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Parthenium hysterophorus

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Parthenium hysterophorus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Genus: Parthenium
Species:
P. hysterophorus
Binomial name
Parthenium hysterophorus

Parthenium hysterophorus is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is native to the American tropics.[1] Common names include Santa-Maria,[2] Santa Maria feverfew,[3] whitetop weed,[4] and famine weed.[5] In India, it is locally known as carrot grass, congress grass[6] or gajar ghas or dhanura.[7] It is a common invasive species[8] in India,[9] Australia, and parts of Africa.[5]

Pollen grains of Parthenium hysterophorus

Invasive species

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Parthenium hysterophorus invades disturbed land, including roadsides. It infests pastures and farmland, causing often disastrous loss of yield, as reflected in common names such as famine weed.[10][11][12][13][14] In some areas, heavy outbreaks have been ubiquitous, affecting livestock and crop production, and human health.[15][16]

The plant produces allelopathic chemicals that suppress crop and pasture plants, and allergens that affect humans and livestock. It also frequently causes pollen allergies.[17] A study published in 2021 further showed that the plant could promote malaria by supplying much appreciated food and shelter to mosquitoes in Eastern Africa.[18]

It is being investigated as a means of removing heavy metals and dyes from the environment, control of aquatic weeds, commercial enzyme production, an additive in manure for biogas production, as a biopesticide, and as green manure and compost.[19]

The species has been listed as an invasive alien species of Union Concern. This means it is illegal to import or sell this species in the whole of the European Union.[20]

Toxicity

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Parthenin is a major toxic chemical in Parthenium hysterophorus

Contact with the plant causes dermatitis and respiratory malfunction in humans, and dermatitis in cattle and domestic animals. The main substance responsible is parthenin, which is dangerously toxic.[21][22][23] It also is responsible for bitter milk disease in livestock when their fodder is contaminated with Parthenium leaves.[24] Side effects after ingestion of any part of plants that encumber the trichomes and pollen are eczema skin inflammation, hay fever, asthma, burning and blisters, breathlessness and choking, allergic rhinitis, black spots, diarrhoea, severe erythematous eruptions [25]

Among other allelopathic effects of the species, the presence of Parthenium pollen grains inhibits fruit set in tomato, brinjal, beans, and a number of other crop plants.

Control

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Parthenium in Achanakmar Tiger Reserve
Parthenium hysterophorus on open land in Hawaii

Light infestations of Parthenium hysterophorus in cultivated fields may be hoed or weeded by hand if labour is available at acceptable cost.

Generally the application of herbicides is expensive and often harmful; Paraquat sprays may be applied while the weeds are young. Glyphosate is not effective against this species.

The most satisfactory and promising means of practical long-term control are biological. Several species that feed on the weed are variously in use or on trial in various countries. The best-established control organism so far is a beetle native to Mexico, Calligrapha bicolorata (Mexican beetle), which was first introduced to India in 1984. It since has become widespread and well-established on the subcontinent. It defoliates and often kills the weed, and its damage to the young flowering tops reduces seed production.[citation needed]

In various countries, such as Australia and South Africa, several other biocontrol agents have been released or are under evaluation. These include at least two more species of beetles that have been released in South Africa, a stem boring weevil Listronotus setosipennis, and a seed weevil Smicronyx lutulentus.[26]

Also in South Africa, rust fungi have been of some use: the winter rust Puccinia abrupta var. partheniicola plus the summer rust Puccinia xanthii[26]

In Australia, apart from the foregoing, yet other biocontrol agents have been employed or evaluated on Parthenium hysterophorus, to a total of 11 species since 1980. Of those eleven, nine appear to have established in various regions. The two with the greatest effect seem to be the Parthenium beetle Calligrapha bicolorata and a stem-galling moth Epiblema strenuana. However, other species that appear to have established usefully include a leaf-mining moth, Bucculatrix parthenica; a stem-galling weevil, Conotrachelus albocinereus; and a root-boring moth Carmenta ithacae.[27]

References

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  1. ^ a b "Parthenium hysterophorus". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 29 October 2010.
  2. ^ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
  3. ^ NRCS. "Parthenium hysterophorus". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 30 January 2016.
  4. ^ "Parthenium hysterophorus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 29 October 2010.
  5. ^ a b McConnachie AJ, Strathie LW, et al. Current and potential geographical distribution of the invasive plant Parthenium hysterophorus (Asteraceae) in eastern and southern Africa. Weed Research. 2011 51(1) From http://www.farmersweekly.co.za Archived 2015-11-01 at the Wayback Machine 27 December 2013
  6. ^ https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/health/parthenium-bad-for-soil-and-health-9320794/
  7. ^ Oudhia, P., Tripathi, R. S., Choubey, N. K., & Lal, B. (2000). Parthenium hysterophorus: a curse for the bio-diversity of Chhattisgarh plains of MP. Crop Research (Hisar), 19(2), 221-224.
  8. ^ "Parthenium hysterophorus (herb)". Global Invasive Species Database. Invasive Species Specialist Group. Archived from the original on 27 September 2012. Retrieved 29 October 2010.
  9. ^ Oudhia, P. (2000). Parthenium hysterophorus: a new weed in upland rice fields of the Chhattisgarh Plains (India).International Rice Research Notes (IRRN).25.1:34.
  10. ^ Oudhia, P (2000). "Allelopathic effects of Parthenium hysterophorus and Ageratum conyzoides on wheat var.Sujata". Crop Research. 20 (3): 563–566.
  11. ^ Oudhia, P (2000). "Positive (inhibitory) allelopathic effects of Parthenium hysterophorus leaves on germination and seedling vigour of sunflower". Crop Research. 20 (3): 560–562.
  12. ^ Oudhia, P (2001). "Allelopathic effects of leachates and extracts of different parts of an obnoxious weed Parthenium hysterophorus L. on germination and seedling vigour of selected crops". Ecology, Environment and Conservation. 7 (4): 427–434.
  13. ^ Oudhia, P. and Tripathi, R.S. (1998). Allelopathic effects of Parthenium hysterophorus L. on Kodo, Mustard and problematic weeds. Proc. First International Conference on Parthenium Management (Vol. II) UAS, Dharwad 6-8 Oct. 1997: 136-139.
  14. ^ Oudhia, P.; Kolhe, S.S.; Tripathi, R.S. (1997). "Allelopathic effect of Parthenium hysterophorus L. on germination of Linseed". Indian J. Plant Physiol. 2 (4): 327–329.
  15. ^ Gebeyehu, Adane Kebede (2008). The distributions of parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus L. Asteraceae) and some of its socio-economic and ecological impacts in the Central Rift Valley, Adami Tulu-Jido Kombolcha Woreda; Ethiopia (PDF) (M.Sc. thesis). Addis Ababa University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-10-07. Retrieved 2009-03-13.
  16. ^ "Deadly weed invaded Uganda". 2009-03-13. Archived from the original on 2009-03-16. Retrieved 2009-03-13.
  17. ^ Kher, Prateek (2008-09-25). "Transforming an obnoxious weed into gold!". Merinews. Archived from the original on 2012-10-04. Retrieved 2010-10-29.
  18. ^ "Invasive weed could fuel malaria transmission". phys.org. Archived from the original on 2021-09-02. Retrieved 2021-09-02.
  19. ^ Patel, S (2011). "Harmful and beneficial aspects of Parthenium hysterophorus: an update". 3 Biotech. 1 (1): 1–9. doi:10.1007/s13205-011-0007-7. PMC 3339593. PMID 22558530.
  20. ^ "European Regulation on IAS". June 2021. Archived from the original on 2021-06-06. Retrieved 2021-06-11.
  21. ^ CID 442288 from PubChem
  22. ^ Parthenium
  23. ^ "Integrated weed management for parthenium". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 2003-12-04. Archived from the original on 2003-12-06.
  24. ^ "Campaign launched for biological control of a dangerous weed". The Hindu. September 4, 2005. Archived from the original on December 9, 2006.
  25. ^ Abid Aqsa, Mushtaq Ahmad, Muhammad Zafar, Sadia Zafar, Mohamed Fawzy Ramadan, Ashwaq T. Althobaiti, Shazia Sultana, Omer Kilic, Trobjon Makhkamov, Akramjon Yuldashev, Oybek Mamarakhimov, Khislat Khaydarov, Afat O. Mammadova, Komiljon Komilov, and Salman Majeed (December 2023). "Foliar epidermal and trichome micromorphological diversity among poisonous plants and their taxonomic significance". Folia Horticulturae. 35 (2): 243–274. doi:10.2478/fhort-2023-0019. ISSN 2083-5965.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  26. ^ a b ARC-PPRI Fact Sheets on Invasive Alien Plants and their Control in South Africa|[1] Archived 2018-02-05 at the Wayback Machine
  27. ^ CRC for Australian Weed Management: Best Practice Guide. Impact evaluation of weed biological control agents 2008|[2] Archived 2018-03-28 at the Wayback Machine
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