cordoba (in Spanish). Dirección General de Publicaciones, Universidad Nacional de Cordoba. 1922. p. 34. Retrieved September 13, 2023.
- ^ Constantinescu, Radu (1978). Moldova și Transilvania în vremea lui Petru Rareș: Relații politice și militare [Moldova and Transylvania in the time of Petru Rareș: Political and military relations] (1527-1546). Bucharest: Direcția Generală a Arhivelor Statului.
- ^ J. F. E. Bloss (1936). "The Story Of Suakin". Sudan Notes and Records. 19 (2). University of Khartoum: 271–300. Retrieved January 13, 2023.
- ^ Tourneau, Roger le (1960). "Agadir-Ighir". In Gibb, H. A. R.; Kramers, J. H.; Lévi-Provençal, E.; Schacht, J.; Lewis, B. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume I: A–B. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 244–245. OCLC 495469456.
- ^ Bedouelle, Guy (April 10, 2003). The History of the Church. A&C Black. p. 173. ISBN 978-0-8264-1481-6. Retrieved September 13, 2023.
- ^ Georg Schurhammer (1982). Francis Xavier; His Life, His Times: India, 1541-1544. Jesuit Historical Institute. p. 512. ISBN 978-88-7041-863-0.
- ^ O'Neal, Claire (September 30, 2012). The Mississippi River. Mitchell Lane Publishers, Inc. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-61228-369-2. Retrieved September 14, 2023.
- ^ Official and Statistical Register of the State of Mississippi. Mississippi. Dept. of Archives and History. 1951. p. 330. Retrieved September 14, 2023.
- ^ Emery, Kenneth O.; Uchupi, Elazar (December 6, 2012). The Geology of the Atlantic Ocean. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-4612-5278-8. Retrieved September 14, 2023.
- ^ Burkholder, Mark A.; Johnson, Lyman L. (2004). Colonial Latin America. Oxford University Press. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-19-515685-0.
- ^ Turnbull, Stephen (1998). The Samurai Sourcebook. Cassell & Co. pp. 208–209. ISBN 1854095234.
- ^ "Buda ostroma, 1541". budapestcity.org. January 5, 2016. Retrieved September 14, 2023.
- ^ a b Notable Latin American women. McFarland & Co. 1995. pp. 41–43. ISBN 978-0-7864-0022-5. Retrieved September 14, 2023.
- ^ Jedin, Hubert; Dolan, John Patrick (1980). History of the Church: Reformation and Counter Reformation. Burns & Oates. p. 373. ISBN 978-0-86012-085-8. Retrieved September 14, 2023.
- ^ Parker, Thomas Henry Louis (1975). John Calvin : a biography. Philadelphia: Westminster Press. p. 80. ISBN 978-0-664-20810-3. Retrieved September 14, 2023.
- ^ Ward, A.W. (1904). The Cambridge Modern History. New York: The MacMillan Company. p. 76. Retrieved September 14, 2023.
- ^ Lockey, Joseph (1914). Folletos peruanos (in Spanish). Lima: Calle de Lampa. p. 31. Retrieved September 14, 2023.
- ^ a b Edith Garnier, L'Alliance Impie (Editions du Felin, 2008) pp.202-206 ISBN 978-2-86645-678-8
- ^ a b Weir, Alison (2001). Henry VIII: King and Court. London: Jonathan Cape. p. 453.
- ^ Royal Historical Commission of Burma (2003) [1832]. Hmannan Yazawin (in Burmese). Vol. 2. Yangon: Ministry of Information, Myanmar. p. 180.
- ^ Crowley, Roger (2013). Empires of the Sea: The Final Battle for the Mediterranean, 1521-1580. Faber & Faber. p. 73. ISBN 978-0-571-29819-8.
- ^ Lacey Baldwin Smith, A Tudor Tragedy (Pantheon Books, 1961)
- ^ Price, Randall (August 3, 2021). Rose Guide to the Temple. Rose Publishing. ISBN 978-1-59636-564-3. Retrieved September 14, 2023.
But the present gate owes its form due to Ottoman Sultan Suleiman who sealed it in 1541.
- ^ Hinnant, Greg (August 10, 2021). The Day of The Lord Commentary: Interpreting Old Testament End-Times Prophecy. Gatekeeper Press. ISBN 978-1-6629-1503-1. Retrieved September 14, 2023.
The Eastern (or Golden) Gate was sealed in 1541 by the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman after being informed it was prophesied that through this gate the Jewish Messiah would return to Israel.
- ^ Kristjánsdóttir, Steinunn (December 30, 2022). Monastic Iceland. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-000-83015-6. Retrieved September 14, 2023.
In Iceland, the Reformation occurred in Skalholt diocese in 1541, when the Lutheran Church ordinance of King Christian III was passed by the country's general assembly, Alþingi.
- ^ Cotter, Charles H. (1977). "The Development of the Mariner's Chart". The International Hydrographic Review. LIV (1): 127. ISSN 0020-6946. Retrieved September 14, 2023.
- ^ Biblis: tidskrift för bokhistoria, bibliografi, bokhantverk, samlande (in Swedish). Kungl. Biblioteket. 1999. p. 47. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
- ^ Calvin, Jean (2009). Institutes of the Christian religion : 1541 French edition. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Pub. Co. p. IX. ISBN 978-0-8028-0774-8. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
- ^ "Moons, Magdalena (1541-1613)". Huygens Instituut (in Dutch). Retrieved September 15, 2023.
- ^ BRAINNE, Charles (1852). Les Hommes illustres de l'Orléanais, biographie générale des trois departements du Loiret, d'Eure-et-Loir&de Loir-et-Cher (in French). Alphonse Gatineau. p. 190. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
- ^ Suchier, Reinhard (1897). Die Münzen der Grafen von Hanau (in German). Hanau History Association. p. 46. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
- ^ "FRANCESCO I de' Medici". www.treccani.it (in Italian). Retrieved September 15, 2023.
- ^ Brambilla, Giovanni Alessandro (1782). Storia delle Scoperte Fisico-Medico-Anatomico-Chirurgiche fatte dagli Uomini Illustri Italiani: Scuola Romana : Romani, Toscani, Napolitani E Veneziani. 2,2 : Secolo XVI (in Italian). Monistero di S. Ambrogio maggiore. p. 131. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
- ^ "Potii, Ipatii". www.encyclopediaofukraine.com.
- ^ Gaspary, Adolf (1888). Geschichte der italienischen Literatur (in German). K.J. Trübner. p. 565. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
- ^ "Cabezón, Hernando de". Grove Music Online. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
- ^ "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of December 22, 1553". cardinals.fiu.edu. Retrieved September 16, 2023.
- ^ Menzel, Carl (1884). Geschichte von Nassau (in German). Kreidel. p. 326. Retrieved September 16, 2023.
- ^ Voß, Klaas-Dieter (July 1, 2018). Das Emder Religionsgespräch von 1578: Zur Genese des gedruckten Protokolls sowie Beobachtungen zum theologischen Profil der flämischen Mennoniten (in German). Evangelische Verlagsanstalt. p. 72. ISBN 978-3-374-05436-7. Retrieved September 16, 2023.
- ^ "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of March 6, 1566". cardinals.fiu.edu. Retrieved September 16, 2023.
- ^ "Bauhin, Jean". www.deutsche-biographie.de (in German). Retrieved September 16, 2023.
- ^ Charron, Pierre (1697). Of wisdom : three books. London: Printed for M. Gillyflower, M. Bently, H. Bornwick, J. Tonson, W. Freeman, T. Goodwin, M. Wotton, J. Waltboe, S. Manship, and R. Parker. p. 1. Retrieved September 16, 2023.
- ^ Frank Rutter (1930). El Greco (1541-1614). Methuen. p. 8.
- ^ 水野氏一族の群像 (in Japanese). 歴史研究会. p. 61. Retrieved September 16, 2023.[unreliable source?]
- ^ Bellingradt, Daniel; Reynolds, Anna (April 12, 2021). The Paper Trade in Early Modern Europe: Practices, Materials, Networks. BRILL. p. 304. ISBN 978-90-04-42400-5. Retrieved September 16, 2023.
- ^ Turnbull, Stephen (February 20, 2008). The Samurai Swordsman: Master of War. Frontline Books. p. 53. ISBN 978-1-4738-1793-7. Retrieved September 16, 2023.
- ^ Heimbucher, Max (1888). Kurze Geschichte Freisings und seiner Bischöfe (in German). Fellerer. p. 48. Retrieved September 16, 2023.
- ^ Besala, Jerzy (2009). Najsłynniejsze miłości królów polskich (in Polish). Bellona. p. 112. Retrieved September 16, 2023.
- ^ Storia di Ferrara: Il Rinascimento. La letteratura (in Italian). G. Corbo. 1994. p. 109. ISBN 978-88-85668-18-8. Retrieved September 16, 2023.
- ^ Wendehorst, Alfred (December 14, 2015). Die Bistümer der Kirchenprovinz Mainz: Das Bistum Würzburg 4: Das Stift Neumünster in Würzburg (in German). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 558. ISBN 978-3-11-087397-9. Retrieved September 16, 2023.
- ^ Burke's Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Peerage, Baronetage, and Knightage, Privy Council, and Order of Preference. Burke's Peerage Limited. 1963. p. 9.
- ^ Pedro de Cieza de Leon (February 11, 1999). The Discovery and Conquest of Peru. Duke University Press. p. 143. ISBN 0-8223-8250-4.
- ^ García Añoveros, Jesús María (1987). "Don Pedro de Alvarado: las fuentes históricas, documentación, crónicas y bibliografía existente". Mesoamérica. 8 (13): 243–282. ISSN 0252-9963. Retrieved September 16, 2023.
- ^ Ricart, Domingo (1958). Juan de Valdés y el pensamiento religioso europeo en los siglos XVI y XVII (in Spanish). El Colegio de México. p. 40. Retrieved September 16, 2023.
- ^ Heidelberger Jahrbücher (in German). Springer-Verlag. March 7, 2013. p. 147. ISBN 978-3-642-74970-4.
- ^ Ißleib, Simon (1907). Moritz von Sachsen als evangelischer Fürst, 1541-1553 (in German). Barth. p. 2. Retrieved September 16, 2023.
- ^ Olivieri, Achille (1975). "CAPPELLO, Vincenzo". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, Volume 18: Canella–Cappello (in Italian). Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. ISBN 978-8-81200032-6.
- ^ Crone, Hugh D. (2004). Paracelsus: The Man who Defied Medicine : His Real Contribution to Medicine and Science. Albarello Press. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-646-43327-1. Retrieved September 16, 2023.
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- ^ Bucer, Martin (1960). Deutsche Schriften,: Schriften zu Ehe und Eherecht (in German). Gütersloher Verlagshaus G. Mohn. p. 563. ISBN 978-3-579-04381-4. Retrieved September 16, 2023.
- ^ a b Roy, Neha (April 6, 2023). Henry VIII's Imprisoned Women: The Women of the Tower. Pen and Sword History. p. 137. ISBN 978-1-3990-9579-2. Retrieved September 17, 2023.
- ^ The Eucharistic Pamphlets of Andreas Bodenstein von Karlstadt. Penn State Press. February 22, 2011. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-271-09112-9. Retrieved September 17, 2023.
- ^ Mellen, Peter (1971). Jean Clouet: Complete Edition of the Drawings, Miniatures and Paintings. Phaidon. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-7148-1431-5. Retrieved September 17, 2023.
- ^ İslâm ansiklopedisi: İslâm âlemi coğrafya, etnoğrafya ve biyografya lûgati ... (in Turkish). Maarif Matbaası. 1940. p. 832. Retrieved September 17, 2023.
- ^ Laura: Or, An Anthology of Sonnets, (on the Petrarcan Model,) and Elegiac Quatuorzains. R. Taylor. 1814. p. cix. Retrieved September 17, 2023.
- ^ Gibb, Sir H. A. R. (1960). The Encyclopaedia of Islam. Brill Archive. p. 32. Retrieved September 17, 2023.