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For the next Recovering Women project:

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Penelope Ligonier

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Penelope Ligonier
Penelope Ligonier (née Pitt), Viscountess Ligonier
Born
Penelope Pitt

1749
Died1827
Spouse(s)
​
​
(m. 1766)​

Captain Smith
​
(m. 1784)​
Parent(s)Penelope Atkins
George Pitt, 1st Baron Rivers

Penelope Ligonier, née Penelope Pitt (1749-1827), was an English aristocrat and socialite, and first wife of Edward Ligonier, Earl Ligonier of Clonmell.

She was the eldest daughter of Penelope Atkins (c. 1724 - 1795) and George Pitt, 1st Baron Rivers.[1] Both her parents were 'noted for their extraordinary physical beauty'[2], but their family life was unhappy due to her parent's turbulent marriage. Horace Walpole, an admirer of Penelope Atkins, alleged that George Pitt 'had heaped on her every possible cruelty and provoking outrage', and alleged that after their separation he prevented her from seeing their four children.[3]

During the 1760s, while her father was serving as envoy-extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Turin, she was enrolled in a convent school in Lyon, where she met Edward Ligonier. They were married at the British Embassy in Paris on 16 December 1766.[4]

When they relocated to Cobham Park after their marriage they continued to entertain an international circle of friends, one of whom was Count Vittorio Amadeo Alfieri, an Italian poet and dramatist, with whom she began an affair.[5] The discovery of her infidelity by her husband in 1771 led to a duel Alfieri and Ligonier in Hyde Park, followed by a criminal conversation trial which made public the salacious testimony of servants, and extracts from the couple's passionate love letters.[6] A fictionalised version of the relationship appeared titled Lord Lelius and the Fair Emelia, or, The Generous Husband, and Alfieri would later include a sensational account of his liaison with Lady Ligonier in his memoirs.[4][7] Ligonier would eventually divorce her via the expensive and protracted process of a private parliamentary bill of divorce.[8] However, due to rumours of previous relationships between Penelope and members of her household staff, Count Alfieri refused to marry her and salvage her reputation.[5]

After the 1771 trial she took a 12-week trip to Italy to escape from the scandal, accompanied by Alfieri, her mother, and her sister-in-law Frances Balfour. On her return to England she returned to live in a cottage on the outskirts of her father's estate at her father's request.[5] She joined a circle of contemporary aristocratic women who could still participate in polite London society, but as a result of scandalous personal lives were generally considered courtesans by wider society as a result of their personal choices. She was a prominent member of the New Female Coterie, a social club founded for such women, alongside such personal friends and fellow 'demi-reps' as Lady Grosvenor and Seymour Dorothy Fleming.[5] Her reputation for licentiousness was so strong that she was featured in a satirical 1777 cartoon of licentious aristocratic women called 'The Diabo-Lady' in The London Magazine.[9]

At Northampton on May 4 1784 she married Captain Smith, a trooper in the Royal Horse Guard Blues.[2]

In April 1791 she wrote to Alfieri that their affair had liberated her from the constraints 'of a world in which I was never formed to exist', and her contentment and health in her life after leaving her first marriage.[5]


Categories:

English courtesans

English socialites


https://emuseum.huntington.org/people/3285/penelope-pitt-viscountess-ligonier;jsessionid=3D6831CC76CED99EAA5131EA5E3623BC

Alfieri's memoirs;

London : Henry Colburn, 1810.http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?frbrVersion=2&tabs=moreTab&ct=display&fn=search&doc=BLL01018910515&indx=2&recIds=BLL01018910515&recIdxs=1&elementId=1&renderMode=poppedOut&displayMode=full&frbrVersion=2&frbg=&&dscnt=0&scp.scps=scope:(BLCONTENT)&vl(2084770704UI0)=any&tb=t&vid=BLVU1&mode=Basic&srt=rank&tab=local_tab&dum=true&vl(freeText0)=vittorio alfieri memoirs&dstmp=1611067097930

First

image link: see html, remember to go to wikimedia and link

Penelope Ligonier (née Pitt), Viscountess Ligonier

Penelope Ligonier (née Pitt), Viscountess Ligonier

Lady Ligonier

Lady Rivers, who probably lived separately from her husband from 1771 onwards, had resided mostly in France and Italy, and she died in Milan on 1 January 1795. [ref ODNB baron rivers


cite ODNB 'Pitt, George, first Baron Rivers (1721–1803)' by G. F. R. Barker, revised by R. D. E. Eagles, url: https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/22328 end ref.

ref https://emuseum.huntington.org/people/3285/penelope-pitt-viscountess-ligonier;jsessionid=3D6831CC76CED99EAA5131EA5E3623BC

cite: Letters of Horace Walpole to Horace Mann 1760 - 1785, Volume 2, p.226, pub Rich Bentley, 1843.

cite ODNB Ligonier, Edward, Earl Ligonier of Clonmell (1740?–1782) by James Falkner, https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/16651 end ref.

Alfieri first ref cite Rubenhold 9781446449691 p. 177.

Love letters (cite ref: 9780750964517 end ref)

fictionalised affair (ODNB ligonier end ref),

cite BL BLL01018910515 and Memoirs of the Life and Writings of Victor Alfieri; written by himself. Translated from the Italian. Count Vittorio Alfieri end ref)

(cite parliamentary private bill of divorce: https://archives.parliament.uk/collections/getrecord/GB61_HL_PO_PB_1_1772_12G3n71 end ref)

servant/groom p. 178.

NFC [rubenhold 176]

request rub 178

(link: https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/image/1578506001)

letter quoted in Rubenhold, and her lack of regret at her actions. Rubenhold 178.

Henrietta, Lady Grosvenor

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image here: https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw191712/Henrietta-Grosvenor-ne-Vernon-Countess-Grosvenor-Lady-Harriot-Grosvenor?LinkID=mp64526&role=sit&rNo=1]


Henrietta, Lady Grosvenor Henrietta Vernon 1745 1828 England|English | spouse =

​
​
(m. 1764)​

| parents =

}}

Henrietta, Lady Grosvenor
Henrietta Vernon, Lady Grosvenor
Born
Henrietta Vernon

c. 1745
Died1828
Spouse(s)
​
​
(m. 1764)​

George Porter
​
(m. 1802)​
Parent(s)James Vernon
Lady Henrietta Wentworth

Info box: (bap. 1745, d. 1828)

Henrietta Vernon was one of the four daughters of Lady Henrietta Wentworth and her husband James Vernon of Hilton Hall, former Member of Parliament for Lichfield and Newcastle under Lyme.[10]

On 19 July 1764 she married Baron Richard Grosvenor (1731–1802) at St George's Church, Hanover Square.[11] They had four sons.[10]

In 1769 she was discovered in flagrante delicto with the Duke of Cumberland, brother of King George III. Their affair became a national scandal when her husband sued the Duke on the grounds of 'criminal conversation' with his wife, and the lovers' correspondence was published in the press as part of the trial reports. The jury awarded the baronet damages of £10,000 pounds in recognition of the damage to his marital property.[5]

Lady Grosvenor prevented the Baron from securing a divorce on the grounds of her adultery by gathering evidence of his own extensive sexual misconduct, personally 'going into bawdy houses [...] to search and procure witnesses'.[5] The diarist and artist Joseph Farington dubbed Lord Grosvenor as 'one of the most profligate men of his age, in what relates to women'.[11] This wealth of evidence meant that the Baron could not be granted an annulment, and was obliged to support his wife for the rest of his life. The couple's legal separation in 1771 included yearly maintenance payments of £1200 to Lady Grosvenor.[5]

She lived in Paris and London in the subsequent years, with the emotional and financial support of several men, and the press continued to report on her lovers and her appearances at social occasions for decades. She was a member of the social club for the 'demi-reps' nicknamed the New Female Coterie by the English press, whose members comprised fellow elite women publicly shamed for infidelity such as Caroline Stanhope, Countess of Harrington and Seymour Dorothy Fleming. Janine Barchas suggests that the scandals attached to Henrietta Vernon may have inspired Jane Austen in writing her early epistolary novel Lady Susan, which centres on the charming and flirtatious Lady Susan Vernon.[12]

On 1 September 1802 Lady Grosvenor married George Porter, who later inherited the Hungarian title of Baron de Hochepied. She died in 1828.[10]

The New Female Coterie

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The New Female Coterie was an 18th century London social club.

It was probably founded around 1770, when Caroline Stanhope, Countess of Harrington was blackballed from joining The Female Coterie, an exclusive 18th century social club for aristocrats, though its name was probably derived from the press.[13][5]

The New Female Coterie became a social outlet for ‘demi-reps’[14], a word Henry Fielding coined in 1749 in his novel Tom Jones to refer to a woman ‘who intrigues with every Man she likes, under the Name and Appearance of Virtue’.[15] The members came to include high-status women who had been publicly shamed for promiscuity or adultery, such as Lady Henrietta Grosvenor, Seymour Dorothy Fleming, Penelope Ligonier, Lady Margaret Adams, Lady Derby, Lady Ann Cork, and the Honorable Catherine Newton.[5][16] Meetings took place at the exclusive brothel on King's Place run by Sarah Pendergast, a friend of the Stanhopes, and included supper and gambling as well as a forum for discussion, an outlet for disgraced women who would otherwise have been ostracised from their 'respectable' female family and friends.[5]

The journalist Thomas Robertson attended several of their meetings, and reported on them in the Rambler's Magazine. In one article his coverage revealed that the topics under discussion included the moral and philosophical implications of sexual relationships as well as their pleasures, ranging from inequality of men and women within marriage, to the ethical nuances of adultery.[17][5] In another the members were satirised under aliases for their lascivious discussions.[18] Categories:

Defunct clubs and societies of the United Kingdom

1770 establishments in England

Women of the Regency era

English courtesans

English socialites

Women's clubs Cut:

A satirical article in Town and Country Magazine purported to be written by a member under the pen name ‘Leonora’, which included stipulations that its female members should be ‘painted and enamelled according to the highest stile of the bon ton [sic], have had several extramarital relationships, and that married women should be allowed to open their husbands’ letters, while their own should ‘remain sacred and untouched’.

[ref: "By Laws of the Female Coterie," Town and Country Magazine Or Universal Repository of Knowledge, Instruction, and Entertainment , Vol II, 1770, p. 408.

[think original source must be untitled article, The Town and Country Magazine ii., 1770, p. 231]

Rubenhold, Hallie (7 July 2009). The Lady in Red: An Eighteenth-Century Tale of Sex, Scandal, and Divorce. Macmillan. ISBN 9780312359942. Retrieved 22 September 2020 – via Google Books. demimondaines [link to demimonde] who belonged to the category of women referred to as a ‘demirep’ (‘demi reputable’ or adventuress), or ‘demimondaine’ (a courtesan or sex worker to the wealthy or noble).

Recovering Women Project - LQD #ladiesofquality

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Code to make a table from:

Signatories
Name Title at the time of Signature Date of Signature Image
Charlotte Seymour Duchess of Somerset 9 March 1729
Ann Vaughan Duchess of Bolton 22 April 1729
Henrietta Needham Dowager Duchess of Bolton 25 April 1729
Sarah Lennox Duchess of Richmond 22 December 1729
Isabella Montagu Duchess of Manchester 6 January 1730
Ann Russell Duchess of Bedford 7 January 1730
Elizabeth Knight Baroness Onslow 6 April 1730
Anne Pierrepoint Dowager Baroness Torrington 14 April 1730
Frances Byron Baroness Byron 14 April 1730
Selina Shirley Countess of Huntingdon 21 April 1730
Juliana Hele Duchess of Leeds 24 April 1730
Frances Finch Countess of Winchilsea and Nottingham 25 April 1730
Frances Hales Countess of Lichfield 27 April 1730
Dorothy Boyle Countess of Burlington 19 May 1730

File:

Elizabeth Brudenell Countess of Cardigan 19 May 1730
Frances Thynne Countess of Hertford 26 May 1730
Mary Tufton Countess of Harold 6 November 1733
Anne Lennox Countess of Albermarle 6 November 1734
Anne Weldon Barnard Baroness Trevor 2 December 1734
Anne King Dowager Baroness Ockham 21 January 1735
Margaret Cavendish Harley Duchess of Portland 7 May 1735
  • Penelope Ligonier
  • New Female Coterie


New Female Coterie


  1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Seymour,_Duchess_of_Somerset [NB check her dates!!!]
  2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Lennox,_Duchess_of_Richmond
  3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Brudenell,_Countess_of_Cardigan_(1689-1745)
  4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_van_Keppel,_Countess_of_Albemarle [NB check her dates!!!]
  5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrietta_Paulet,_Duchess_of_Bolton
  6. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_Montagu,_Duchess_of_Manchester
  7. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Vaughan,_Duchess_of_Bolton
  8. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selina_Hastings,_Countess_of_Huntingdon
  9. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Boyle,_Countess_of_Burlington
  10. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Seymour,_Duchess_of_Somerset_(1699–1754)
  11. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Bentinck,_Duchess_of_Portland
  12. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Russell,_Duchess_of_Bedford

Henrietta, Lady Grosvenor

The New Female Coterie

Anne, Baroness Ockham

Name Dates Image References
Marcel Baschet 1862–1941
[19]
Jean-Joseph Benjamin-Constant 1845–1902
[20]

Pages Created:

[edit]

Drafts:

Pages Amended to include Foundling Museum:

[edit]
  1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Seymour,_Duchess_of_Somerset [NB check her dates!!!]
  2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Lennox,_Duchess_of_Richmond
  3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Brudenell,_Countess_of_Cardigan_(1689-1745)
  4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_van_Keppel,_Countess_of_Albemarle [NB check her dates!!!]
  5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrietta_Paulet,_Duchess_of_Bolton
  6. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_Montagu,_Duchess_of_Manchester
  7. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Vaughan,_Duchess_of_Bolton
  8. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selina_Hastings,_Countess_of_Huntingdon
  9. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Boyle,_Countess_of_Burlington
  10. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Seymour,_Duchess_of_Somerset_(1699–1754)
  11. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Bentinck,_Duchess_of_Portland

Pages Still to Amend:

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Categories for Ladies of Quality:

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Begun:

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Anne, Baroness Ockham

Anne, Baroness Trevor

Mary, Countess of Harold

Yvonne Canu

Robert Sang Mackecnhie

Margaret Helen Barnard

Gerda Roosval-Kallstenius

Mary Helen Carlisle

Elyse Ashe Lord

Mona Hopton Bell

Emma Boorman

Constance Anne Herschel

Mina Carlson

Joséphine Benoîte Coffin-Chevallier, also Joséphine Bowes

Muriel Buxton-Thomas

To-Work-on-List:

Jules Pellechet - french architect, worked for John and Josephine Bowes

Elizabeth, Baroness Onslow

Frances, Countess of Winchilsea and Nottingham

  • Minna von Budinszky (1850-1913) - daughter of Hungarian landscape painter Josef Budinszky [also needs entry], studied in Vienna with Friedrich Sturm and Karl Haunhold, and in Dusseldorf at Karl Jugheim. She preferred to paint humorous and popular scenes of children.
  • zhou sicong:

Zhou Sicong (周思聪)

Zhou Sicong (1939-1996) was from Ninghe, Hebei Province. Ms. Zhou graduated in 1963 from the Chinese Painting Department of the Central Art Academy. She worked in the Beijing Painting Institute.

Ms. Zhou was known for her figurative paintings, but also worked in watercolours and oil paintings.

Sources:

[edit]

Michael Sullivan, Modern Chinese Artists - A Biographical Dictionary (Berkeley, etc: University of California Press, 2006)

Zhongguo meishuguan (ed.), 中国美术年鉴 1949-1989 (Guilin: Guangxi meishu chubanshe, 1993)


Not sure about any more:

[edit]
  • Maria Szantho (1897 - 1998) was a Hungarian painter. She was born in the city of Szeged in Hungary. (
  • From: https://budapestauction.com/szantho-maria/painter
  • From Papillon gallery: Maria Szantho was born on July 31, 1897 in the full name with Hungarian spelling: “bácsai Szánthó Mária”. [Note: The forename “bácsai” indicates aristocratic title, and should be written with lower case ‘b’.)] She was married three times, and she is sometimes mentioned in sources as Klauschek Ferencné, the married form of her name taken from her marriage to Dr. Ferenc Klauschek [note: “né” is the equivalent of Mrs. in Hungarian]. However, she signed all her paintings with her maiden name. Szantho initially trained in music; she was a talented piano player and she earned a diploma from the Hungarian Music Academy. After completing her musical education she turned to painting, and she travelled to France and Italy as part of her art training.
  • . She went on several study tours to France and Italy; her rich and detailed naturalist paintings were inspired by the hedonism of Károly Lotz and the joie de vivre of Gyula Benczúr. She studied with and from famous Hungarian painters such as Géza Kukán, Bertalan Karlovszky, Pál Fried and Mátyás Vitéz. Maria Szantho exhibited from the mid 1920’s at major art galleries such as the Mucsarnok in Budapest. She had an exhibition in Budapest in 1936. She specialized in portraying women posing nude against a landscape, also still lives and portraits. Her models are hedonistically portrayed, she used elements of impressionism and romance. Since her first love was music, her portraits and nudes often permeated with musical themes and idyllic environments enhanced with rich draperies and musical color accords. Banjo, violin or tambourine were some of the musical instruments she depicted. In 1939 she represented Hungary at the New York World’s Fair with three paintings. These works were never returned due to the outbreak of World War Two. In the early 1950s the Embassy of the Soviet Union contacted her and asked her to paint a huge portrait of Stalin. She objected saying that materials are scarce, she did not have access to a large canvas. The Soviets arranged to ship her a huge canvas from Moscow. Stalin passed away unexpectedly in 1953, so she did not have to paint the portrait. They never asked her to give back the canvas which she put to better use. Since the communist regime in 1950s Hungary restricted the private sale of art to Western countries, she used the government-owned trading firm Artex On 23 October 1997, at the age of 100, she received one of the highest official Hungarian recognitions, the Officer’s Grand Cross of the Hungarian Republic, from the President of the Republic of Hungary, Árpád Göncz. She died in March 1998 in Nagymágocs, Hungary at the Castle Karolyi (Károlyi Kastély).
  • NB her entry in the Bénézit Dictionary of Artists lists incorrect birth and death dates.
  1. ^ "Pitt, George, first Baron Rivers (1721–1803)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  2. ^ a b "Penelope (Pitt), Viscountess Ligonier". Huntingdon Library, Art Museum, and Botanical Gardens. Retrieved 19 January 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  3. ^ Letter from Walpole to Mann 22 December 1772 (1843). Letters of Horace Walpole to Horace Mann 1760 - 1785. Vol. 2. London: Richard Bentley. p. 226.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ a b Faulkner, James. "Ligonier, Edward, Earl Ligonier of Clonmell (1740?–1782)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Rubenhold, Hallie. (2008). Lady Worsley's whim : an eighteenth-century tale of sex, scandal and divorce. London: Chatto & Windus. pp. 180, 176, 177, 178. ISBN 978-0-7011-7980-9. OCLC 241029175.
  6. ^ Law, Susan C. (Susan Carolyn). Through the keyhole : sex, scandal and the secret life of the country house. Stroud, Gloucestershire. ISBN 978-0-7509-5669-7. OCLC 893897149.
  7. ^ Alfieri, Count Vittorio (1810). Memoirs of the Life and Writings of Victor Alfieri; written by himself. Translated from the Italian. London: Henry Colburn.
  8. ^ "Private Act, 12 George III, c. 43. An Act to dissolve the Marriage of the Right Honourable Edward Viscount Ligonier with Penelope Pitt; and to enable him to marry again; and for other Purposes therein mentioned". UK Parliament Parliamentary Archives. Retrieved 19 January 2021. {{cite web}}: line feed character in |title= at position 36 (help)CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  9. ^ "1578506001 | British Museum". The British Museum. Retrieved 2021-01-19. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= requires |archive-url= (help); Check date values in: |archive-date= (help)CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  10. ^ a b c "Grosvenor, Richard, first Earl Grosvenor (1731–1802), politician and landowner". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/11669. Retrieved 2021-01-15.
  11. ^ a b Curzon, Catherine,. The scandal of George III's court. Barnsley, South Yorkshire. p. 40. ISBN 978-1-4738-7254-7. OCLC 1100940380.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ Barchas, Janine. (2012). Matters of fact in Jane Austen : history, location, and celebrity. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 49–52. ISBN 1-4214-0731-0. OCLC 857084436.
  13. ^ Russell, Gillian. (2007). Women, sociability and theatre in Georgian London. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 69. ISBN 0-521-86732-0. OCLC 76935907.
  14. ^ ""demi-rep, n."". Oxford English Dictionary Online.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  15. ^ Fielding, Henry, 1707-1754. (1952). The history of Tom Jones, a foundling. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica. p. 721. ISBN 0-14-043009-1. OCLC 916883.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  16. ^ Rendell, Mike. (2016). In Bed with the Georgians : Sex, Scandal and Satire in the 18th Century. Havertown: Pen and Sword. ISBN 978-1-4738-8438-0. OCLC 972292379.
  17. ^ Anon. "The Court of Scandal or the New Female Coterie". Rambler's Magazine. June 1873: 270–1.
  18. ^ Robertson, Thomas (July 1783). "Cytherian Discussions". Rambler's Magazine: 248–250.
  19. ^ Benezit
  20. ^ Oxford index
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