Signature (topology)

In the field of topology, the signature is an integer invariant which is defined for an oriented manifold M of dimension divisible by four.

This invariant of a manifold has been studied in detail, starting with Rokhlin's theorem for 4-manifolds, and Hirzebruch signature theorem.

Definition

Given a connected and oriented manifold M of dimension 4k, the cup product gives rise to a quadratic form Q on the 'middle' real cohomology group

$H^{2k}(M,\mathbf {R} )$.

The basic identity for the cup product

$\alpha ^{p}\smile \beta ^{q}=(-1)^{pq}(\beta ^{q}\smile \alpha ^{p})$

shows that with p = q = 2k the product is symmetric. It takes values in

$H^{4k}(M,\mathbf {R} )$.

If we assume also that M is compact, Poincaré duality identifies this with

$H^{0}(M,\mathbf {R} )$

which can be identified with $\mathbf {R}$. Therefore the cup product, under these hypotheses, does give rise to a symmetric bilinear form on H^2k(M,R); and therefore to a quadratic form Q. The form Q is non-degenerate due to Poincaré duality, as it pairs non-degenerately with itself. More generally, the signature can be defined in this way for any general compact polyhedron with 4n-dimensional Poincaré duality.

The signature $\sigma (M)$ of M is by definition the signature of Q, that is, $\sigma (M)=n_{ }-n_{-}$ where any diagonal matrix defining Q has $n_{ }$ positive entries and $n_{-}$ negative entries. If M is not connected, its signature is defined to be the sum of the signatures of its connected components.

Other dimensions

Further information: L-theory

If M has dimension not divisible by 4, its signature is usually defined to be 0. There are alternative generalization in L-theory: the signature can be interpreted as the 4k-dimensional (simply connected) symmetric L-group $L^{4k},$ or as the 4k-dimensional quadratic L-group $L_{4k},$ and these invariants do not always vanish for other dimensions. The Kervaire invariant is a mod 2 (i.e., an element of $\mathbf {Z} /2$) for framed manifolds of dimension 4k 2 (the quadratic L-group $L_{4k 2}$), while the de Rham invariant is a mod 2 invariant of manifolds of dimension 4k 1 (the symmetric L-group $L^{4k 1}$); the other dimensional L-groups vanish.

Kervaire invariant

Main article: Kervaire invariant

When $d=4k 2=2(2k 1)$ is twice an odd integer (singly even), the same construction gives rise to an antisymmetric bilinear form. Such forms do not have a signature invariant; if they are non-degenerate, any two such forms are equivalent. However, if one takes a quadratic refinement of the form, which occurs if one has a framed manifold, then the resulting ε-quadratic forms need not be equivalent, being distinguished by the Arf invariant. The resulting invariant of a manifold is called the Kervaire invariant.

Properties

• Compact oriented manifolds M and N satisfy $\sigma (M\sqcup N)=\sigma (M) \sigma (N)$ by definition, and satisfy $\sigma (M\times N)=\sigma (M)\sigma (N)$ by a Künneth formula.

• If M is an oriented boundary, then $\sigma (M)=0$.

• René Thom (1954) showed that the signature of a manifold is a cobordism invariant, and in particular is given by some linear combination of its Pontryagin numbers. For example, in four dimensions, it is given by ${\frac {p_{1}}{3}}$. Friedrich Hirzebruch (1954) found an explicit expression for this linear combination as the L genus of the manifold.

• William Browder (1962) proved that a simply connected compact polyhedron with 4n-dimensional Poincaré duality is homotopy equivalent to a manifold if and only if its signature satisfies the expression of the Hirzebruch signature theorem.

• Rokhlin's theorem says that the signature of a 4-dimensional simply connected manifold with a spin structure is divisible by 16.

See also

• Hirzebruch signature theorem
• Genus of a multiplicative sequence
• Rokhlin's theorem