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Mauser Model 1871

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Mauser Model 1871 / Gewehr 71
Mauser Model 1871
TypeBolt action rifle
Place of originGerman Empire
Service history
In service1872 – Present
Used byGermany
See Operators
WarsArgentine Civil Wars
First Boer War
Serbo-Bulgarian War
Second Franco-Dahomean War
First Sino-Japanese War
First Italo-Ethiopian War
Greco-Turkish War (1897)
Uruguayan Revolution of 1897
Second Boer War
Boxer Rebellion
Balkan Wars
World War I
Easter Rising
German Revolution of 1918–19
World War II (limited)
Production history
DesignerMauser
Designed1867–1871
ManufacturerMauser
Steyr
Produced1871–1890
No. built3,000,000
VariantsJägerbüchse
Carbine
M1878/80(Serbia)
G.A.G. M1879(Border Guards)
M71/84
M1887(Turkey)
M80/07C(Serbia)
Specifications
Mass4.5 kg (9.92 lbs)
Length1,350 mm (53.15 in)
Barrel length855 mm (33.66 in)
Cartridge11.15×60mmR
10.15×63mmR
11.15×37mmR
9.5×60mmR
11×59mmR Gras
7×57mm
7.65×53mm
6.5×53.5mmR
Caliber.43
ActionBolt action
Muzzle velocity1,430 ft/s (440 m/s) (11×60mmR)
Maximum firing range1,600 m (1,749.8 yd) (maximum setting on sights)
Feed systemSingle-shot
M71/84: 8-round tube magazine
M80/07: 5-round stripper clip, internal magazine
SightsIron sights graduated from 200 to 1,600 meters

The Mauser Model 1871 adopted as the Gewehr 71 or Infanterie-Gewehr 71, or "Infantry Rifle 71" ("I.G.Mod.71" was stamped on the rifles themselves) was the first rifle model in a distinguished line designed and manufactured by Paul Mauser and Wilhelm Mauser of the Mauser company and later mass-produced at Spandau arsenal.[1]

History

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Paul Mauser developed his bolt-action rifle from 1867 to 1871. In 1870–71 trials with 2,500 test rifles took place, with the M1869 Bavarian Werder being the Mausers' chief competitor.[2] The Mauser was provisionally adopted on 2 December 1871, pending the development of an appropriate safety. With support from the government's Spandau arsenal,[citation needed] the improvements to the safety mechanism were completed and the rifle was formally accepted on 14 February 1872 as Infantry Rifle Model 1871 by the German Empire, excluding Bavaria that adopted the Werder.[2] The rifles were issued to the German Army from late 1873 to 1875, with approximately 1.82 million rifles and Jägerbüchse and 80,000–100,000 carbines produced.[3] The Mauser 1871 was replaced by the magazine-fed, smokeless powder using Gewehr 1888 from 1888 through 1890.[4]

Design

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The action was not based on its predecessor, the Dreyse needle gun which had seen service during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71, and which was found to have a number of weaknesses.[1][5][6] The now well known Mauser "wing" type safety lever was developed for the Gewehr 71.[2] The Gewehr 71 is a conventional-looking bolt action chambered in 11mm using black powder cartridges. The action included only a bolt guide rib as its single locking lug, locking forward of the receiving bridge. The original design was a single-shot.

After troop trials in 1882 and 1883, the design was updated in 1884 with an 8-round tubular magazine designed by Alfred von Kropatschek, making this the German Army's first repeating rifle (a prototype of an M1871 with a tubular magazine was displayed to Wilhelm II as early as September 1881[7]). This version was designated the Gewehr 1871/84, of which over a million examples were produced.[8][9] A version of this repeater was adopted by the Ottoman Empire. Designated M1887, it differed from the M71/84 in that it had a side-mounted cleaning rod, a second locking lug on the rear of the bolt and that it was in 9.5×60mmR,[10] which Paul Mauser touted as the most efficient (black powder) cartridge. In the early 20th century, a few were converted to 7.65×53mm smokeless by the arsenal in Ankara.[citation needed]

A short version, the M1871 Jägerbüchse was developed for the Jäger or light infantry[8] and served with engineers, fortress and navy units. It was a shortened and lightened M71.[11] A Karabiner 1871 was also developed to equipped the German cavalry but did not enter full-scale production until 1876.[8] A shorter version of the Model 1871, the M1879 Grenzaufsehergewehr, was issued to the border guards in 1880. It shot a unique 11.15×37.5mmR cartridge, a trimmed down version of the full-power military cartridge.[12]

Various German arsenals and the Austrian company Steyr also manufactured the M71 rifle.[13]

Serbia adopted a more up-to-date version of the rifle in 1881, the M1878/80, still single-shot, but chambered in its own 10.15×63R caliber. It had unique additions in that it had a bolt guide (much like the M1870 Italian Vetterli) and the "progressive rifling" (rifling which increases in twist rate as the bullet travels up the bore, to more gradually impart spin) developed by the Serbian Major Kosta "Koka" Milovanović (Коста "Кока" Миловановић), and it is commonly known as "Mauser-Koka", "Mauser-Milovanović", or "Kokinka" ("Кокинка"). The muzzle velocity of the Mauser-Koka was 1,680 feet per second (510 m/s). It saw first combat in the Serbo-Bulgarian War. Approximately 110,000 Mauser-Koka rifles entered the Serbian arsenal. Starting 1907, about half of these were converted in Kragujevac to shoot the 7×57mm from a 5-shot box magazine; the new barrels were purchased from Steyr. Both the old and new guns (designated M80/07) saw action in the Balkan Wars and World War I.[14] The converted M80/07 are often referred to as "Đurić Mausers" (Ђурић-Маузер).[15]

In 1894, Uruguay had their stockpile of M71 rifles converted to smokeless 6.5×53.5mm SR (Daudeteau system) by Société Française d'Armes Portatives Saint Denis in France.[2][16] They were given new stocks, barrels, sights, bands, and side-mounted cleaning rods. However, the initial batch of ammunition that was sent with the rifles was incorrect and unusable in the guns.[17]

Service

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The M71 was used by the Korean Empire Army (especially Guard units—this rifle replaced the Russian Berdan rifle). The number of rifles used is uncertain but the Korean Empire manufactured ammunition for them, which means that the Korean Empire used a respectable number of them.[citation needed] From 1876, the Chinese Qing dynasty bought M71 rifles and carbines from Mauser, Steyr and Spangenberg&Sauer.[13][18] After the Germans adopted the Gewehr 1888, over 1,000,000 discarded[citation needed] Model 1871 and 1871/84 were put into Chinese service.[13]

The South African Republic secretly received many M71 rifles, that saw combat during the First Boer War,[19] the Jameson Raid[20] and the Second Boer War.[21] Some rifles were smuggled to Ethiopia and they were used during the 1894-1896 war against the Italians.[22]

The M71 saw service during the Boxer Rebellion. The Chinese units used the old M71 while German forces used the M71/84. The Chinese also used the M71 during the First Sino-Japanese War and the Xinhai Revolution.[23]

Serbia and Turkey used their M71-based Mausers in the Balkan Wars and during World War I.[23] The M71 Jäger rifles saw service in African theatre of World War I, being the standard rifle of the Schutztruppe.[11] At the same time, Gew 71 with incendiary bullets were used to shoot down observation balloons[2] and German home-guard units were still equipped with M71/84 rifles. Some of these rifles were used during the German Revolution of 1918–19 and surviving rifles were distributed to the Volkssturm units in 1945.[23]

The M71 was also exported to Japan for testing and was used to improve the design of the Murata rifle.[24] Uruguay, Siam and Honduras also fielded the M71 from the 1880s.[25][26][27] Venezuela bought 27,000 M71/84 rifles after they were retired from front-line German service,[28] while Ecuador acquired 12,000 M71/84s.[29]

Irish Republicans imported some 1,500 single-shot 1871 Mausers in the Howth gun-running for the nationalist militia called the Irish Volunteers in 1914. They were used in action by the Volunteers in the Easter Rising of 1916, the rebellion aimed at ending British rule in Ireland which began the Irish War of Independence. The 1871 Mauser became known in Ireland as the "Howth Mauser".[30]

Comparison with contemporary rifles

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Comparison of 1880s rifles[31]
Calibre System Country Velocity Height of trajectory Ammunition
Muzzle 500 yd (460 m) 1,000 yd (910 m) 1,500 yd (1,400 m) 2,000 yd (1,800 m) 500 yd (460 m) 1,000 yd (910 m) 1,500 yd (1,400 m) 2,000 yd (1,800 m) Propellant Bullet
.433 in (11.0 mm) Werndl–Holub rifle Austria-Hungary 1,439 ft/s (439 m/s) 854 ft/s (260 m/s) 620 ft/s (190 m/s) 449 ft/s (137 m/s) 328 ft/s (100 m/s) 8.252 ft (2.515 m) 49.41 ft (15.06 m) 162.6 ft (49.6 m) 426.0 ft (129.8 m) 77 gr (5.0 g) 370 gr (24 g)
.45 in (11.43 mm) Martini–Henry United Kingdom 1,315 ft/s (401 m/s) 869 ft/s (265 m/s) 664 ft/s (202 m/s) 508 ft/s (155 m/s) 389 ft/s (119 m/s) 9.863 ft (2.924 m) 47.90 ft (14.60 m) 147.1 ft (44.8 m) 357.85 ft (109.07 m) 85 gr (5.5 g) 480 gr (31 g)
.433 in (11.0 mm) Fusil Gras mle 1874 France 1,489 ft/s (454 m/s) 878 ft/s (268 m/s) 643 ft/s (196 m/s) 471 ft/s (144 m/s) 348 ft/s (106 m/s) 7.769 ft (2.368 m) 46.6 ft (14.2 m) 151.8 ft (46.3 m) 389.9 ft (118.8 m) 80 gr (5.2 g) 386 gr (25.0 g)
.433 in (11.0 mm) Mauser Model 1871 Germany 1,430 ft/s (440 m/s) 859 ft/s (262 m/s) 629 ft/s (192 m/s) 459 ft/s (140 m/s) 388 ft/s (118 m/s) 8.249 ft (2.514 m) 48.68 ft (14.84 m) 159.2 ft (48.5 m) 411.1 ft (125.3 m) 75 gr (4.9 g) 380 gr (25 g)
.408 in (10.4 mm) M1870 Italian Vetterli Italy 1,430 ft/s (440 m/s) 835 ft/s (255 m/s) 595 ft/s (181 m/s) 422 ft/s (129 m/s) 304 ft/s (93 m/s) 8.527 ft (2.599 m) 52.17 ft (15.90 m) 176.3 ft (53.7 m) 469.9 ft (143.2 m) 62 gr (4.0 g) 310 gr (20 g)
.397 in (10.08 mm) Jarmann M1884 Norway and Sweden 1,536 ft/s (468 m/s) 908 ft/s (277 m/s) 675 ft/s (206 m/s) 504 ft/s (154 m/s) 377 ft/s (115 m/s) 7.235 ft (2.205 m) 42.97 ft (13.10 m) 137.6 ft (41.9 m) 348.5 ft (106.2 m) 77 gr (5.0 g) 337 gr (21.8 g)
.42 in (10.67 mm) Berdan rifle Russia 1,444 ft/s (440 m/s) 873 ft/s (266 m/s) 645 ft/s (197 m/s) 476 ft/s (145 m/s) 353 ft/s (108 m/s) 7.995 ft (2.437 m) 47.01 ft (14.33 m) 151.7 ft (46.2 m) 388.7 ft (118.5 m) 77 gr (5.0 g) 370 gr (24 g)
.45 in (11.43 mm) Springfield model 1884 United States 1,301 ft/s (397 m/s) 875 ft/s (267 m/s) 676 ft/s (206 m/s) 523 ft/s (159 m/s) 404 ft/s (123 m/s) 8.574 ft (2.613 m) 46.88 ft (14.29 m) 142.3 ft (43.4 m) 343.0 ft (104.5 m) 70 gr (4.5 g) 500 gr (32 g)
.40 in (10.16 mm) Enfield-Martini United Kingdom 1,570 ft/s (480 m/s) 947 ft/s (289 m/s) 719 ft/s (219 m/s) 553 ft/s (169 m/s) 424 ft/s (129 m/s) 6.704 ft (2.043 m) 39.00 ft (11.89 m) 122.0 ft (37.2 m) 298.47 ft (90.97 m) 85 gr (5.5 g) 384 gr (24.9 g)

Operators

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11-mm Mauser is the service rifle of the Martian Army in The Sirens of Titan by Kurt Vonnegut.[39] However, the book states these were bought as surplus from the Spanish–American War, which would in fact make them Model 1893 7×57mm Mauser.

In the film The Last Samurai, the Japanese Imperial Army carries German bolt-action Mauser M1871/84 rifles. The 1884 models were altered in appearance by the filmmakers to resemble the more period-accurate 1871 models.

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  • Mauser Model 1871 for Jäger units
    Mauser Model 1871 for Jäger units
  • Mauser Model 1871 cavalry carbine
    Mauser Model 1871 cavalry carbine
  • Mauser Model 1871-84
    Mauser Model 1871-84
  • Mauser Model 1871
    Mauser Model 1871
  • Askari troops in German East Africa armed with Model 1871s
    Askari troops in German East Africa armed with Model 1871s

See also

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Footnotes

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  1. ^ a b Keith W. Doyon. "71 Mauser". Militaryrifles.com. Archived from the original on 14 April 2011. Retrieved 26 March 2011.
  2. ^ a b c d e Vuillemin, Henri (October 1992). "Le Mauser 1871 ou l'après Dreyse". Gazette des Armes (in French). No. 226. pp. 36–40.
  3. ^ Storz 2011.
  4. ^ Grant 2015, p. 12.
  5. ^ Ball 2011, p. 8.
  6. ^ Ball 2011, p. 147.
  7. ^ "The Hunting Guns of the German Kaiser – German Hunting Guns".
  8. ^ a b c Grant 2015, p. 10.
  9. ^ Grant 2015, p. 11.
  10. ^ Ball 2011, p. 377.
  11. ^ a b Ball 2011, p. 152.
  12. ^ Ball 2011, pp. 154–155.
  13. ^ a b c Ball 2011, p. 82.
  14. ^ John Sheehan, 1 of 110,000. The Serbian M78/80 is one of the Rarest of Mauser Rifles", Guns magazine, May 2012, pp. 36-39
  15. ^ Ball 2011, p. 314.
  16. ^ le Gof, Hervé (May 2010). "Un mousqueton militaire Rival: Système Daudeteau de la Manufacture d'armes et cycles de Saint-Étienne". Gazette des Armes (in French). No. 420. pp. 32–37.
  17. ^ "Diario de sesiones de la Cámara de Representantes, Volume 18". Diario de sesiones de la Cámara de Representantes, Volume 18 (in Spanish). 1895.
  18. ^ Ball 2011, p. 83.
  19. ^ Ball 2011, p. 373.
  20. ^ a b c d e f Ball 2011, p. 150.
  21. ^ Ball 2011, p. 269.
  22. ^ a b McLachlan, Sean (20 September 2011). Armies of the Adowa Campaign 1896: The Italian Disaster in Ethiopia. Men-at-Arms 471. Osprey Publishing. pp. 36, 44. ISBN 9781849084574.
  23. ^ a b c d e f Ball 2011, p. 148.
  24. ^ Ball 2011, pp. 245–246.
  25. ^ Ball 2011, p. 390.
  26. ^ a b Ball 2011, pp. 370–371.
  27. ^ Ball 2011, p. 241.
  28. ^ a b Ball 2011, p. 395.
  29. ^ a b Ball 2011, p. 127.
  30. ^ "ireland.com / Focus / The 1916 Rising". Irishtimes.com. Archived from the original on 30 June 2012. Retrieved 26 March 2011.
  31. ^ "The New Martini-Enfield Rifle" (PDF). The Engineer. 2 July 1886. p. 16. Retrieved 3 April 2017 – via Grace's Guide to British Industrial History.
  32. ^ "Military rifle cartridges of Argentina. - Free Online Library". www.thefreelibrary.com. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
  33. ^ "The military rifle cartridges of Panama de conquistadores al Canal. - Free Online Library". www.thefreelibrary.com. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
  34. ^ Jowett, Philip (21 April 2016). Imperial Chinese Armies 1840–1911. Men-at-Arms 505. p. 20. ISBN 9781472814272.
  35. ^ Kea, R. A. (1971). "Firearms and Warfare on the Gold and Slave Coasts from the Sixteenth to the Nineteenth Centuries". The Journal of African History. 12 (2): 185–213. doi:10.1017/S002185370001063X. ISSN 0021-8537. JSTOR 180879. S2CID 163027192.
  36. ^ Hernandez, Edwin "ARMAS DE FUEGO USADAS EN LAS LUCHAS CIVILES Y POR LOS CUERPOS ARMADOS DOMINICANOS (SIGLOS XIX Y XX)"
  37. ^ Ball 2011, p. 307.
  38. ^ "Siamese Thai: Military Rifle cartridges. - Free Online Library". www.thefreelibrary.com. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
  39. ^ Kurt Vonnegut (1959). The Sirens of Titan. Indiana: Delacorte Press. ISBN 9780385333498. Retrieved 26 March 2011.

References

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