Something for everyone: HWPH puts 4486 lots on the auction block!

Historisches Wertpapierhaus AG has scheduled his next triple-session auction for 27, 28 and 29 March 2023. This time Matthias Schmitt and his team brought together over 4400 lots of scripophily and related documents from all continents. 

One thing is for sure, you need some time to go through all the offerings. So I suggest you use keywords in the online search functions. HWPH's site has a dedicated page to select Regions, Countries, Eras and Industries, see here. I tried out the country Japan and found over 40 related lots. 

This unissued Kyoto bond was part of the city's 1909 5% External Loan of 45,000,000 francs. It shows the facsimile signature of mayor Saigo Kikujiro (1861-1928). He was a member of the Satsuma army, a group of dissident samurai that revolted against the imperial government in the Seinan War of 1877. Then, he was shot in the right leg which was partially amputated. Later, as mayor of Kyoto, he organized large infrastructure projects such as the excavation of the Second Lake Biwa Canal, the development of the city's water supply resources, and the expansion of Kyoto's roads and tramway network. With the Mitsui Bank, Saigo Kikujiro procured this 45 million francs foreign loan to finance these projects.  L(ot) 1895  

On the same page you can select for certain industries such as Fine China (Porcelain): you'll be surprised how many hits you get on this theme.  

Oh yes, you can combine 'industries' with 'countries'. I tried USA Railways, and there it is, over 200 lots in that combination, including the following rare bond printed by the National Bank Note Company. 

The Yumuri Rail and Tramway Company was incorporated in 1907 in the state of New York to construct a railway across the east end of Cuba connecting the northwest and southeast coasts. The Republic of Cuba was founded in 1902. The country's first decade was tumultuous and created a difficult climate for foreign investors. It is unclear what happened to the Cuban operations of this company. It went bankrupt in 1914. Click to enlarge image. L2996 

HWPH also brings its event to the online public through Invaluable.com. There, you'll find a separate section for each auction session. Click through to see the items. From there continue and select "Sort by: Price High to Low" to find the top items within each session. 

One of the top items from the first session is this 500 thaler Prussian Courant share in the Pommersche-Ritterschaftliche Privat-Bank from Stettin.  Today known as Szczecin, Poland, Stettin was then the capital of the Prussian Provence of Pomerania.  The fine print was produced by the Berlin-based lithographic workshop of H. Hindersin. Click the image below to see the rich details on the word "Actie" (share). L796 in the auction.

There is a lot more to discover in HWPH's auction catalogs. Here are the details of this online event:

• Dates: 27, 28 and 29 March, each day starting at 11 AM German time 
• Location: this is an online event
• Further info and catalogs, see here on HWPH. Live bidding is possible through Invaluable.com, see there.

F.L.

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HWPH auctions Friedrich Wilhelm III scripophily, a VOC bond from the Dutch Golden Age and nearly 2000 lots of historic stock certificates.

Historisches Wertpapierhaus AG (HWPH) scheduled its next double-session sale for 3 and 4 September 2022. For this occasion specialist Matthias Schmitt and his team brought together some 2,000 lots of scripophily and related documents . 

Included are several top-notch items such as a unique share from the Preussische See-Assecuranz-Compagnie issued to King Frederick William III of Prussia and one of the oldest securities from the mother of all joint stock companies, a Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie bond from 1623. 

L(ot) 568 in the auction is this wonderful share from the Actien-Verein für den zoologischen Garten zu Dresden. The Dresden Zoo opened in 1861 and was bombed in World War II by the Allies. Reopened in 1946 it now welcomes about 1 million visitors per year. This 50 thaler share from 1863 starts at €1800. 

The first leg of the auction is both a live and an online event and takes place in Zorneding, near Munich. The second part is an online only sale and happens the next day. 

A major part of the offerings consists of antique bonds and shares from Germany, spread over several sections in both parts of the event. Among several German highlights you'll find these two :

• A radical democratic anti-monarchist, Gustave Struve's Gesellschaft deutscher Republikaner tried to finance the German revolutions of 1848-1849 with the issue of bonds. L515 is one of these rare certificates. Illustrated with several allegorical vignettes, it is propably the earliest known scripophily showing the colors of Germany's flag.
• AEG, worldwide known today for its eponymous home appliances brand, originated as the Deutsche Edison-Gesellschaft für angewandte Elektrizität. The auction features a 1883 share from this company, L538. The company changed its name change into Allgemeine Elektricitäts-Gesellschaft. L539 is a share, 1887, from the first issue using the new name. Both are extremely rare. 

Perhaps the most spectacular object in HWPH's auction is this share in the Preussische See-Assecuranz-Compagnie. The company provided insurances against sea and fire risks and was organized in Szczecin, Poland, then capital of the Prussian Provence of Pomerania. The share shows a three-master with the flag of Prussia (click image) and is issued in 1825 to Frederick William III King of Prussia (1797-1840). He joined the coalition against Napoleon, and unified the Protestant churches in Prussia. Tsar Nicholas II of Russia and Kaiser Wilhelm II are two of his grandchildren. L546, a unique historic document from Germany's and Poland's prehistory, is expected to realize €25,000 

The sale includes many more lots from all over the world. The auction's online catalog allows searching for your interests by means of country as well as thematic indexes. I tried out Luftfahrt (aviation) which refered to several airline companies : 

• Linhas Aereas Paulistas S.A. (LAP), Brazil map vignette, L68
• Lloyd Aereo Boliviano, L69, La Paz, aircraft vignette
• Badisch-Pfälzische Luft-Hansa A.G. Mannheim, L221
• Cathay Pacific Airways Limited, L734
• Japan Air Lines Company, Ltd., L770 and L771

Founded as Pan American Airways in 1927, Pan Am became the largest international airline of the USA in the 20th century. Its advertisements and so-called "Clippper" airplanes featured in movies like 2001: A Space Odyssey, Live and Let Die, Blade Runner and Catch Me If You Can. The company ceased operations in 1991 and reincarnated several times. The Pan Am Corporation owned and controlled the airline and services division. This share was issued in 1998 to scripophily pioneer Wilhelm H. Kuhlmann. Bidding on L1761 starts at €50  

There is plenty to discover in HWPH's auction catalogs. The live auction concludes with a meeting for EDHAC members. Here are the details of the event:

• Dates
• 3 September 2022, Zorneding, Germany, public auction
• 4 September 2022, online auction
• Further info and catalogs, see here on HWPH. 
• Live bidding is possible through Invaluable.com, see here, where you can find high quality images of the lots.

Collectors of 18th century scripophily, and even older items, will find more than 50 entries in their category. The most iconic lot is a 1623 bond for 1000 Flemish Pounds from the Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie (V.O.C.), aka Oost-Indische Compagnie aka Dutch East India Company.  Securities from this historic company are extremely rare and considered the crème de la crème in our field. Why can be read on this blog here. In 2019 HWPH auctioned a similar bond, issued for 500 Flemish Pounds, at €46,000 without buyer's premium. L500 starts at €40,000. 

F.L.

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Book : Price list of Polish and Polish related securities

Poland counts several authors on the subject of antique stocks and bonds. Recently author Kamil Lipski published his price catalog for Polish securities. 

This 80 page publication, A5 format, consists of two sections. The first one is an alphabetical listing of Polish stocks and bonds issued by governments, cities, companies as well as companies operating in Poland but founded with foreign capital. The second section includes about 150 color images of stocks and bonds.

• Title : Cena papierów wartościowych polskich i z Polską związanych, in English: Price list of Polish and Polish related securities
• Author : Kamil Lipski
• ID : ISBN 978-83-961041-0-6, published by Fischer Sp.z.o.o., 2021
• Language : Polish
• Number of pages : 80
• Images : nearly 150 small color images of securities
• Indexes : no separate index, catalog entries are listed in alphabetical order 

The main section of the book consists of a large table featuring 780 bonds and shares. Each entry is described with the following characteristics :

• Nr : the catalog number of the certificate
• Nazwa : name of the issuer
• Emisja/kapital : emission, capital and/or data of the issue
• Liczba i nominał akcji/obligacji : number and value of share/bond, denomination
• Rodzaj : type, na okaziciela to bearer, or imienna registered, nominative
• Cena (PLN) : price in Polish złoty
• Uwagi, inne cenniki : comments and/or references to other catalogs

This handy book gives the novice an idea of what Polish scripophily can offer. As with all price guides, the indicated prices may reflect future price evolutions.   

You can contact the author at [email protected] for more information. 

F.L.

Previous posts

• Hidden image emerges from Télémécanique stock certificate 
• Reference catalogue : Bulgarian bonds 

Scripophily magazine uncovers the stories of historic and artistic securities

Scripophily magazine brings you into the world of antique stocks and bonds. Buckle up! Compelling stories, business plot twists and memorable personalities won't let you go during your reading journey. You'll find out about today's discoveries. Reports from the auction markets will keep you up-to-date. So, if you are serious about this matter, then this is the magazine you are looking for.

Scripophily was first published in 1982 under the name The Bond & Share Society Journal. On the occasion of the magazine's 100th edition, editor Max Hensley testified :

"The magazine appears on high quality paper, articles are longer and brought with more images in full color. Every issue was produced .. without paying a penny for content".

That's right, all content is created voluntarily by enthousiastic people from the hobby, three times a year.

Issue 108 brings over 50 pages of scripophily news, in depth articles, pictures of collector friends, auction reports and more than 100 high quality images of stunning, historic or rare stocks and bonds. Here is a summary on the topics brought in the latest issue :

• Swiss railway scripophily on Youtube 
• Newsletter about Belgian scripophily 
• Herzog Collection on the IBSS website 
• Mexican scripophily sources 
• New book on US railways by Terry Cox 
• New book on the Wogau Empire (Russia) by Erik Meyer 
• Playwright Neil Simon 
• The shipyard from Gdansk 
• Saved at the last minute, a story on share adventures
• Donating collections, do's and don'ts 
• "A L'Innoviation" inferno (Belgium) 
• Borki train disaster (Ukraine) 
• Cattle ranching in the US 
• Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Co 
• Survival rates on US Mining scripophily 

Is this a free magazine? No. Good stuff is never for free. But a 1-year subscription full of excitement only costs £20 or $32 or €25. The magazine is published by the International Bond and Share Society, the leading international organization for collectors, dealers and auctioneers in this field. More info : https://scripophily.org/membership/join/ 

F.L.

Related links

• What is Scripophily, a quick introduction  
• What is a share, what is a stock certificate ? 
• Scripophily Journals available to the public from the International Bond & Share Society

Thank you for sharing this post so we can reach more people ...

Pre-war debt securities on display at the Warsaw Stock Exchange

The Warsaw Stock Exchange (WSE) is one of the fastest-growing exchanges in Europe. In 2013, 450 companies were listed, including 47 foreign companies. The WSE ranked #2 in Europe by the number of IPOs, and #5 in terms of their value. 

The WSE and the Collectors' Association of Historical Securities (Stowarzyszenie Kolekcjonerów Historycznych Papierów Wartosciowych) have set up an exhibition Debt securities listed on the pre-war exchange - Papiery dłużne notowane na przedwojennej giełdzie. On display are about 100 pre-war bonds and debentures, issued in Poland by credit societies, private corporations, and the Polish State Treasury.

Image source : Warsaw Stock Exchange

Practical info

• Location : Warsaw Stock Exchange, ul. Książęca 4, Warsaw.
• Duration : 29 September 2014 – 31 January 2015
• Opening hours :  From Monday to Friday 10:00 - 15:00.
• Entrance : free

Related links

• Warsaw Stock Exchange 
• Stowarzyszenie Kolekcjonerów Historycznych Papierów Wartosciowych, (Polish) Collectors Association of Historic Securities
• WSE's announcement of the exhibition, see here .
• WSE's announcement of its previous exhibition, see there . 

Exhibition & book : Patrimonium et oeconomia

Patrimonium et oeconomia is the name of the current exhibition at the City Museum "Sztygarka" of Dąbrowa Górnicza, Poland. The exhibition features securities from the collection of Christopher Stachowicz.

Société Française et Italienne des Houillères de Dombrowa (Pologne Russe)
Founder's share, Paris 1909
Source: City Museum "Sztygarka"
double-click image to enlarge

On display are shares and bonds in companies and organizations active in the Polish Basin and Silesia area and beyond. Among the exhibits are, securities and documents, from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, related to the steel industry, railways, coal mining, banking, utilities, textile, breweries and distilleries, chocolate and sugar, and more. Less known to scripophily collectors in general, some of the displayed certificates are designed by important artists like Zofia Stryjenska and Felix Wygrzywalski. 

Source: City Museum "Sztygarka"

Practical info :

• Location : City Museum "Sztygarka", Muzeum ul. Legionów Polskich 69 41-300 Dąbrowa Górnicza, POLAND
• Duration : 11 September 2014 – 12 October 2014
• Opening hours : Mon closed, Tues & Wed 9:00-15:00, Thu 10:00-19:00, Fri 9:00-15:00, Sat 8:45-15:00, Sun 12:00-16:00
• Entrance fee : 5.00 PLN ( about 1.2 EUR ) 
• Tip : You can also combine the exhibit with a mine visit at the museum

There is also the book Patrimonium et oeconomia. Papiery wartościowe ze zbiorów Krzysztofa Stachowicza, written by Krzysztof Stachowicz and Kamil Świderski. See here (in Polish) but the Google Translate service renders a good enough version, see there . 

Related links

• Exhibition Patrimonium et oeconomia, in Polish, including an interview with Krzysztof Stachowicz (here is the English translation by Google)
• City Museum "Sztygarka" of Dąbrowa Górnicza

F.L.

P.S. Thanks to the members of EDHAC for reporting this special event.

Digest of scripophily readings XIII

New online scripophily articles and references, March 2014

POLSKIE OBLIGACJE PAŃSTWOWE 1918 - 1939 POLISH STATE BONDS

"Collecting is not only the accumulation of objects but also the gathering of information about these objects." , says Piotr Bykowski from Poland. In 2004 Piotr published a 100 page study about bonds issued during the Second Polish Republic. Mr. Bykowski's work, written in Polish, includes English chapter titles and contains images of most types of certificates. You can find the work online and download it here. A great reference work. The author, a fervent traveller and motorcyclist, is grateful for any opinions and feedback. You can contact him by email, [email protected] or through his blog.

5% Long term internal state loan of 1920
temporary certificate Poland treasury
handwritten denomination

The World's Airlines - Past, Present & Future

There is not a single image of an airline's stock certificate present, but still, The World's Airlines is a great reference place for any collector of aviation scripophily. The author has currently 17871 airlines listed in his database (latest release 30th March 2014). Amazing. As a test, I checked out Brazil and counted more than 250 airlines. You can follow the author on Twitter here.

HWPSAMMLER.TUMBLR.COM a bilingual blog

Dr. Roland Schmidt, alias HWPSammler, is the author of the scripophily blog titled Historische Wertpapiere. Blog posts are written alternately in German and English and cover a broad list of topics. Here is one of my favorite posts about a warbond from .. yes .. Switzerland. Thank you for sharing HWPSammlr, I am tuned ! 

Scripophily magazine No.93.

Scripophily Magazine
In addition to the online sources above, the latest December 2013 No.93 issue of Scripophily magazine, published by the International Bond and Share Society, contains the following stories :

• The birth of the Bank of England
• The story of two Rhodesian Mining Companies & Jake The Barber
• Dr. Fred Pearson's Infrastructure Projects Part II 
• The Malay Peninsula Exploration Syndicate, a story about constructing a canal across the Malaya Peninsula
• La Nouvelle France or Voyage to the end of the world
• 1925 - 8% Skoda Loan II, about Chinese government debt
• Phillips Scripophily Auctions
• Chinese speculations on Ebay
• Cox's Corner : Pondering the big hoard
• Top Thirty record auction prices recorded
• other periodical topics : society matters, news, bourse reviews, auction reviews, events calendar, member classifieds, book reviews

F.L.
Signed the Guest book yet ?

Reference catalogue : Les Tramways Belges

• Title : Les Tramways Belges - Catalogue des Titres de Sociétés Belges de Tramways dans le Monde, in English: Belgian Tramway Companies - Catalogue of Belgian Tramway Companies in the World
• Author : Luc de Voghel, Alain Roba
• ID : no ISBN number; published 1986 by Alain Roba
• Languages : French
• Number of pages : 71
• Images : over 220 small black and white images
• Index : 1. Chronological (main classification), 2. Geographical classification,

This book is the work of two Belgian pioneers in scripophily : Luc de Voghel and Alain Roba. The work consists of a list of Belgian tramway companies operating in Belgium and abroad and their bonds and shares. Bearing in mind that the list was compiled 37 years ago, it counts more than 150 of such companies. More than 220 certificates are depicted in, according to our modern standards, a not so good quality. Interesting to know, entries were derived from the collections of both authors, but also from another scripophily pioneer : collector Erik Boone.

The companies mentioned were operating in the following countries : Argentina, Belgium, Bulgaria, China, Czechoslovakia, Egypt, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Persia, Poland, Rumania, Russia, Siam, Spain, Tunisia, Turkey, Yugoslavia. 

The work concludes with an overview of Belgian tramway companies whose certificates were not surfaced yet on the collector's market at the time (1986). 

F.L.

Exhibition : Von Leistung, Leid und Leidenschaft

Von Leistung, Leid und Leidenschaft. 

Bergbau-Geschichten nicht nur aus Schlesien

freely translated: 

Achievements, Suffering and Passion. 

Mining stories from Silesia and elsewhere. 

Preussengrube Aktiengesellschaft
1000 Mark share certificate
Berlin, 1922
Printed by Giesecke & Devrient
double-click to enlarge

Mining history from Silesia and elsewhere

As the largest Silesian museum in the western part of Germany, the Oberschlesische Landesmuseum collects objects especially from different parts of Silesia including the Polish Voivodeships Opolskie and Śląskie, as well as the Czech Republic today.

Until 7 April 2013, the museum is home to its temporary exhibition Von Leistung, Leid und Leidenschaft which highlights the rich mining history of Silesia and other regions. Exhibits, including multimedia elements, typical mining tools, garments, photographs and lots more, span a period from the Prussian time till the modern industrial age. Topics: technical know-how, important mines, mining pioneers & entrepreneurs, safety and rescue operations, underground life et cetera. Some of the objects can even be experienced by touch. On display too are a number of bond and share certificates.

A great opportunity to experience the past of antique mining securities !

Practical info

• location : Oberschlesisches Landesmuseum, Ratingen, Germany
• duration : 14 October 2012 - 7 April 2013
• opening hours : Tuesday - Sunday, 11:00-17:00
• closed : during Carnival 7-11 February 2013 and Easter 29-31 March 2013, but open on Easter Monday 1 April 2013
• entrance fee : adults 5 Euro, students, seniors and children 3 Euro
• guided tours and educational programs available

Further reference

• Oberschlesisches Landesmuseum 
• More info on the Von Leistung, Leid und Leidenschaft exhibit, see here 

By the way, planning a visit to the Papierania bourse on 24 March 2013 ? Ratingen is only 110 kilometers away from Aachen.

F.L.

Exhibition : Echt oder Falsch ?

Since money was invented, people have tried to produce or use counterfeit money. Even countries, in the act of warfare, have tried to overflow the enemy's economy with fake bank notes.

Polish 200 Zloty banknote, 1976
above: genuine
below: counterfeit
(c) HVB Stiftung Geldscheinsammlung

Echt oder Falsch, Authentic or Counterfeit ?

The Museum für Druckkunst Leipzig, English: Museum of the Printing Arts Leipzig, will showcase genuine and forged banknotes spanning more than 2 centuries. About 150 exhibits from more than 30 countries will give you an insight into the world of counterfeit money. Banknote printers were often printers of securities as well. So, this is not a surprise, a few government securities are part of the exhibition !

The exhibition is a cooperation with the HypoVereinsbank’s Banknote Collecting Foundation and supported by Giesecke & Devrient GmbH München, the criminal investigation departments of Bavaria and Saxony (LKA) and Sammlung Haupt, Berlin.

Practical info :

• Location : Museum für Druckkunst Leipzig, Nonnenstrasse 38, Leipzig, Germany
• Duration : 14 October 2012 - 7 December 2012
• Opening times : Monday - Friday 10:00-17:00, Sunday 11:00-17:00
• Closed : on Saturdays, also on 31 Oct and 21 Nov

Detail info :

• Museum für Druckkunst Leipzig 
• announcement of the "Echt oder falsch" exhibition

To those who can visit the exhibition, please tell us how you experienced it.
F.L.

Signed the Guest book yet ?

The double-headed eagle of the Third Rome

The internet technology company Google has one of the most famous and recognizable logos. In scripophily, this title is taken by the double-headed eagle of the Russian Tsar. During the 19th century, until the Russian Revolution in 1917, millions of securities have been issued to finance the Russian state, its railways, Russian companies and Russian cities. They were distributed all over Europe and the rest of the world. But have you paid any attention yet to the imperial eagle that has been printed on so many certificates? Have you noticed how many shields that eagle bears ?  Ever heard of the Third Rome ?

Collage of bonds from the Russian Empire.
Image sources provided by Mr. and Mrs. A. Kamyshin

Nine coats of arms represent 500 years of history
When looking carefully, you can distinguish 9 coats of arms on the eagle. However, in most cases, these shields are printed so tiny that few details can be revealed.

Russian Kopek coin 1917
click to enlarge and distinguish the 9 shields

The center shield on the eagle's chest is the one with the arms of Moscow. Then, in clockwise order starting from the heads, we see the arms of Astrakhan, Siberia, Georgia, Finland, Kiev-Vladimir-Novgorod, Taurica, Poland and Kazan. As you will read further, you'll see that this double-headed eagle represents about 500 years of Russian imperial history. To be honest, I was unaware of the rich past of Russia and while reading about it I found myself consuming one story after another. I can only recommend you to do the same.

2e Russ. 5% Inner. Anleihe mit praemien-verloos.

1866, Bond for 100 Roubles

Double-click for details

At the end of the post, I'll highlight some more remarkable appearances of the Russian eagle, but to start with, here is a brief overview the shields and the history that is represented by them, given again in their clockwise order.

Book : Polish Securities

  

• Title : Polskie Papiery Wartościowe - Polish Securities
• Authors : Lesław A. Paga, Leszek Kałkowski
• ID: ISBN 83-900695-8-X, published by Rosikon Press, 1995 (2nd edition) 
• Languages : Polish, English
• Number of pages : 200
• Images : color, almost on every page, large format images
• Indexes : no indexes, certificates are discussed in chronological chapters

This large format book gives an overview of Polish certificates grouped in chronological manner.

Chapters

• Securities issued in partitioned Poland before 1918
• Securities issued in the Second Polish Republic before 1924
• Securities issued in the Second Polish Republic after currency reform
• Securities issued in Poland after 1945

An interesting book on Polish stocks and bonds.

F.L.

NB:

Did anyone compile an index of the many companies mentioned in this book ?

I would be happy to add the index to this post.

Reference catalogue : World War II Remembered



• Title : World War II Remembered, history in your hands - a numismatic study
• Authors : C. Frederick Schwan, Joseph E. Boling
• ID : ISBN 0-931960-40-1, published by BNR Press 1995
• Languages : English
• Number of pages : 864
• Images : black and white, almost on every page and often more than 1 page
• Indexes : 1. by Country/Territory, 2. by keyword

This catalogue, a heavy large format book, is astonishing, phenomenal, enlightening. It describes the numismatic objects in the broad sense issued during World War II by governmental and nongovernmental organizations : allied nations, axis nations, occupied nations, occupation governments, armies, governments-in-exile, local authorities, army camps, local companies and merchants, and even psychiatric institutions. 

Numismatic objects discussed : notes, coins, gold coinage, camp money, checks, orders, decorations and medals, loans and bonds, counterfeits, numismatic ephemera, postage stamps, lottery tickets, ...

The Country quick list contains about 150 countries or political territories.

Bonds and loans are included for the following territories : Australia, Bulgaria, Burma, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, India, Japan, Korea, Malaya, Mongolia, Newfoundland, New Zealand, Palestine, Poland, Straits Settlements, Taiwan, USA, USSR, Yugoslavia

Reference catalogue : Zoological garden companies - Development and Finance History

I will occasionally briefly describe a reference book or catalogue in my postings.

• Title : Zoologische Gärten als Kapitalgesellschaften - Geschichtliche Entwicklung und Finanziering
• Authors : Armin Schmitz und Arne Metzger
• ID: ISBN 3-9806401-2-4, published by Verlag der Antik Effekten GMBH, 2000
• Languages : German, English
• Number of pages : 192
• Images : mostly in color, about 100 illustrations
• Indexes : by location

This great work contains images of certificates and descriptions, both in German and English, of zoos in :
Germany, USA, the Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland, France, Poland, Spain, Denmark, Finland, Portugal, UK, Luxembourg, Italy, Austria