Lean 4 is a dependently typed programming language, and it can be used both as a proof assistant and for practical programs.

This repository implements the ray tracer described in Ray Tracing in One Weekend. Code for writing PPM files originally came from TOTBWF/lean4-raytrace.

The raytracer uses Tasks to render in parallel. Part of a raytracer is using supersampling to better estimate the amount of light entering each pixel, so it is trivial to parallelize: the entire image is rendered multiple times, and the results are averaged together.

(8 minutes 10 seconds with 10 threads on an Apple M2 Max. 500x333 pixels, 80 total samples per pixel, max depth 30.)

(2 hours with 16 threads on an Intel Xeon E5-2665. 800x533 pixels, 480 total samples per pixel, max depth 50.)

Assuming you already have Lean 4 setup, this builds an executable and runs it:

$ lake build && time lake exe render test.ppm

The rendering settings are hard-coded in writeTestImage in render.lean.

The c folder contains an implementation of the raytracer in C, hand translated from Lean using C idioms. This is not meant to be a fair comparison, and I spent more time thinking about optimizing the C version. The only purpose here is to get some idea of the relative speed of my Lean code.

The first test image in C took 5.9 seconds with the same configuration, and the second test image took 1 minute 19 seconds (but with Apple M2 Max).