Predominant chord

In music theory, a predominant chord (also pre-dominant^[3]) is any chord which normally resolves to a dominant chord.^[3] Examples of predominant chords are the subdominant (IV, iv), supertonic (ii, ii°), Neapolitan sixth and German sixth.^[3] Other examples are the secondary dominant (V/V) and secondary leading tone chord.^{[citation needed]} Predominant chords may lead to secondary dominants.^[4] Predominant chords both expand away from the tonic and lead to the dominant, affirming the dominant's pull to the tonic.^[5] Thus they lack the stability of the tonic and the drive towards resolution of the dominant.^[5] The predominant harmonic function is part of the fundamental harmonic progression of many classical works.^[6] The submediant (vi) may be considered a predominant chord or a tonic substitute.^[7]

The dominant preparation is a chord or series of chords that precedes the dominant chord in a musical composition. Usually, the dominant preparation is derived from a circle of fifths progression. The most common dominant preparation chords are the supertonic, the subdominant, the V7/V, the Neapolitan chord (N⁶ or ♭II⁶), and the augmented sixth chords (e.g., Fr⁶).

In sonata form, the dominant preparation is in the development, immediately preceding the recapitulation. Ludwig van Beethoven's sonata-form works generally have extensive dominant preparation — for example, in the first movement of the Sonata Pathétique, the dominant preparation lasts for 29 measures (mm. 169–197)^{[citation needed]}.

List

First inversion augmented mediant
♭III 6
3[2] Play
Augmented dominant
- V ^[2]
Augmented sixths
Fr4
3[citation needed] Play

Ger6
5[3] Play
Second inversion tonic
I6
4[2] Play

i6
4[2] Play

Subdominant
IV[3] Play

iv[citation needed]
Submediant
- vi,^[8] stepwise to dominant^[9]
Supertonic and secondary dominant
ii[3][10] Play

II (V/V)[11] Play

iio[citation needed]

viio7/V[7]

♭II6[3] Play

Gallery

ii-V-I turnaround in C (Play^ⓘ): the supertonic (Dm) leads to the dominant (G⁷), which leads to the tonic (C).	The French sixth chord; distinguishing tone highlighted in blue. Play^ⓘ	The German sixth; the distinguishing tone is highlighted in blue. Play^ⓘ	♭II⁶–V⁶ ₄–I Play midi^ⓘ or Play ogg^ⓘ (Play ogg^ⓘ of IV–V–I progression as usual, without Neapolitan sixth chord in place of IV).
Three examples

Sources

^ Adapted from Piston W (1962) Harmony, 3rd ed., NY, Norton, p. 96.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Berry, Wallace (1987). Structural Functions in Music, p.54. ISBN 0-486-25384-8.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Benward & Saker (2009). Music in Theory and Practice: Volume II, Glossary, p.359. Eighth Edition. ISBN 978-0-07-310188-0. "Any chord in functional harmony that normally resolves to the dominant chord."
^ Benjamin, Thomas; Horvit, Michael; Koozin, Timothy; and Nelson, Robert (2014). Techniques and Materials of Music, p.149, 176. Cengage Learning. ISBN 9781285965802.
^ ^a ^b Cleland, Kent D. and Dobrea-Grindahl, Mary (2013). Developing Musicianship Through Aural Skills: A Holistic Approach to Sight Singing and Ear Training, p.255. Routledge. ISBN 9781135173067.
^ Bartlette, Christopher, and Steven G. Laitz (2010). Graduate Review of Tonal Theory, pp.73–6. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-537698-2
^ ^a ^b Caplin, William E. (2013). Analyzing Classical Form: An Approach for the Classroom, p.10. Oxford. ISBN 9780199987306.
^ Benjamin, Horvit, Koozin, and Nelson (2014), p.253.
^ Forte, Allen (1979). Tonal Harmony in Concept and Practice, p.95. 3rd edition. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. ISBN 0030207568. "Similarly, VI often serves as a stepwise dominant preparation."
^ Benjamin, Horvit, and Nelson (2007), p.239. "A progression analogous to IV-V."
^ Caplin, William E. (1998). Classical Form: A Theory of Formal Functions for the Instrumental Music of Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven, p.23. Oxford. ISBN 9780199881758.

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[1] Adapted from Piston W (1962) Harmony, 3rd ed., NY, Norton, p. 96.

[Berry-2] Berry, Wallace (1987). Structural Functions in Music, p.54. ISBN 0-486-25384-8.

[B&S-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Benward & Saker (2009). Music in Theory and Practice: Volume II, Glossary, p.359. Eighth Edition. ISBN 978-0-07-310188-0. "Any chord in functional harmony that normally resolves to the dominant chord."

[4] Benjamin, Thomas; Horvit, Michael; Koozin, Timothy; and Nelson, Robert (2014). Techniques and Materials of Music, p.149, 176. Cengage Learning. ISBN 9781285965802.

[Aural-5] Cleland, Kent D. and Dobrea-Grindahl, Mary (2013). Developing Musicianship Through Aural Skills: A Holistic Approach to Sight Singing and Ear Training, p.255. Routledge. ISBN 9781135173067.

[6] Bartlette, Christopher, and Steven G. Laitz (2010). Graduate Review of Tonal Theory, pp.73–6. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-537698-2

[Analyzing-7] Caplin, William E. (2013). Analyzing Classical Form: An Approach for the Classroom, p.10. Oxford. ISBN 9780199987306.

[8] Benjamin, Horvit, Koozin, and Nelson (2014), p.253.

[9] Forte, Allen (1979). Tonal Harmony in Concept and Practice, p.95. 3rd edition. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. ISBN 0030207568. "Similarly, VI often serves as a stepwise dominant preparation."

[10] Benjamin, Horvit, and Nelson (2007), p.239. "A progression analogous to IV-V."

[11] Caplin, William E. (1998). Classical Form: A Theory of Formal Functions for the Instrumental Music of Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven, p.23. Oxford. ISBN 9780199881758.

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