User:Tom (LT)/sandbox/Table of neurotransmitter actions in the ANS
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Sympathetic nervous system
[edit]- In the heart, increase cardiac output (β1, β2), heart rate (β1, β2),[1], atrial and ventricular contractility (β1)[1] and cardiac muscle automaticity[1]
- In blood vessels, vascular smooth muscle contract (α1) or relax (β2)[2]. Constrict arteries, including the renal artery (α1),[3] small and large coronary arteries (α1, α2),[4][1] and arteries to skin (α), other organs (α) and the brain (α1)[5][1]
- Dilate small coronary arteries, the hepatic artery, and arteries to skeletal muscle (β2)[6]
- Constrict arteries to erectile tissue (α1)[7], arteries to salivary glands (α) and veins (α1, α2)[8]. Dilate veins (β2)
- In the haematological system, aggregate platelets (α2) and inhibit histamine release from mast cells (β2)[citation needed]
- In the respiratory system, relax the smooth muscle of bronchioles (β2),[2] or play a minor role in contracting them (α1). Note that the bronchioles have no sympathetic innervation, but are instead affected by circulating adrenaline[1]
- Dilate the pupil dilator muscle, causing mydriasis (α1). Relax the ciliary muscle, causing long-range focus (β2).
- In the digestive system, stimulates viscous, amylase secretions from salivary glands (β), stimulate potassium secretions (α1)
- Stimulate protein secretion from lacrimal glands (β)[9]
- Stimulate renin secretion from the juxtaglomerular apparatus of the kidney (β1)[2].
- In the liver, stimulate glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis (α1, β2). Stimulate lipolysis in adipose cells (β1,[2] β3)
- In the GI tract, decrease smooth muscle motility (α1, α2,[10] β2) and cause contraction of the sphincters (α1,[2] α2,[1] β2)
- In the pancreas, decrease insulin secretion from beta cells in the Islets of Langerhans (α2), and increases glucagon secretion from alpha cells.
- In the adrenal medulla, stimulate secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine via the N (nicotinic ACh receptor).
- In the urinary system, relax the Detrusor urinae muscle of bladder wall (β2),[2] β3:[11] constrict the internal urethra sphincter (α1)[2]
- In the reproductive system, contract the uterus of pregnant women (α1) or relax it if not pregnant (β2).[1] Stimulate ejaculation (α1).
- In the skin, stimulate sweat gland secretions (α1, minor) and arrector pili erection (α1).
Parasympathetic nervous system
[edit]- In the heart, decrease cardiac output (M2), heart rate (M2), and atrial contractility
- Relax vascular smooth muscle (M3)[1]
- Dilate arteries to erectile tissue and arteries to salivary glands (M3)
- In the respiratory system, contract the smooth muscle of bronchioles (M3)[2]
- Contract the Iris sphincter muscle, causing miosis (M3). Contract the ciliary muscle, causing short-range focus (M3)
- stimulate watery secretions from salivary glands (M3).
- stimulates secretion of tears from the lacrimal glands (M3)
- In the GI tract, stimulate gastric acid secretion from parietal cells (M1),[citation needed] increase smooth muscle motility (M3, M1),[1] cause relaxation of the sphincters,[2] and stimulate secretions from the glands of the tract (M3)
- In the pancreas, increase secretion of insulin and glucagon (M3)[12][13][12][13]
- In the urinary system, contract the Detrusor urinae muscle of bladder wall (M3)[2] contracts, relax the internal urethral sphincter (M3)[2]
- Stimulate erection (M3).
- In the skin, stimulate sweat gland secretions (M) [2]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Rang, Dale, Ritter & Moore (2003). Pharmacology 5th ed. Churchill Livingstone. p. 127. ISBN 0-443-07145-4.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Costanzo, Linda S. (2007). Physiology. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-7817-7311-9.
- ^ Schmitz, JM; Graham, RM; Sagalowsky, A; Pettinger, WA (1981). "Renal alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenergic receptors: Biochemical and pharmacological correlations". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 219 (2): 400–6. PMID 6270306.
- ^ Woodman, OL; Vatner, SF (1987). "Coronary vasoconstriction mediated by alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptors in conscious dogs". The American Journal of Physiology. 253 (2 Pt 2): H388–93. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.1987.253.2.H388. PMID 2887122.
- ^ Circulation & Lung Physiology I M.A.S.T.E.R. Learning Program, UC Davis School of Medicine
- ^ Rang, H. P. (2003). Pharmacology. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. p. 270. ISBN 0-443-07145-4.
- ^ Morton, J S; Daly, C J; Jackson, V M; McGrath, J C (2009). "Α1A-Adrenoceptors mediate contractions to phenylephrine in rabbit penile arteries". British Journal of Pharmacology. 150 (1): 112–20. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706956. PMC 2013850. PMID 17115072.
- ^ Elliott, J. (1997). "Alpha-adrenoceptors in equine digital veins: Evidence for the presence of both alpha1 and alpha2-receptors mediating vasoconstriction". Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 20 (4): 308–17. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2885.1997.00078.x. PMID 9280371.
- ^ Mauduit, P; Herman, G; Rossignol, B (1984). "Protein secretion induced by isoproterenol or pentoxifylline in lacrimal gland: Ca2 effects". The American Journal of Physiology. 246 (1 Pt 1): C37–44. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.1984.246.1.C37. PMID 6320658.
- ^ Sagrada, A; Fargeas, M J; Bueno, L (1987). "Involvement of alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenoceptors in the postlaparotomy intestinal motor disturbances in the rat". Gut. 28 (8): 955–9. doi:10.1136/gut.28.8.955. PMC 1433140. PMID 2889649.
- ^ Kullmann, F. A.; Limberg, B. J.; Artim, D. E.; Shah, M.; Downs, T. R.; Contract, D.; Wos, J.; Rosenbaum, J. S.; De Groat, W. C. (2009). "Effects of 3-Adrenergic Receptor Activation on Rat Urinary Bladder Hyperactivity Induced by Ovariectomy". Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 330 (3): 704–17. doi:10.1124/jpet.109.155010. PMC 2729793. PMID 19515967.
{{cite journal}}: Invalid|display-authors=9(help) - ^ a b Poretsky, Leonid (2010). "Parasympathetic Nerves". Principles of diabetes mellitu. New York: Springer. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-387-09840-1.
- ^ a b Duttaroy, A.; Zimliki, C. L.; Gautam, D.; Cui, Y.; Mears, D.; Wess, J. (2004). "Muscarinic Stimulation of Pancreatic Insulin and Glucagon Release is Abolished in M3 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor-Deficient Mice". Diabetes. 53 (7): 1714–20. doi:10.2337/diabetes.53.7.1714. PMID 15220195.