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Radical symbol

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"Root symbol" redirects here. For the root symbols for gene and protein families, see Gene nomenclature § Symbol and name.
"√" redirects here. For the check symbol (✓), see Check mark.
For symbols used by political radicals, see List of ideological symbols.

In mathematics, the radical symbol, radical sign, root symbol, radix, or surd is a symbol for the square root or higher-order root of a number. The square root of a number x is written as

while the nth root of x is written as

It is also used for other meanings in more advanced mathematics, such as the radical of an ideal.

In linguistics, the symbol is used to denote a root word.

Principal square root

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Each positive real number has two square roots, one positive and the other negative. The square root symbol refers to the principal square root, which is the positive one. The two square roots of a negative number are both imaginary numbers, and the square root symbol refers to the principal square root, the one with a positive imaginary part. For the definition of the principal square root of other complex numbers, see Square root § Principal square root of a complex number.

Origin

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The origin of the root symbol √ is largely speculative. Some sources imply that the symbol was first used by Arab mathematicians. One of those mathematicians was Abū al-Hasan ibn Alī al-Qalasādī (1421–1486). Legend has it that it was taken from the Arabic letter "ج" (ǧīm), which is the first letter in the Arabic word "جذر" (jadhir, meaning "root").[1] However, Leonhard Euler[2] believed it originated from the letter "r", the first letter of the Latin word "radix" (meaning "root"), referring to the same mathematical operation.

The symbol was first seen in print without the vinculum (the horizontal "bar" over the numbers inside the radical symbol) in the year 1525 in Die Coss by Christoff Rudolff, a German mathematician. In 1637 Descartes was the first to unite the German radical sign √ with the vinculum to create the radical symbol in common use today.[3]

Encoding

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The Unicode and HTML character codes for the radical symbols are:

Read Character Unicode[4] XML URL HTML[5]
Square root √ U 221A √ or √ √ √ or √
Cube root ∛ U 221B ∛ or ∛ ∛
Fourth root ∜ U 221C ∜ or ∜ ∜

However, these characters differ in appearance from most mathematical typesetting by omitting the overline connected to the radical symbol, which surrounds the argument of the square root function. The OpenType math table allows adding this overline following the radical symbol.

Legacy encodings of the square root character U 221A include:

  • 0xC3 in Mac OS Roman and Mac OS Cyrillic
  • 0xFB (Alt 251) in Code page 437 and Code page 866 (but not Code page 850) on DOS and the Windows console
  • 0xD6 in the Symbol font encoding[6]
  • 02-69 (7-bit 0x2265, SJIS 0x81E3, EUC 0xA2E5) in Japanese JIS X 0208[7]
  • 01-78 (EUC/UHC 0xA1EE) in Korean Wansung code[8]
  • 01-44 (EUC 0xA1CC) in Mainland Chinese GB 2312 or GBK[9]
  • Traditional Chinese: 0xA1D4 in Big5[10][11] or 1-2235 (kuten 01-02-21, EUC 0xA2B5 or 0x8EA1A2B5) in CNS 11643[11][12]

The Symbol font displays the character without any vinculum whatsoever; the overline may be a separate character at 0x60.[13] The JIS,[14] Wansung[15] and CNS 11643[11][16] code charts include a short overline attached to the radical symbol, whereas the GB 2312[17] and GB 18030 charts do not.[18]

Additionally a "Radical Symbol Bottom" (U 23B7, ⎷) is available in the Miscellaneous Technical block.[19] This was used in contexts where box-drawing characters are used, such as in the technical character set of DEC terminals, to join up with box drawing characters on the line above to create the vinculum.[20]

In LaTeX the square root symbol may be generated by the \sqrt macro,[21] and the square root symbol without the overline may be generated by the \surd macro.[22]

References

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  1. ^ "Language Log: Ab surd". Retrieved 22 June 2012.
  2. ^ Leonhard Euler (1755). Institutiones calculi differentialis (in Latin). Petropolis.
  3. ^ Cajori, Florian (2012) [1928]. A History of Mathematical Notations. Vol. I. Dover. p. 208. ISBN 978-0-486-67766-8.
  4. ^ Unicode Consortium (2022-09-16). "Mathematical Operators" (PDF). The Unicode Standard (15.0 ed.). Retrieved 2023-07-16.
  5. ^ Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group (2023-07-14). "Named Character References". HTML Living Standard. Retrieved 2023-07-16.
  6. ^ Apple Computer (2005-04-05) [1995-04-15]. Map (external version) from Mac OS Symbol character set to Unicode 4.0 and later. Unicode Consortium. SYMBOL.TXT.
  7. ^ Unicode Consortium (2015-12-02) [1994-03-08]. JIS X 0208 (1990) to Unicode. JIS0208.TXT.
  8. ^ Unicode Consortium (2011-10-14) [1995-07-24]. Unified Hangeul(KSC5601-1992) to Unicode table. KSC5601.TXT.
  9. ^ IBM (2002). "windows-936-2000". International Components for Unicode.
  10. ^ Unicode Consortium (2015-12-02) [1994-02-11]. BIG5 to Unicode table (complete). BIG5.TXT.
  11. ^ a b c "[√] 1-2235". Word Information. National Development Council.
  12. ^ IBM (2014). "euc-tw-2014". International Components for Unicode.
  13. ^ IBM. Code Page 01038 (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-07-08.
  14. ^ ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2 (1992-07-13). Japanese Graphic Character Set for Information Interchange (PDF). ITSCJ/IPSJ. ISO-IR-168.{{citation}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ Korea Bureau of Standards (1988-10-01). Korean Graphic Character Set for Information Interchange (PDF). ITSCJ/IPSJ. ISO-IR-149.
  16. ^ ECMA (1994). Chinese Standard Interchange Code (CSIC) - Set 1 (PDF). ITSCJ/IPSJ. ISO-IR-171.
  17. ^ China Association for Standardization (1980). Coded Chinese Graphic Character Set for Information Interchange (PDF). ITSCJ/IPSJ. ISO-IR-58.
  18. ^ Standardization Administration of China (2005). Information Technology—Chinese coded character set. p. 8. GB 18030-2005.
  19. ^ Unicode Consortium (2022-09-16). "Miscellaneous Technical" (PDF). The Unicode Standard (15.0 ed.). Retrieved 2023-07-16.
  20. ^ Williams, Paul Flo (2002). "DEC Technical Character Set (TCS)". VT100.net. Retrieved 2023-07-16.
  21. ^ Braams, Johannes; et al. (2023-06-01). "The LATEX 2ε Sources" (PDF) (2023-06-01 Patch Level 1 ed.). § ltmath.dtx: Math Environments. Retrieved 2023-07-16.
  22. ^ Grätzer, George (2014). "Table B.5: Miscellaneous symbols". Practical LaTeX. Springer. p. 172. ISBN 9783319064253.
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