Mark Twain
Mark Twain (30. novembar 1835 – 21. april 1910), pravo ime Samuel Langhorne Clemens, bio je američki književnik, humorista, poduzetnik, izdavač i predavač.[1]
| Mark Twain | |
|---|---|
 Twain 1907. | |
| Puno ime | Samuel Langhorne Clemens |
| Rođenje | 30. novembar 1835. Florida, Missouri, SAD |
| Smrt | 21. april 1910 (74 godine) Redding, Connecticut, SAD |
| Zanimanje | Pisac |
| Jezik | Engleski |
| Nacionalnost | Amerikanac |
Poznata djela | |
| Suprug(a) | Olivia Langdon |
| Djeca | Langdon, Susy, Clara, Jean |
| Potpis | |
 | |
Hvaljen je kao "najveći humorista kojeg su Sjedinjene Države proizvele",[2] a William Faulkner ga je nazvao "ocem američke književnosti".[3] Njegovi romani uključuju Avanture Toma Sojera (1876) i njihov nastavak, Avanture Haklberija Fina (1884),[4] od kojih se potonji često naziva "Veliki američki roman". Napisao je Yankee na dvoru kralja Arthura (1889) i Pudd'nhead Wilson (1894), a zajedno sa Charlesom Dudleyjem Warnerom napisao je The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today (1873).
Twain je odrastao u Hannibalu, Missouri, koji je kasnije bio mjesto za Toma Sawyera i Huckleberryja Finna. Završio je školu za štampara, a zatim je radio kao slagač teksta, doprinoseći člancima u novinama svog starijeg brata Oriona Klemensa. Kasnije je postao kapetan riječnog broda na rijeci Mississippi prije nego što je krenuo na zapad da se pridruži Orionu u Nevadi. On se duhovito osvrnuo na svoj nedostatak uspjeha u rudarstvu, okrećući se novinarstvu za Virginia City Territorial Enterprise.[5] Njegova humoristična priča "Proslavljena skačuća žaba okruga Calaveras" objavljena je 1865. godine, zasnovana na priči koju je čuo u Angels Hotelu u Angels Campu u Kaliforniji, gdje je proveo neko vrijeme kao rudar. Kratka priča je privukla međunarodnu pažnju i čak je prevedena na francuski.[6] Njegova duhovitost i satira, u prozi i u govoru, zaslužili su pohvale kritičara i kolega, a bio je i prijatelj predsjednicima, umjetnicima, industrijalcima i evropskim plemićima. U početku je bio vatreni američki imperijalista koji je snažno govorio u korist američkih interesa na Havajskim ostrvima, kasnije je postao potpredsjednik Američke antiimperijalističke lige od 1901. do svoje smrti 1910., snažno se protiveći filipinsko-američkom ratu.[7][8]
Zaradio je mnogo novca od svojih pisanja i predavanja, ali je ulagao u poduhvate koji su izgubili većinu novca – kao što je Paige Compositor, mehanički slagač koji je propao zbog svoje složenosti i nepreciznosti. Podnio je zahtjev za bankrot nakon ovih finansijskih neuspjeha, ali je vremenom prevladao svoje finansijske probleme uz pomoć izvršnog direktora Standard Oila Henryja Huttlestona Rogersa. Na kraju je u potpunosti isplatio sve svoje poverioce, iako ga je bankrot oslobodio toga.
Rođen je ubrzo nakon pojave Halleyjeve komete i predvidio je da će i on "izaći sa njom", umro je oko mjesec dana pre nego što je kometa prošla blizu Zemlje 1910.
Biografija
urediMark Twain je rođen 30. novembra 1835. godine u gradiću Florida, država Missouri, samo oko 300 km udaljenom od indijanske teritorije.
Kada je imao 4 godine preselio se s roditeljima u Hannibal, Missouri, lučki gradić na Mississippiju sa oko 2000 stanovnika. Sa redovnim školovanjem je završio kada je imao 12 godina - 1847, kada mu je otac umro. Tad je postao pomoćnik i učenik dvojice vlasnika štamparije u Hannibalu.[1] Kasnije je promijenio nekoliko poslova, uglavnom u vezi sa štampom. Do početka američkog građanskog rata (1861-1865) nekoliko godina je radio kao kormilar parnog broda na Mississippiju. 1861. je nakratko bio dobrovoljac u konfederacijskoj konjici.
Godine 1862. postao je reporter i humorist u listu Territorial Enterprise u Virginia Cityju, Nevada 1863. počeo je potpisivati svoje članke i ostale tekstove pseudonimom Mark Twain .[1] (izraz mornara na Mississippiju koji je označavao da je voda dovoljno duboka da brod može proći).
Godine 1907. uručen mu je počasni doktorat univerziteta Oxford. Kada je umro ostavio je nezavršen autobiografski rad, koji je naknadno uredila i objavila 1924. godine njegova sekretarica Alberta Bigelow Paine.
Djela
uredi- Pustolovine Toma Sawyera (1876)
- Kraljević i prosjak (1882)
- Život na Mississipiju (1883)
- Pustolovine Huckleberry Finna (1884)
- Yankee na dvoru kralja Arthura (1889)
- Tajanstveni stranac (1905)
Reference
uredi- ^ a b c "Mark Twain - Biografie WHO'S WHO". whoswho.de. Pristupljeno 16. 6. 2023.
- ^ "Obituary (The New York Times)". The New York Times. Pristupljeno 27. 12. 2009.
- ^ Jelliffe, Robert A. (1956). Faulkner at Nagano. Tokyo: Kenkyusha, Ltd.
- ^ World Book Encyclopedia. Chicago: World Book, Inc. 1999.
- ^ Thomson, David, In Nevada: The Land, The People, God, and Chance, New York: Vintage Books, 2000. ISBN 0-679-77758-X str. 35
- ^ Twain, Mark (1903). The jumping frog: in English, then in French, then clawed back into a civilized language once more by patient, unremunerated toil. New York: Harper & Brothers.
- ^ "Mark Twain - The World of 1898: The Spanish-American War (Hispanic Division, Library of Congress)". www.loc.gov. Pristupljeno 26. 10. 2022.
- ^ Stone, Oliver; Kuznick, Peter (2013). The Untold History of the United States.
Dodatna literatura
uredi- Nathan G. Alexander, "Unclasping the Eagle's Talons: Mark Twain, American Freethought, and the Responses to Imperialism." Arhivirano 1. 8. 2018. na Wayback Machine The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 17, no. 3 (2018): 524–545. doi:10.1017/S1537781418000099.
- Lucius Beebe. Comstock Commotion: The Story of the Territorial Enterprise and Virginia City News, Stanford University Press, 1954 ISBN 1-122-18798-X
- Louis J. Budd, ed. Mark Twain, Collected Tales, Sketches, Speeches & Essays 1891–1910 (Library of America, 1992) (ISBN 978-0-940450-73-8)
- Ken Burns, Dayton Duncan, and Geoffrey C. Ward, Mark Twain: An Illustrated Biography. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2001 (ISBN 0-375-40561-5)
- Philip S. Foner. Mark Twain: Social Critic. New York: International Publishers. 1966.
- Gregg Camfield. The Oxford Companion to Mark Twain. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002 (ISBN 0-19-510710-1)
- Guy Cardwell, ed. Mark Twain, Mississippi Writings, (Library of America, 1982) (ISBN 978-0-940450-07-3)
- Guy Cardwell, ed. Mark Twain, The Innocents Abroad & Roughing It, (Library of America, 1984) ISBN 978-0-940450-25-7
- James M. Cox. Mark Twain: The Fate of Humor, Princeton University Press, 1966 (ISBN 0-8262-1428-2)
- Everett Emerson. Mark Twain: A Literary Life, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000 (ISBN 0-8122-3516-9)
- Shelley Fisher Fishkin Arhivirano 28. 2. 2013. na Wayback Machine, ed. A Historical Guide to Mark Twain. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002 (ISBN 0-19-513293-9)
- Shelley Fisher Fishkin, Lighting Out for the Territory: Reflections on Mark Twain and American Culture. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996 (ISBN 0-19-510531-1)
- Benjamin Griffin, ed., Mark Twain's Civil War: "The Private History of a Campaign That Failed". Berkeley, California: Heyday, 2019 (ISBN 9781597144780)
- Susan K. Harris, ed. Mark Twain, Historical Romances (Library of America, 1994) (ISBN 978-0-940450-82-0)
- Hamlin L. Hill, ed. Mark Twain, The Gilded Age and Later Novels (Library of America, 2002) ISBN 978-1-931082-10-5
- Jason Gary Horn. Mark Twain: A Descriptive Guide to Biographical Sources, Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 1999 (ISBN 0-8108-3630-0)
- William Dean Howells. My Mark Twain, Mineloa, NY: Dover Publications, 1997 [1910] (ISBN 0-486-29640-7)
- Fred Kaplan. The Singular Mark Twain: A Biography, New York: Doubleday, 2003 (ISBN 0-385-47715-5)
- Justin Kaplan. Mr. Clemens and Mark Twain: A Biography, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1966 (ISBN 0-671-74807-6)
- J. R. LeMaster and James D. Wilson, eds. The Mark Twain Encyclopedia, New York: Garland, 1993 (ISBN 0-8240-7212-X)
- Andrew Levy, Huck Finn's America: Mark Twain and the Era that Shaped His Masterpiece. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2015.
- Jerome Loving, Mark Twain: The Adventures of Samuel L. Clemens. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010.
- Bruce Michelson, Mark Twain on the Loose, Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1995 (ISBN 0-87023-967-8)
- Patrick Ober, Mark Twain and Medicine: "Any Mummery Will Cure" Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2003 (ISBN 0-8262-1502-5)
- George Orwell, "Mark Twain—The Licensed Jester," The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell, vol. 2: My Country Right or Left, 1940-1943, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1968. Arhivirano 21. 2. 2022. na Wayback Machine
- Albert Bigelow Paine, Mark Twain, A Biography: The Personal and Literary Life of Samuel Langhorne Clemens, Harper & Bros., 1912. ISBN 1-84702-983-3
- Mark Perry, Grant and Twain: The Story of a Friendship that Changed American; also published as Grant and Twain: The Story of an American Friendship, New York: Random House, 2004. ISBN 0679642730
- Ron Powers, Dangerous Water: A Biography of the Boy Who Became Mark Twain, New York: Da Capo Press, 1999. ISBN 0-306-81086-7
- Ron Powers. Mark Twain: A Life, New York: Random House, 2005. (ISBN 0-7432-4899-6)
- Radavich, David (2004). "Twain, Howells, and the Origins of Midwestern Drama". MidAmerica. XXXI: 25–42.
- R. Kent Rasmussen, Critical Companion to Mark Twain: A Literary Reference to His Life and Work, Facts On File, 2007. Revised edition of Mark Twain A to Z ISBN 0-8160-6225-0
- R. Kent Rasmussen, ed., The Quotable Mark Twain: His Essential Aphorisms, Witticisms and Concise Opinions, Contemporary Books, 1997 ISBN 0-8092-2987-0
- Gary Scharnhorst, ed., Mark Twain: The Complete Interviews, Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2006. ISBN 9780817315221
- Gary Scharnhorst, ed., Mainly the Truth: Interviews with Mark Twain, Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2009. ISBN 9780817355395
- Gary Scharnhorst, ed., Twain in His Own Time: A Biographical Chronicle of His Life, Drawn from Recollections, Interviews, and Memoirs by Family, Friends, and Associates, Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2010. ISBN 9781587299148
- Gary Scharnhorst, ed., Mark Twain on Potholes and Politics: Letters to the Editor, Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press, 2014. ISBN 9780826220462
- Gary Scharnhorst, The Life of Mark Twain: The Early Years, 1835-1871, Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press, 2018. ISBN 9780826221445
- Gary Scharnhorst, The Life of Mark Twain: The Middle Years, 1871-1891, Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press, 2019. ISBN 9780826274304
- Gary Scharnhorst, The Life of Mark Twain: The Final Years, 1891-1910, Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press, 2022. ISBN 9780826222411
- Paul A. Shackel, "America's home town: fiction, Mark Twain, and the re‐creation of Hannibal, Missouri." International Journal of Heritage Studies 17.3 (2011): 197-213. online
- Ben Tarnoff, The Bohemians: Mark Twain and the San Francisco Writers Who Reinvented American Literature. New York: The Penguin Press, 2014
- Mark Twain (novembar 1874). "A True Story, Repeated Word for Word As I Heard It". The Atlantic Monthly. Boston: Atlantic Monthly Co. str. 591–863.
- Larzer Ziff, Mark Twain, New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. ISBN 0195170199
- "Mark Twain". Cartoon portraits and biographical sketches of men of the day. Illustrated by Frederick Waddy. London: Tinsley Brothers. 1873. str. 122. Pristupljeno 13. 3. 2011.CS1 održavanje: others (link)
Vanjski linkovi
uredi
Mark Twain na Wikimedia Commonsu
