Korisnik:Palapa/Fašizam1
Fašizam je oblik krajnje desnice, autoritarni ultranacionalizam [1] odlikuje diktatorske vlasti, prisilno suzbijanje opozicije, i jak ustrojiti društva i ekonomije, koji je stupio do izražaja u Evropi ranog 20. vijeka. Prvi fašistički pokreti nastali su u Italiji tokom Prvog svjetskog rata, prije nego što su se proširili na druge evropske zemlje.[2] Za razliku od anarhizma, demokratije, liberalizma i marksizma, fašizam je postavljen na krajnje desničare unutar tradicionalnog lijevo-desnog spektra.[2]
Fašisti su Prvi svjetski rat vidjeli kao revoluciju koja je donijela velike promjene u prirodi rata, društvu, državi i tehnologiji. Dolazak totalnog rata i totalna masovna mobilizacija društva srušili su razliku između civila i boraca. Nastalo je vojno državljanstvo u kojem su svi građani na neki način bili uključeni u vojsku tokom rata.[3] Rat je doveo do uspona moćne države sposobne da mobiliše milione ljudi da služe na linijama fronta i da obezbijedi ekonomsku proizvodnju i logistiku za njihovu podršku, kao i da ima neviđen autoritet da interveniše u živote građana.[3]
Fašisti smatraju da je liberalna demokratija zastarjela i smatraju da je potpuna mobilizacija društva u totalitarnoj jednopartijskoj državi neophodna da bi se nacija pripremila za oružani sukob i efikasno odgovorila na ekonomske poteškoće.[4] Fašističku državu predvode jak vođa (kao što je diktator) i vlada vanrednog stanja sastavljena od članova vladajuće fašističke partije kako bi se stvorilo nacionalno jedinstvo i održalo stabilno i uređeno društvo.[4] Fašizam odbacuje tvrdnje da je nasilje automatski negativne prirode i gleda na imperijalizam, političko nasilje i rat kao na sredstva koja mogu postići nacionalno podmlađivanje.[5] Fašisti zagovaraju mješovitu ekonomiju, s glavnim ciljem postizanja autarkije (nacionalne ekonomske samodovoljnosti) kroz protekcionističku i ekonomsku intervencionističku politiku.[6] Ekstremni autoritarizam i nacionalizam fašizma često manifestira vjeru u rasnu čistoću ili rasu gospodara, obično sintetiziranu s nekom varijantom rasizma ili netrpeljivosti prema demoniziranom „Drugom“; ideja rasne čistoće motivisala je fašističke režime da počine masakre, prisilne sterilizacije, genocide, masovna ubistva ili prisilne deportacije protiv "drugog".[7]
Od kraja Drugog svjetskog rata 1945., nekoliko stranaka se otvoreno opisalo kao fašističke, a umjesto toga, politički protivnici taj izraz sada obično pežorativno koriste. Opisi neofašističkih ili postfašističkih ponekad se formalnije primjenjuju kako bi se opisali suvremene stranke krajnje desnice s ideologijama sličnim fašističkim pokretima 20. stoljeća ili ukorijenjene u njima. [2] [8]
Ultranacionalizam, u kombinaciji sa mitom o nacionalnom preporodu, ključna je osnova fašizma. [9] Robert Paxton tvrdi da je "strastveni nacionalizam" osnova fašizma, u kombinaciji sa "konspirativnim i manihejskim pogledom na historiju" koji smatra da je "izabrani narod oslabljen političkim strankama, društvenim klasama, neasimilibilnim manjinama, razmaženim rentijerima i racionalističkim misliocima." [10] Roger Griffin identificira srž fašizma kao palingenetski ultranacionalizam.[11]
Fašistički pogled na naciju jeste da je to jedan organski entitet koji povezuje ljude svojim porijeklom i predstavlja prirodnu ujedinjujuću snagu ljudi. [12] Fašizam nastoji riješiti ekonomske, političke i socijalne probleme postizanjem milenarističkog nacionalnog preporoda, veličanju nacije ili rase iznad svega i promociji kultova jedinstva, snage i čistoće. [13][potrebna stranica] [14][potrebna stranica] [15][potrebna stranica] [16] [17] Evropski fašistički pokreti tipično zastupaju rasističku koncepciju neevropljana kao inferiornih u odnosu na Evropljane.[18] Osim toga, fašisti u Evropi nisu imali jedinstven skup rasnih stavova.[18] Historijski gledano, većina fašista je promovirala imperijalizam, iako je postojalo nekoliko fašističkih pokreta koji nisu bili zainteresovani za nove imperijalne ambicije.[18] Na primjer, nacizam i talijanski fašizam su bili ekspanzionistički i iredentistički. Falangizam u Španiji je predviđao ujedinjenje naroda koji govore španski ( Hispanidad ) širom svijeta. Britanski fašizam je bio neintervencionistički, iako je prihvatio Britansko carstvo.
Reference
[uredi | uredi izvor]Bilješke
[uredi | uredi izvor]
- ^ Turner (1975), str. 162: "... goals of radical and authoritarian nationalism."; Larsen, Hagtvet i Myklebust (1984), str. 424: "... organized form of integrative radical nationalist authoritarianism."; Paxton (2004), str. 32, 45, 173; Nolte (1965), str. 300
- ^ a b c Davies i Lynch (2002)
- ^ a b Blamires (2006), str. 140–141, 670; Mann (2004), str. 65.
- ^ a b Horne (2002).
- ^ Grčić (2000), str. 120; Griffin i Feldman (2004c), str. 185; Spielvogel (2012), str. 935; Payne (1995), str. 106.
- ^ Blamires (2006).
- ^ Kallis (2011); Paxton (1998); Lancaster (2011).
- ^ Enciclopedia Italiana Neofascismo.
- ^ Blamires (2006b), str. 451–453, "Nationalism".
- ^ Paxton (2004), str. 41.
- ^ Griffin (1991), str. 26.
- ^ Zimmer (2003).
- ^ Paxton (2004).
- ^ Passmore (2002).
- ^ Griffin (1991).
- ^ Laqueur (1997).
- ^ Encyclopedia Britannica Fascism.
- ^ a b c Payne (1995).
Bibliografija
[uredi | uredi izvor]Primarni izvori
[uredi | uredi izvor]- Galezzo, Ciano (2001). The Ciano Diaries, 1939–1943. Simon Publications. ISBN 978-1-931313-74-2.
- Gentile, Giovanni (1932). The Doctrine of Fascism.
- Goebbels, Joseph (2019). Dalton, Thomas (ured.). Goebbels on the Jews: The Complete Diary Entries – 1923 to 1945.
- Taylor, Fred, ured. (1983). The Goebbels Diaries 1939–1941.
- Hitler, Adoph (1925). Mein Kampf.
- Hoover, Calvin B. (March 1935). "The Paths of Economic Change: Contrasting Tendencies in the Modern World". The American Economic Review. 25 (1): 13–20.. Supplement, Papers and Proceedings of the Forty-seventh Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association.
- Hoover, J. Edgar (1947). "Testimony before the House Un-American Activities Committee". Arhivirano s originala, 23 July 2010.
- Matthews, Claudio (1946). "Fascism Is Not Dead ...". Nation's Business.[Potreban pun citat]
- Mosely, Oswald (1968). My Life. Nelson Publications.
- Mussolini, Benito (2006) [1928]. My Autobiography with The Political and Social Doctrine of Fascism. Mineloa, New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-44777-3.
- Mussolini, Benito (2002) [1934]. Gregor, Anthony James (ured.). Origins and Doctrine of Fascism. New Brunswick (USA); London (UK): Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7658-0130-2.
- Mussolini, Benito (1935). Fascism: Doctrine and Institutions. Rome, Italy: Ardita Publishers.
- Mussolini, Benito (1998). My Rise And Fall. Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-80864-7.
- de Oliveira Salazar, António (1939). Doctrine and Action: Internal and Foreign Policy of the New Portugal, 1928–1939. Faber and Faber.
- Orwell, George (29 December 2019) [26 March 1944]. "What is Fascism?". Tribune., republished in The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell. 1968.
- Orwell, George (April 1946). "Politics and the English Language". Horizon.; link via The Orwell Foundation
- de Rivera, José Antonio Primo (1971). Textos de Doctrina Politica (jezik: španski). Madrid.
Sekundarni izvori
[uredi | uredi izvor]
- Acemoğlu, Daron; De Feo, Giuseppe; De Luca, Giacomo; Russo, Gianluca (28 October 2020). "Revisiting the rise of Italian fascism". Center for Economic and Policy Research. Pristupljeno 5 August 2021. CS1 održavanje: nepreporučeni parametar (link)
- Adams, Ian (1993). Political Ideology Today. Manchester, England: Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-6020-5.
- Ahmida, Ali Abdullatif (1994). The Making of Modern Libya: State Formation, Colonization, and Resistance, 1830–1922. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
- Amann, Peter H. (1986). "A 'Dog in the Nighttime' Problem: American Fascism in the 1930s". The History Teacher. 19 (4): 559–584. doi:10.2307/493879. ISSN 0018-2745. JSTOR 493879.
- Antliff, Mark (2007). Avant-Garde Fascism: The Mobilization of Myth, Art, and Culture in France, 1909–1939. Duke University Press.
- Arnot, Margaret; Usborne, Cornelie (1999). Gender and Crime in Modern Europe. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-85728-745-5. OCLC 249726924.
- Baker, David (June 2006). "The political economy of fascism: Myth or reality, or myth and reality?". New Political Economy. 11 (2): 227–250. doi:10.1080/13563460600655581. S2CID 155046186.
- Ball, Terence; Bellamy, Richard (14 August 2003). The Cambridge History of Twentieth-Century Political Thought (jezik: engleski). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-56354-3.
- Baranski, Zygmunt G.; West, Rebecca J. (2001). The Cambridge Companion to Modern Italian Culture. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-55982-9. Pristupljeno 7 October 2017.
- Bastow, Steve; Martin, James (2003). Third Way Discourse: European Ideologies in the Twentieth Century. Edinburgh University Press Ltd.
- Ben-Am, Shlomo (1983). Fascism from Above: The Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera in Spain, 1923–1930. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822596-6.
- Berben, Paul (1975). Dachau, 1933–1945: The Official History. Norfolk Press.
- Berghaus, Günter (2000). Fascism and Theatre: Comparative Studies on the Aesthetics and Politics of Performance. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press.
- Blamires, Cyprian (2006). World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia. 1. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, Inc.
- Blamires, Cyprian (2006b). World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia. 2. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, Inc.
- Blinkhorn, Martin (2 September 2003). Fascists and Conservatives: The Radical Right and the Establishment in Twentieth-Century Europe (jezik: engleski). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-99712-1.
- Blinkhorn, Martin (27 September 2006). Mussolini and Fascist Italy (jezik: engleski) (3rd izd.). New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-50572-2.
- Bloxham, Donald; Moses, A. Dirk (2010). The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
- Bollas, Christopher (1993). Being a Character: Psychoanalysis and Self-Experience. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-08815-2.
- Boesche, Roger (1 November 2010). Theories of Tyranny: From Plato to Arendt (jezik: engleski). Penn State Press. ISBN 978-0-271-04405-7.
- Borsella, Cristogianni; Caso, Adolph (2007). Fascist Italy: A Concise Historical Narrative. Wellesley, Massachusetts: Branden Books.
- Breuilly, John (1994). Nationalism and the State. University of Chicago Press.
- Burgwyn, H. James (1997). Italian Foreign Policy in the Interwar Period, 1918–1940. Greenwood Publishing Group.
- Caforio, Giuseppe (2006). Handbook of the sociology of the military. New York: Springer.
- Camus, Jean-Yves; Lebourg, Nicolas (2017-03-20). Far-Right Politics in Europe (jezik: engleski). Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-97153-0. Pristupljeno 9 May 2020.
- Cardoza, Anthony L. (2006). Benito Mussolini: the First Fascist. Pearson Longman.
- Carroll, David (21 July 1998). French Literary Fascism: Nationalism, Anti-Semitism, and the Ideology of Culture (jezik: engleski). Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-05846-7.
- Clarke, Paul Barry; Foweraker, Joe (2001). Encyclopedia of Democratic Thought. Routledge.
- Copsey, Nigel (2008). Contemporary British Fascism: The British National Party and the Quest for Legitimacy (second izd.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-230-57437-3.
- Costa Pinto, Antonio, ured. (2011). Rethinking the Nature of Fascism: Comparative Perspectives. Palgrave Macmillan.
- Costa Pinto, António (1995). Salazar's Dictatorship and European Fascism: Problems of Interpretation. Social Science Monographs. ISBN 978-0-88033-968-1.
- Davidson, Eugene (2004). The Unmaking of Adolf Hitler. Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press.
- Davies, Peter; Lynch, Derek, ured. (2002). The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right. ISBN 978-1-134-60952-9.
- De Felice, Renzo (1977). Interpretations of Fascism. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-45962-5.
- De Felice, Renzo (1976). Fascism: An Informal Introduction to Its Theory and Practice. Transaction Books. ISBN 978-0-87855-619-9.
- De Grand, Alexander J. (1995). Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany.
- De Grand, Alexander (2000). Italian Fascism: its Origins and Development (3rd izd.). University of Nebraska Press.
- Delzel, Charles F., ured. (1970). Mediterranean Fascism 1919–1945. Harper Rowe.
- Dierkes, Julian (2010). Postwar Historical Education in Japan and the Germanies. Routledge.
- Doordan, Dennis P (1995). In the Shadow of the Fasces: Political Design in Fascist Italy. The MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-299-14874-4.
- Durham, Martin (1998). Women and Fascism. Routledge.
- Eatwell, Roger (1996). Fascism: A History. New York: Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0-7139-9147-5.
- Elazar, Dahlia S. (2001). The Making of Fascism: Class, State, and Counter-Revolution, Italy 1919–1922. Westport, Connecticut, US: Praeger Publishers.
- Eley, Geoff (2013). Nazism as Fascism: Violence, Ideology, and the Ground of Consent in Germany 1930-1945. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-69430-5.
- Evans, Richard J (2005). The Third Reich in Power: 1933–1939. The Penguin Press HC.
- Falasca-Zamponi, Simonetta (2000). Fascist Spectacle: The Aesthetics of Power in Mussolini's Italy. Oakland, California: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-22677-7.
- Friedlander, Henry (1995). The origins of Nazi genocide: from euthanasia to the final solution. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-4675-9. OCLC 60191622.
- Friedman, Jonathan C. (2011). The Routledge History of the Holocaust. Routledge.
- Fritzsche, Peter (1990). Rehearsals for Fascism: Populism and Political Mobilization in Weimar Germany. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-505780-5.
- Gentile, Emilio (2003). The Struggle for Modernity: Nationalism, Futurism, and Fascism. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Publishers.
- Gentile, Emilio (2005). The Origins of Fascist Ideology, 1918–1925: The First Complete Study of the Origins of Italian Fascism. New York: Enigma Books. ISBN 978-1-929631-18-6.
- Gerwarth, Robert (2005). The Bismarck Myth. Oxford University Press.
- Gillette, Aaron (2001). Racial Theories in Fascist Italy. London; New York: Routledge.
- Golomb, Jacob; Wistrich, Robert S (2002). Nietzsche, Godfather of Fascism?: On the Uses and Abuses of a Philosophy. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
- Goodwin, Matthew J. (2011). New British Fascism: Rise of the British National Party. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-46500-7.
- Gori, Gigliola (2004). Italian Fascism and the Female Body: Submissive Women and Strong Mothers. Oxfordshire; New York: Routledge.
- Grant, Moyra (2003). Key Ideas in Politics (jezik: engleski). Nelson Thornes. ISBN 978-0-7487-7096-0.
- Grčić, Joseph (2000). Ethics and Political Theory. Lanham, Maryland: University of America, Inc.
- Gregor, Anthony James (1979). Young Mussolini and the Intellectual Origins of Fascism. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California, US; London: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-03799-1.
- Gregor, Anthony James (2005). Mussolini's Intellectuals: Fascist Social and Political Thought. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-12009-6.
- Gregor, Anthony James (2009). Phoenix: Fascism in Our Time. New Brunswick: Transaction Press.
- Griffin, Roger (15 September 1991). The Nature of Fascism (jezik: engleski). Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-07132-5.
- Griffin, Roger (1995). Fascism. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
- Griffin, Roger (2000). "Revolution from the Right: Fascism"". u Parker, David (ured.). Revolutions and the Revolutionary Tradition in the West 1560–1991. London: Routledge.
- Griffin, Roger (2003). "The palingenetic core of generic fascist ideology". u Campi, Alessandro (ured.). Che cos'è il fascismo? Interpretazioni e prospettive di ricerche (PDF). Rome: Ideazione editrice. str. 97–122. Arhivirano s originala (PDF), 29 April 2004.
- Griffin, Roger; Feldman, Matthew, ured. (2004). Fascism: Critical Concepts in Political Science. Taylor and Francis.
- Griffin, Roger; Feldman, Matthew, ured. (2004a). The nature of fascism. 1. Taylor and Francis.
- Griffin, Roger; Feldman, Matthew, ured. (2004c). Fascism and Culture. 3. London and New York: Routledge.
- Griffin, Roger (2008). Feldman, Matthew (ured.). A Fascist Century. London, England: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-20518-5. OCLC 226357121.
- Griffin, Roger (13 September 2013). Fascism, Totalitarianism and Political Religion (jezik: engleski). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-87168-9.
- Griffiths, Richard (2000). An Intelligent Person's Guide to Fascism. Duckworth. ISBN 978-0-7156-2918-5.
- Hartley, John (2004). Communication, Cultural and Media Studies: The Key Concepts (3rd izd.). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-521-55982-9.
- Hawkesworth, Mary; Kogan, Maurice (1992). Encyclopaedia of Government and Politics: Volume 1. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-71288-7.
- Hawkins, Mike (1997). Social Darwinism in European and American Thought, 1860–1945: Nature as Model and Nature as Threat. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Held, David (1980). Introduction to Critical Theory: Horkheimer to Habermas. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04175-2.
- Hewitt, Andrew (1993). Fascist Modernism: Aesthetics, Politics, and the Avant-Garde. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
- Holmes, Douglas R. (2000). Integral Europe: Fast-Capitalism, Multiculturalism, Neofascism. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
- Horne, John (8 August 2002). State, Society and Mobilization in Europe During the First World War. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-52266-3.
- Hüppauf, Bernd-Rüdiger (1997). War, Violence, and the Modern Condition. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter & Co.
- Jablonsky, David (1989). The Nazi Party in dissolution: Hitler and the Verbotzeit, 1923–1925. London; Totowa, NJ: Frank Cass and Company Ltd.
- Kallis, Aristotle A. (2000). Fascist ideology: territory and expansionism in Italy and Germany, 1922–1945. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-21612-8.
- Kallis, Aristotle A. (April 2003a). "To Expand or Not to Expand? Territory, Generic Fascism and the Quest for an 'Ideal Fatherland'". Journal of Contemporary History. 38 (2): 237–260. doi:10.1177/0022009403038002132. S2CID 159641856.
- Kallis, Aristotle, ured. (2003b). The Fascism Reader. London: Routledge.
- Kallis, Aristotle Kallis (2011). Genocide and Fascism: The Eliminationist Drive in Fascist Europe. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-89027-4.
- Kershaw, Ian (2000). Hitler, 1889–1936: Hubris. New York; London: W.W. Norton & Company.
- Kershaw, Ian (2016). To Hell and Back: Europe 1914–1949. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-310992-1.
- Kertzer, David I. (2014). The Pope and Mussolini: The Secret History of Pius XI and the Rise of Fascism in Europe. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-871616-7.
- Kitchen, Martin (2006). A History of Modern Germany, 1800–2000. Malden, Massaschussetts; Oxford, England; Carlton, Victoria, Australia: Blackwell Publishing, Inc.
- Kitsikis, Dimitri (2006). Jean-Jacques Rousseau et les origines françaises du fascisme. Ars Magna Editions. ISBN 978-2-912164-46-9.
- Kitsikis, Dimitri (2005). Pour une étude scientifique du fascisme. Ars Magna Editions. ISBN 978-2-912164-11-7.
- Knox, MacGregor (1999). Mussolini unleashed, 1939–1941: Politics and Strategy in Fascist Italy's Last War. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
- Koon, Tracy H. (1985). Believe, obey, fight: political socialization of youth in fascist Italy, 1922–1943. University of North Carolina Press.
- Lancaster, Guy (26 September 2011). "Genocide and Fascism: The Eliminationist Drive in Fascist Europe"". Journal of Genocide Research. 13 (3): 366–369. doi:10.1080/14623528.2011.595586. S2CID 72839243.
- Laqueur, Walter (1978). Fascism: A Reader's Guide : Analyses, Interpretations, Bibliography. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-03642-0.
- Laqueur, Walter (1997). Fascism: Past, Present, Future (jezik: engleski). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-802527-6.
- Larsen, Stein Ugelvik; Hagtvet, Bernt; Myklebust, Jan Petter, ured. (1984). Who Were the Fascists: Social Roots of European Fascism. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-82-00-05331-6.
- Lewis, Paul H (2002). Latin Fascist Elites: The Mussolini, Franco, and Salazar Regimes. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-275-97880-8.
- Lukacs, John (1998). The Hitler of History. New York City: Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-375-70113-9.
- Lyttelton, Adrian (1973). Italian Fascisms: from Pareto to Gentile. London: Cape.
- Mack Smith, Denis (1983). Mussolini. New York: Vintage Books.
- Mack Smith, Denis (1997). Modern Italy: A Political History. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.
- McLaren, Angus (1999). Twentieth-Century Sexuality. Blackwell Publishing.
- Mann, Michael (2004). Fascists. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-83131-4.
- McDonald, Harmish (1999). Mussolini and Italian Fascism. Nelson Thornes.
- Millington, Chris (2019). A History of Fascism in France: From the First World War to the National Front. Bloomsbury. online review.
- Millward, Robert (2007). Private and Public Enterprise in Europe: Energy, Telecommunications and Transport, 1830-1990 (jezik: engleski). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-83524-4.
- Morgan, Philip (2003). Fascism in Europe, 1919–1945. London, England: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-74028-4.
- Mudde, Cas; Kaltwasser, Cristóbal Rovira (2017). Populism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-023487-4.
- Mussolini, Rachele (1977). Mussolini: An Intimate Biography. New York: Pocket Books. Originally published by William Morrow in 1974.
- Neocleous, Mark (1997). Fascism. Minneapolis, MN: Minnesota University Press.
- Neville, Peter (2004). Mussolini. Oxon, England; New York: Routledge.
- Nolte, Ernst (1965). The Three Faces of Fascism: Action Française, Italian Fascism, National Socialism. Prevod: Vennewitz, Leila. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
- O'Brien, Paul (4 March 2014). Mussolini in the First World War: The Journalist, the Soldier, the Fascist (jezik: engleski). Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84520-558-4.
- Overy, R. J. (1994). War and Economy in the Third Reich. Clarendon Press (Oxford University Press).
- Outhwaite, William (2006). The Blackwell Dictionary of Modern Social Thought. Wiley-Blackwell.
- Parkins, Wendy (2002). Fashioning the Body Politic: Dress, Gender, Citizenship. Berg Publishers. ISBN 978-1-85973-587-9.
- Passmore, Kevin (2002). Fascism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-1-5366-6507-9.
- Passmore, Kevin (2003). Women, Gender, and Fascism in Europe, 1919-45 (jezik: engleski). Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-6617-7.
- Pauley, Bruce F. (2003). Hitler, Stalin, and Mussolini: Totalitarianism in the Twentieth Century Italy. Wheeling: Harlan Davidson, Inc.
- Paxton, Robert O. (1998). "The five stages of fascism". Journal of Modern History. 70 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1086/235001. JSTOR 10.1086/235001. S2CID 143862302.
- Paxton, Robert O. (2004). The Anatomy of Fascism (First izd.). New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-1-4000-4094-0.
- Paxton, Robert O. (2005). The Anatomy of Fascism. New York; Toronto: Random House. ISBN 978-0-307-42812-7.
- Payne, Stanley G. (1980). Fascism, Comparison and Definition. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-08060-0.
- Payne, Stanley G. (1995). A History of Fascism, 1914–45. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-14874-4. online; also another copy.
- Payne, Stanley G (2003). Falange: A History of Spanish Fascism. Textbook Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7581-3445-5. online.
- Payne, Stanley G (1987). The Franco Regime, 1936–1975. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-11070-3.
- Piraino, Marco; Fiorito, Stefano (2009). Fascist Identity (jezik: engleski). Lulu.com. ISBN 978-1-4092-7059-1.
- Pollard, John (1998). The Fascist Experience in Italy. Routledge.
- Proctor, Robert E. (1989). Racial Hygiene: Medicine Under the Nazis. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-74578-0. OCLC 20760638.
- Quarantotto, Claudio (1976). Tutti fascisti! (jezik: italijanski). Edizioni del Borghese.
- Quine, Maria Sophia (1996). Population Politics in Twentieth-century Europe: Fascist Dictatorships and Liberal Democracies (jezik: engleski). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-08069-9.
- Ramswell, Prebble Q. (2017). Euroscepticism and the Rising Threat from the Left and Right: The Concept of Millennial Fascism. Lexington Books. ISBN 978-1-4985-4604-1. Pristupljeno 8 March 2019.
- Reich, Wilhelm (1970). The Mass Psychology of Fascism. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-285-64701-5.
- Renton, David (1999). Fascism: Theory and Practice. London: Pluto Press.
- Richardson, John E. (2017). British Fascism: A Discourse-Historical Analysis. Stuttgart: Ibidem Press. ISBN 978-3-8382-6491-2.
- Rodogno, Davide (2006). Fascism's European empire. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
- Roel Reyes, Stefan (17 December 2019). "Antebellum Palingenetic Ultranationalism: The Case for including the United States in Comparative Fascist Studies". Fascism (jezik: engleski). Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. 8 (2): 307–330. doi:10.1163/22116257-00802005. ISSN 2211-6257.
- Rohkrämer, Thomas (2007). A Single Communal Faith?: the German Right from Conservatism to National Socialism. Monographs in German History. 20. Berghahn Books.
- Rosas, Fernando (2019). Salazar e os Fascismos: Ensaio Breve de História Comparada (jezik: portugalski). Edições Tinta-da-China.
- Ross, Alexander Reid (2017). Against the Fascist Creep. Chico, California: AK Press. ISBN 978-1-84935-244-4. Arhivirano s originala, 31 July 2019. Pristupljeno 31 July 2019.
- Sauer, Wolfgang (December 1967). "National Socialism: totalitarianism or fascism?". The American Historical Review. 73 (2): 404–424. doi:10.2307/1866167. JSTOR 1866167.
- Schmitt, Carl (1995). "The Legal Basis of the Total State". u Griffin, Roger (ured.). Fascism. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Schnapp, Jeffrey Thompson; Sears, Olivia E.; Stampino, Maria G. (2000). A Primer of Italian Fascism. University of Nebraska Press.
- Schreiber, Gerhard; Stegemann, Bernd; Vogel, Detlef (1995). Germany and the Second World War: Volume III: The Mediterranean, South-East Europe, and North Africa 1939–1941 (From Italy's Declaration of Non-Belligerence to the Entry of the United States into the War). Oxford University Press.
- Seldes, George (1935). Sawdust Caesar: The Untold History of Mussolini and Fascism. New York and London: Harper and Brothers.
- Seldes, George (2009) [1943]. Facts and Fascism. New York: In Fact. str. 288. ISBN 978-0-930852-43-6.
- Shirer, William (1960). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. Mandarin.
- Sohn-Rethel, Alfred (1978). Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism. London: CSE Bks. ISBN 978-0-906336-00-7.
- Sontag, Susan (6 February 1975). "Fascinating Fascism". The New York Review of Books. Arhivirano s originala, 18 July 2020.
- Spektorowski, Alberto; Ireni-Saban, Liza (2013). Politics of Eugenics: Productionism, Population, and National Welfare. Routledge.
- Spielvogel, Jackson J. (2012). Western Civilization. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.
- Stackelberg, Roderick (1999). Hitler's Germany. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-00541-5.
- Sternhell, Zeev (1976). "Anatomie d'un mouvement fasciste en France : le faisceau de Georges Valois". Revue française de science politique. 26 (1): 5–40. doi:10.3406/rfsp.1976.393652.
- Sternhell, Zeev; Sznajder, Mario; Ashéri, Maia (1994) [1989]. The Birth of Fascist Ideology, From Cultural Rebellion to Political Revolution. Prevod: Maisei, David. Princeton University Press.
- Sternhell, Zeev (1998). "Crisis of Fin-de-siècle Thought". u Griffin, Roger (ured.). International Fascism: Theories, Causes and the New Consensus. London and New York.
- Thomson, David (1966). Europe Since Napoleon. Pelican.
- Tierney, Helen (1999). Women's studies encyclopedia. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-31072-0. OCLC 38504469.
- Toniolo, Gianni, ured. (2013). The Oxford Handbook of the Italian Economy Since Unification. Oxford: UK: Oxford University Press.
- Turner, Henry Ashby (1975). Reappraisals of Fascism. New Viewpoints.
- Vatikiotis, Panayiotis J (1988). Popular Autocracy in Greece, 1936–1941: A Political Biography of General Ioannis Metaxas. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7146-4869-9.
- von Lang, Jochen (1979). The Secretary: Martin Bormann, The Man Who Manipulated Hitler. New York: Random House.
- Weber, Eugen (1982) [1964]. Varieties of Fascism: Doctrines of Revolution in the Twentieth Century. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company. ISBN 978-0-89874-444-6. Contains chapters on fascist movements in different countries.
- Webster's II New College Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Reference Books. 2005. ISBN 978-0-618-39601-6.
- Weiss, John (1967). The Fascist Tradition: Radical Right-Wing Extremism in Modern Europe. New York City: Harper & Row. ASIN B0014D2EN8.
- Weiss-Wendt, Anton; Krieken, Robert; Cave, Alfred A. (2008). The Historiography of Genocide. New York City: Springer. ISBN 978-0-230-29778-4. Pristupljeno 12 April 2019.
- Welge, Jobst (2007). "Fascist Modernism". u Eysteinsson, Astradur; Liska, Vivian (ured.). Modernism, Volumes 1–2. John Benjamins Publishing.
- Williams, Roger Lawrence (2015). The Mortal Napoleon The Third. Princeton University Press.
- Wistrich, Robert (October 1976). "Leon Trotsky's Theory of Fascism". Journal of Contemporary History. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publishing. 11 (4): 157–184. doi:10.1177/002200947601100409. JSTOR 260195. S2CID 140420352.
- Woodley, Daniel (2010). Fascism and Political Theory: Critical Perspectives on Fascist Ideology. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-47354-5.
- Woolf, Stuart (1981). Fascism in Europe. Methuen. ISBN 978-0-416-30240-0. Pristupljeno 9 May 2020.
- Woolf, Stuart Joseph (1983). Fascism in Europe (3rd izd.). Taylor & Francis.
- Woshinsky, Oliver (2008). Explaining Politics: Culture, Institutions, and Political Behavior. Oxford, England; New York: Routledge.
- Zafirovski, Milan (2008). Modern Free Society and Its Nemesis: Liberty Versus Conservatism in the New Millennium. Lexington Books.
- Zimmer, Oliver (2003). Nationalism in Europe, 1890–1940. London: Palgrave.
Tercijarni izvori
[uredi | uredi izvor]- "Fascism". Encyclopedia Britannica. 8 January 2008.
- "Italy: The Fascist Era". Encyclopedia Britannica. Arhivirano s originala, 7 October 2017. Pristupljeno 5 August 2021.
- "Volksgemeinschaft". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2019. Arhivirano s originala, 31 March 2019.
- "Neofascismo". Treccani (jezik: italijanski). Enciclopedia Italiana. 31 October 2014. Arhivirano s originala, 6 November 2014. Pristupljeno 31 October 2014. CS1 održavanje: nepreporučeni parametar (link)
Dalje čitanje
[uredi | uredi izvor]- Albright, Madeleine (2018). Fascism: A Warning. New York: HarperCollins.
- Alcalde, Ángel. "The Transnational Consensus: Fascism and Nazism in Current Research". Contemporary European History. 29 (2): 1–10. doi:10.1017/S0960777320000089.
- Esposito, Fernando (August 2017). "Fascism – Concepts and Theories, version 1". Docupedia Zeitgeschichte. 31.
- Illing, Sean (19 September 2018). "How Fascism Works: A Yale philosopher on fascism, truth, and Donald Trump". Vox.
- McGaughey, Ewan (2018). "Fascism-lite in America (or the social ideal of Donald Trump)". British Journal of American Legal Studies. 72 (2): 291–315.
- Riley, Dylan (2010). The Civic Foundations of Fascism in Europe: Italy, Spain and Romania 1870–1945. Johns Hopkins University Press.
- Wiskemann, Elizabeth (December 1967). "The Origins of Fascism". History Today. Vol. 17 no. 12. str. 812–818.
Vanjski linkovi
[uredi | uredi izvor]
- The Doctrine of Fascism autor Benito Mussolini (1932) (in English)
- Authorized translation of Mussolini's "The Political and Social Doctrine of Fascism" (1933) (PDF). media.wix.com.
- "Eternal Fascism: Fourteen Ways of Looking at a Blackshirt" – Umberto Eco's list of 14 characteristics of Fascism, originally published 1995.