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The Cairo Programming Language Book

Alexandria

This repository contains the source of "The Cairo Programming Language" book, a comprehensive documentation of the Cairo 1 programming language. This documentation is your go-to resource for mastering Cairo, created and maintained by the Starknet community. You can read the book online.

1. Rust related packages:

   • Install toolchain providing cargo using rustup.
   • Install mdBook and the required extensions:

   cargo install mdbook mdbook-i18n-helpers mdbook-last-changed
   

2. Host machine packages:

   • Install gettext for translations, usually available with regular package manager: sudo apt install gettext.
   • Install mdbook-quiz-cairo following the instructions here to be able to add interactive quizzes.

3. Clone this repository.

4. Install mdbook-cairo for Cairo code blocks

   cargo install --path mdbook-cairo
   

All the Markdown files MUST be edited in english. To work locally in english:

• Start a local server with mdbook serve and visit localhost:3000 to view the book. You can use the --open flag to open the browser automatically: mdbook serve --open.

• Make changes to the book and refresh the browser to see the changes.

• Open a PR with your changes.

This book is targeting international audience, and aims at being gradually translated in several languages.

All files in the src directory MUST be written in english. This ensures that all the translation files can be auto-generated and updated by translators.

To work with translations, these are the steps to update the translated content:

• Run a local server for the language you want to edit: ./translations.sh es for instance. If no language is provided, the script will only extract translations from english.

• Open the translation file you are interested in po/es.po for instance. You can also use editors like poedit to help you on this task.

• When you are done, you should only have changes into the po/xx.po file. Commit them and open a PR. The PR must start with i18n to let the maintainers know that the PR is only changing translation.

The translation work is inspired from Comprehensive Rust repository.

If you wish to initiate a new translation for your language without running a local server, consider the following tips:

• Execute the command ./translations.sh new xx (replace xx with your language code). This method can generate the xx.po file of your language for you.
• To update your xx.po file, execute the command ./translations.sh xx (replace xx with your language code), as mentioned in the previous chapter.
• If the xx.po file already exists (which means you are not initiating a new translation), you should not run this command.

The cairo-listings tool is designed to wrap all cairo and starknet plugins for quickly verifying cairo programs. You can verify that listings are correct with the verify argument, and generate the corresponding output with the output argument.

Firstly, you need to have scarb resolved in your path:

They should be available after installing cairo, see here for more details.

To run the cairo-listings helper tool, ensure that you are at the root of the repository (same directory of this README.md file), and run:

cargo run --bin cairo-listings

Alternatively, you can also install the tool with:

cargo install --path cairo-listings

The tool scans for all *.cairo files in the specified directory and performs the following actions:

For a Starknet contract:

• scarb build
• If it has tests: scarb test

Cairo program:

• If it has a main function: scarb cairo-run --available-gas=200000000
• Else, scarb build
• If it has tests: scarb test
• scarb fmt -c

To specify which tests to run, you can add a comment at the top of your file with the following format:

// TAG: <tag1>
// TAGS: <tag1>, <tag2>

Here is a list of available tags:

• does_not_compile: don't run scarb build
• does_not_run: don't run scarb cairo-run --available-gas=200000000
• ignore_fmt: don't run scarb fmt
• tests_fail: don't run scarb test

You can skip and ignore a specific test by adding the corresponding flag:

$ cairo-listings --help

Usage: cairo-listings [OPTIONS]

Options:
  -p, --path <PATH>    The path to explore for *.cairo files [default: ./listings]
  -v, --verbose        Print more information
  -q, --quiet          Only print final results
  -f, --formats-skip   Skip cairo-format checks
  -s, --starknet-skip  Skip starknet-compile checks
  -c, --compile-skip   Skip cairo-compile checks
  -r, --run-skip       Skip cairo-run checks
  -t, --test-skip      Skip cairo-test checks
      --file <FILE>    Specify file to check
  -h, --help           Print help
  -V, --version        Print version

In CI, it's preferable to reduce output, so run cairo-listings with the --quiet flag.

The mdbook-cairo is a mdbook preprocessor that only removes the // TAG lines in code blocks.

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