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Pediculosis

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Pediculosis
Optical microscopy image of a female head louse.
Pediculus humanus capitis (♀)
SpecialtyInfectious disease

Pediculosis is an infestation of lice from the sub-order Anoplura, family Pediculidae. Accordingly, the infestation with head lice is named pediculosis capitis, while this with body lice, pediculosis corporis.[1][2] Although pediculosis in humans may properly refer to lice infestation of any part of the body, the term is sometimes used loosely to refer to pediculosis capitis, the infestation of the human head with the specific head louse.

Classification

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Pediculosis may be divided into the following types:[3]: 446–8 [4]

Head lice

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Main article: Pediculosis capitis

Presentation

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Head louse crawling on a hairbrush
Phthiriasis in the head of a 6-year-old boy caused by phthiriasis pubis as confirmed by optical (c) and electron microscopy (d).[5]

Head-lice infestation is most frequent on children aged 3–10 and their families. The CDC estimates that 6 to 12 million children aged 3 to 11 get lice every year.[6] Females aged 3–12 years are most commonly infested.[7] Those of African descent rarely experience infestation due to differences in hair texture.[7]

Head lice are spread through direct head-to-head contact with an infested person. From each egg or "nit" may hatch one nymph that will grow and develop to the adult louse. Lice feed on blood once or more often each day by piercing the skin with their tiny needle-like mouthparts. While feeding they excrete saliva, which irritates the skin and causes itching.[8] Lice cannot burrow into the skin.[citation needed]

Diagnosis

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To diagnose infestation, the entire scalp should be combed thoroughly with a louse comb and the teeth of the comb should be examined for the presence of living lice after each time the comb passes through the hair. The use of a louse comb is the most effective way to detect living lice.[9]

The most characteristic symptom of infestation is pruritus (itching) on the head that normally intensifies 3 to 4 weeks after the initial infestation. The bite reaction is very mild and it can be rarely seen between the hairs. Excessive scratching of the infested areas can cause sores, which may become infected.[citation needed]

Treatment

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The number of diagnosed cases of human louse infestations (or pediculosis) has increased worldwide since the mid-1960s, reaching hundreds of millions annually.[10] There is no product or method that assures 100% destruction of the eggs and hatched lice after a single treatment. However, there are a number of treatment methods that can be employed with varying degrees of success. These methods include chemical treatments, natural products, combs, shaving, hot air, silicone-based lotions, and ethanol (ethyl alcohol).[11]

Pediculosis is commonly treated with permethrin lotion.[12][13] FDA-approved products include permethrin for children 2 months and older, ivermectin (Sklice) for age 6 months and older, and pyrethrins for age two and older. These products should be applied twice, a week or so apart. Occlusive agents like petrolatum (Vaseline) can kill lice but are not well-studied. Combing with a fine-tooth metal comb is the only way to remove eggs, repeating every two to three days for 2 weeks.[14]

Epidemiology

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About 14 million people, mainly children, are treated annually for head lice in the United States alone. Only a small proportion of those treated, however, may have objective evidence of an extant infestation.[15] High levels of louse infestations have also been reported from all over the world including Denmark, Sweden, U.K., France and Australia.[16][17] Normally head lice infest a new host only by close contact between individuals, making social contacts among children and parent child interactions more likely routes of infestation than shared combs, brushes, towels, clothing, beds or closets. Head-to-head contact is by far the most common route of lice transmission.[citation needed]

The United Kingdom's National Health Service, and many American health agencies,[18][19] report that lice "prefer" clean hair, because it's easier to attach eggs and to cling to the strands.[citation needed]

Head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) are not known to be vectors of diseases, unlike body lice (Pediculus humanus humanus), which are known vectors of epidemic or louse-borne typhus (Rickettsia prowazekii), trench fever (Rochalimaea quintana) and louse-borne relapsing fever (Borrelia recurrentis).[citation needed]

Body lice

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Main article: Pediculosis corporis

This condition is caused by body louse (Pediculus humanus humanus, sometimes called Pediculus humanus corporis),[20] a louse that infests humans and is adapted to lay eggs in clothing, rather than at the base of hairs, and is thus of recent evolutionary origin.

Pubic lice

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Main article: Pediculosis pubis

Other animals

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Pediculosis is more common in cattle than any other type of domesticated animal.[21] This is a significant problem, as it can cause weight loss of 55 to 75 pounds per animal.[21] Some species of lice infesting cattle include the cattle biting louse (Bovicola bovis), the shortnosed cattle louse (Haematopinus eurysternus), the longnosed cattle louse (Linognathus vituli), and the little blue cattle louse (Solenopotes capillatus).[22]

History

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In the 15th century, topical mercury treatment was used to treat pediculosis.[23]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Head Louse Infestations by Prof. Kosta Y. Mumcuoglu, PhD". Head Louse Infestations by PROF. KOSTA Y. MUMCUOGLU, PhD. Retrieved 2022-02-16.
  2. ^ Maunder JW (1983). "The appreciation of lice". Proceedings of the Royal Institution of Great Britain. 55. London: Royal Institution of Great Britain: 1–31.
  3. ^ James WD, Berger TG, et al. (2006). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology. Saunders Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-7216-2921-6.
  4. ^ Mumcuoglu KY, Pollack RJ, Reed DL, Barker SC, Gordon S, Toloza AC, et al. (March 2021). "International recommendations for an effective control of head louse infestations". International Journal of Dermatology. 60 (3): 272–280. doi:10.1111/ijd.15096. PMC 7984059. PMID 32767380.
  5. ^ Yuping R (2016). "Observation of Fungi, Bacteria, and Parasites in Clinical Skin Samples Using Scanning Electron Microscopy". In Janecek, Milos, Kral, Robert (eds.). Modern Electron Microscopy in Physical and Life Sciences. InTech. doi:10.5772/61850. ISBN 978-953-51-2252-4. S2CID 53472683.
  6. ^ Passarella, Elizabeth (2024-02-27). "What to Do When Your Child Has Head Lice". The New York Times. Retrieved 2024-11-19.
  7. ^ a b Ko C, Elson DM (2016). "Chapter 30. Pediculosis". In Tyring SK, Lupi O, Hengge UR (eds.). Tropical Dermatology (2nd ed.). Elsevier Inc. p. 387. ISBN 978-0-323-296342.
  8. ^ Leung AK, Robson LM (May 1, 2008). "Pruritus in Children: What's Itching?". Consultant for Pediatricians.
  9. ^ Mumcuoglu KY, Friger M, Ioffe-Uspensky I, Ben-Ishai F, Miller J (2001). "Louse comb versus direct visual examination for the diagnosis of head louse infestations". Pediatric Dermatology. 18 (1): 9–12. doi:10.1046/j.1525-1470.2001.018001009.x. PMID 11207962. S2CID 27464495.
  10. ^ Gratz N (1998). "Human lice, their prevalence and resistance to insecticides" (PDF). Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO).
  11. ^ Ethanol (ethyl alcohol, common alcohol) is toxic to arthropods including lice. It can be mixed with the everyday hair conditioner for a treatment.
    Marriott JF (2010). Pharmaceutical Compounding and Dispensing. Pharmaceutical Press. p. 77. ISBN 9780853699125. ALCOHOL. After water, this is probably the next most important solvent used pharmaceutically. Although ethanol (ethyl alcohol) is rarely used as a lone solvent for preparations for internal use, it is used in the manufacture of some of the galenicals used in pharmacy (e.g. tinctures, see Chapter 2). In extemporaneous dispensing it is normally used for the production of lotions for external application to unbroken skin. It is particularly useful if rapid evaporation is required (e.g. for insecticidal lotions applied to hair for the treatment of lice).
    Ethanol as an arthropod killing solution. Szinwelski N, Fialho VS, Yotoko KS, Seleme LR, Sperber CF (2012). "Ethanol fuel improves arthropod capture in pitfall traps and preserves DNA". ZooKeys (196): 11–22. doi:10.3897/zookeys.196.3130. PMC 3361084. PMID 22679388. It has been shown that at concentrations higher than 95%, commercial alcohol preserves DNA (Nagy 2010), but the use of highly concentrated commercial alcohol as a killing solution may be prohibitively expensive when needed in large quantities, such as in large-scale biodiversity sampling. In Brazil, for example, it is illegal to carry large amounts of commercial alcohol on long journeys, which could hinder its use in extensive field expeditions. Here we propose the use of ethanol fuel as a cheaper and logistically feasible alternative
  12. ^ Gunning K, Pippitt K, Kiraly B, Sayler M (September 2012). "Pediculosis and scabies: treatment update" (PDF). American Family Physician. 86 (6): 535–541. PMID 23062045.
  13. ^ Verma P, Namdeo C (2015). "Treatment of Pediculosis Capitis". Indian Journal of Dermatology. 60 (3): 238–247. doi:10.4103/0019-5154.156339. PMC 4458933. PMID 26120148.
  14. ^ Passarella, Elizabeth (2024-02-27). "What to Do When Your Child Has Head Lice". The New York Times. Retrieved 2024-11-19.
  15. ^ Pollack RJ, Kiszewski AE, Spielman A (August 2000). "Overdiagnosis and consequent mismanagement of head louse infestations in North America". The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 19 (8): 689–93, discussion 694. doi:10.1097/00006454-200008000-00003. PMID 10959734. S2CID 2557006.
  16. ^ Burgess IF (January 2004). "Human lice and their control". Annual Review of Entomology. 49. Annual Reviews: 457–481. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.49.061802.123253. PMID 14651472. S2CID 21144817.
  17. ^ Mumcuoglu KY, Barker SC, Burgess IE, Combescot-Lang C, Dalgleish RC, Larsen KS, et al. (April 2007). "International guidelines for effective control of head louse infestations". Journal of Drugs in Dermatology. 6 (4): 409–414. PMID 17668538.
  18. ^ "Lice (Pediculosis) - What are lice?". Archived from the original on 2007-07-08. Retrieved 2007-07-08.
  19. ^ Head lice and nits - NHS Choices. Nhs.uk (2016-05-17). Retrieved on 2016-10-14.
  20. ^ Buxton PA (1947). "The Anatomy of Pediculus humanus". The Louse; an account of the lice which [sic] infest man, their medical importance and control (2nd ed.). London: Edward Arnold. pp. 5–23.
  21. ^ a b Hussain MA, Khan MN, Iqbal Z, Sajid MS, Arshad M (2006). "Bovine pediculosis: prevalence and chemotherapeutic control in Pakistan". Livestock Research for Rural Development. 18 (145). Archived from the original on December 3, 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-08.
  22. ^ "Lice (Pediculosis)". The Merck Veterinary Manual. Raleigh, NJ USA: Merck & Co. 2024. Retrieved 2024-04-23.
  23. ^ Fornaciari G, Giuffra V, Marinozzi S, Picchi MS, Masetti M (July 2009). "'Royal' pediculosis in Renaissance Italy: lice in the mummy of the King of Naples Ferdinand II of Aragon (1467-1496)". Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 104 (4): 671–672. doi:10.1590/s0074-02762009500400026. hdl:1807/57886. PMID 19722098.
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