Foreign relations of Serbia
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Foreign relations of Serbia are formulated and executed by the Government of Serbia through its Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Serbia established diplomatic relations with most world nations – 188 states in total – starting with the United Kingdom (1837) and ending most recently with Guyana (2024). Serbia has friendly relations with following neighboring countries: Montenegro, North Macedonia, Romania, and Hungary. It maintains colder, more tense relations with Albania and Croatia and to a lesser degree with Bosnia and Herzegovina and Bulgaria due to historic nation-building conflict and differing political ideologies.
Former President of Serbia Boris Tadić referred to relations with the European Union (EU), United States, Russia, and China as the four pillars of Serbian foreign policy.[1]
Serbia is a member of the United Nations (UN), the International Criminal Court (ICC), the Council of Europe (CoE), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), the Central European Initiative (CEI), the Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA), the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank Group (WB), the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), the World Customs Organization (WCO), the Interpol, the International Organization for Standardization (IOS), International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement (ICRC), the International Olympic Committee (IOC), and a number of other international organizations.
History
Medieval Serbia
In the centuries prior to Ottoman rule in the country, medieval Serbian states established diplomatic relations with a number of states in Europe and the Mediterranean, particularly under the Nemanjić dynasty, during which time the Serbian Empire reached its greatest extent. Serbian envoys regularly embarked on missions to states near and far, typically in large entourages bearing gifts for the foreign courts. One such embassy to the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt arrived in Cairo bearing gifts including five hawks, five falcons, four silver cups, and an extravagantly ornamental sword. Serbian diplomats of the time were mostly drawn from two groups; those sent to the Catholic West primarily hailed from noble families from the coastal cities of the Adriatic Sea, such as Kotor, Dubrovnik, and Bar, and those sent to the Orthodox East were frequently members of the clergy, like Saint Sava. Typically the rulers of these states would provide dwellings for the envoys and their entourages, as well as transportation.[2]
Serbian Revolution and Autonomous Principality (1804–1878)
Serbia gained its partial independence from the Ottoman Empire in two uprisings in 1804 (led by Đorđe Petrović – Karađorđe) and 1815 (led by Miloš Obrenović), although Turkish troops continued to garrison the capital, Belgrade, until 1867. In 1817 the Principality of Serbia was granted de facto independence from the Ottoman Empire.[3] High officials in the Austro-Hungarian Empire lobbied for Ottoman approval of the liberal 1869 constitution for Serbia, which depended on the Porte for final approval. Vienna's strategy was that a liberal political system in Serbia would divert its impulse to foment nationalist unrest within its neighbors, and also delay its efforts to gain territory at the expense of the Ottoman Empire.[4]
Principality of Serbia (1878-1882) and Kingdom of Serbia (1882–1918)
The Autonomous Principality became an internationally recognized independent country following the Russo-Turkish War in 1878. Serbia remained a principality or kneževina (knjaževina) until 1882 when it became a Kingdom, during which the internal politics revolved largely around dynastic rivalry between the Obrenović and Karađorđević families.
In 1885, Serbia protested against the unification of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia. The Serbian king, Milan Obrenovic´ (1854–1901), who needed to divert attention away from his domestic problems, demanded that Bulgaria cede some of its territory to Serbia. The Great Powers discouraged him, but he declared war on Bulgaria on November 13, 1885. The Serbo-Bulgarian War ended on March 3, 1886. The Serbian army crossed the lightly defended northwest border of Bulgaria aiming to seize Sofia, the Bulgarian capital. The Bulgarian defenders defeated the invaders and then invaded Serbia. Vienna brokered a peace that restored the old status quo. Serbian casualties totaled 6,800, about triple the 2,300 Bulgarian total. The defeat forced Obrenovic to abdicate in March 1889, and the Serbian crown passed to a regency in the name of his son Alexander (1876–1903).[5]
Serbia in late 19th and eraly 20th century had multiple national goals.[6][7][8] Serbian intellectuals dreamed of a South Slavic state—which in the 1920s became Yugoslavia. The large number of Serbs living in Bosnia looked to Serbia as the focus of their nationalism, but they were ruled by the Germans of the Austrian Empire. Austria's annexation of Bosnia in 1908 deeply alienated the Serbian peoples. Plotters swore revenge, which they achieved in 1914 by assassination of the Austrian heir.[9] Serbia was landlocked, and strongly felt the need for access to the Mediterranean, preferably through the Adriatic Sea. Austria worked hard to block Serbian access to the sea, for example by helping with the creation of Albania in 1912. Montenegro, Serbia's main ally, did have a small port, but Austrian territory intervened, blocking access until Serbia acquired Novi Pazar and part of Macedonia from the Ottoman Empire in 1913. To the south, Bulgaria blocked Serbian access to the Aegean Sea.[10] Serbia, Greece, Montenegro and Bulgaria formed the Balkan League and went to war with the Ottomans in 1912–1913. They won decisively and expelled that Empire from almost all of the Balkans.[11] The main remaining foe was Austria, which strongly rejected Pan-Slavism and Serbian nationalism and was ready to make war to end those threats.[12] Ethnic nationalism would doom the multicultural Austro-Hungarian Empire. Expansion of Serbia would block Austrian and German aspirations for direct rail connections to Constantinople and the Middle East. Serbia relied primarily on Russia for Great Power support but Russia was very hesitant at first to support Pan-Slavism, and counselled caution. However, in 1914 it reversed positions and promised military support to Serbia.[13]
World War I
The 28 June 1914 assassination of Austrian Crown Prince Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo, by Gavrilo Princip, a pro-Serbian member of Young Bosnia served as the basis for the Austrian declaration of war on Serbia on 28 July 1914. Vienna acted despite Serbia's acceptance three days earlier of nearly all of Vienna's demands. Vienna was convinced that Serbia was behind the plot in an effort to destabilize the multi-nation empire.[14] The Austro-Hungarian army invaded Serbia capturing Belgrade on 2 December 1914, however the Serbian Army successfully defended the country, won several victories, and on 15 December 1914 recaptured Belgrade.[15]
On 28 July 1914, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. Within days, long-standing mobilization plans went into effect to initiate invasions or guard against them and Russia, France and Britain stood arrayed against Austria and Germany. Austria-Hungary thought in terms of one small limited war involving just the two countries. It did not plan a wider war such as exploded in a matter of days and became the World War I.
British historian John Zametica argued that Austria-Hungary was primarily responsible for starting the war, as its leaders believed that a successful war against Serbia was the only way it could remain a Great Power, solve deep internal disputes caused by Hungarian demands, and regain influence in the Balkan states.[16] Others, most notably prof. Christopher Clark, have argued that Austria-Hungary, confronted with a Serbia that seemed determined to incite continual unrest and ultimately acquire all of the "Serb" inhabited lands of the Monarchy (which, according to the Pan-Serb point of view included all of Croatia, Dalmatia, Bosnia, Hercegovina and some of the southern counties of the Hungary (roughly corresponding to today's Vojvodina), and whose military and government was intertwined with the irredentist terrorist group known as "The Black Hand", saw no practical alternative to the use of force in ending what amounted to subversion from Serbia directed at a large chunk of its territories. In this perspective, Austria-Hungary had little choice but to credibly threaten war and force Serbian submission if it wished to remain a Great Power.[17]
Diplomatic relations
List of countries which Serbia maintains diplomatic relations with:
# | Country | Date[18] |
---|---|---|
1 | United Kingdom | 30 January 1837[19] |
2 | Russia | 23 February 1838 |
3 | France | 18 January 1839[20] |
4 | Austria | 1874 |
5 | Bulgaria | 18 January 1879 |
6 | Greece | 18 January 1879 |
7 | Italy | 18 January 1879 |
8 | Romania | 26 April 1879[21] |
9 | Turkey | 1879 |
10 | United States | 14 October 1881 |
11 | Japan | 15 June 1882[22] |
12 | Portugal | 14 November 1882[23] |
13 | Paraguay | 17 February 1883 |
14 | Belgium | 15 March 1886[24] |
15 | Netherlands | 26 April 1899[25] |
16 | Cuba | 4 November 1902 |
17 | Uruguay | 19 February 1904 |
18 | Egypt | 1 February 1908[26] |
19 | Dominican Republic | 1 March 1912 |
20 | Albania | 25 April 1914 |
21 | Spain | 14 October 1916[27][28] |
22 | Switzerland | 1916 |
23 | Norway | 9 March 1917[29] |
24 | Denmark | 19 October 1917[30] |
25 | Sweden | 1 November 1917[31] |
26 | Czech Republic | 9 January 1919[32] |
27 | Poland | 19 September 1919[33] |
– | Holy See | 13 March 1920 |
28 | Hungary | June 1921 |
29 | Argentina | 29 February 1928 |
30 | Finland | 7 August 1929[34] |
31 | Iran | 30 April 1937 |
32 | Brazil | 15 June 1938 |
33 | Canada | 30 May 1941 |
34 | Lebanon | 18 May 1946[35] |
35 | Mexico | 28 May 1946 |
36 | Syria | 1946 |
37 | Pakistan | 15 May 1948 |
38 | Israel | 25 November 1948[36] |
39 | India | 5 December 1948 |
40 | North Korea | 30 October 1950 |
41 | Chile | 2 November 1950 |
42 | Myanmar | 29 December 1950 |
43 | New Zealand | September 1951[37] |
44 | Germany | 8 December 1951[38] |
45 | Jordan | 1951 |
46 | Venezuela | 1 June 1951[39] |
47 | Honduras | 1 August 1951[40] |
48 | Ethiopia | 4 March 1952[41] |
49 | Costa Rica | 14 June 1952[42] |
50 | Bolivia | 1952 |
51 | Iceland | 27 February 1953[43] |
52 | Panama | 26 March 1953[44] |
53 | Indonesia | 4 November 1954 |
54 | Thailand | 12 November 1954[45] |
55 | Afghanistan | 30 December 1954 |
56 | China | 2 January 1955 |
57 | Libya | 2 October 1955[46] |
58 | Ecuador | 10 January 1956[47] |
59 | Cambodia | 15 July 1956 |
60 | Sudan | 13 September 1956[48] |
61 | Mongolia | 20 November 1956 |
62 | Luxembourg | 1956 |
63 | Vietnam | 10 March 1957 |
64 | Morocco | 1 May 1957 |
65 | Sri Lanka | 14 October 1957 |
66 | Yemen | 28 December 1957[49] |
67 | Tunisia | December 1957[50] |
68 | Iraq | 23 July 1958[51] |
69 | Ghana | 10 January 1959[52] |
70 | Liberia | 15 September 1959[53] |
71 | Nepal | 7 October 1959 |
72 | Guinea | 10 November 1959[54] |
73 | Cyprus | 7 October 1960 |
74 | Somalia | 8 September 1960[55] |
75 | Mali | 4 November 1960[56] |
76 | Togo | 7 November 1960[57] |
77 | Nigeria | March 1961[58] |
78 | Senegal | 31 May 1961[59] |
79 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | 1961 |
80 | Tanzania | 9 December 1961[60] |
81 | Algeria | 2 July 1962[26] |
82 | Benin | 3 July 1962[61] |
83 | Laos | 25 November 1962 |
84 | Kuwait | 7 May 1963 |
85 | Uganda | 31 July 1963[62] |
86 | Sierra Leone | 25 September 1963[63] |
87 | Kenya | 12 December 1963[64] |
88 | Republic of the Congo | 28 March 1964 |
89 | Central African Republic | 21 May 1964[65] |
90 | Mauritania | 12 June 1964[66] |
91 | Zambia | 23 October 1964[67] |
92 | Cameroon | 12 December 1965[68] |
93 | Gambia | 1965 |
94 | Chad | 1966[69] |
95 | Australia | 25 April 1966 |
96 | Colombia | 20 December 1966 |
97 | Malaysia | 4 May 1967[70] |
98 | Singapore | 22 August 1967 |
99 | Burundi | 1 August 1968[71] |
100 | Jamaica | 13 October 1968[72] |
101 | Ivory Coast | 15 June 1968[73] |
102 | Burkina Faso | 8 July 1968[74] |
103 | Malta | 6 January 1969 |
104 | Peru | 12 December 1969[75] |
105 | Equatorial Guinea | 18 May 1970 |
106 | Botswana | 5 September 1970[76] |
107 | Mauritius | 6 October 1970[77] |
108 | Madagascar | 4 June 1971[78] |
109 | Rwanda | 15 June 1971[79] |
110 | Bangladesh | 22 January 1972[80] |
111 | Philippines | 10 March 1972[81] |
112 | Niger | 17 March 1972[82] |
113 | Lesotho | 25 September 1972[83] |
114 | Gabon | 4 October 1973 |
115 | Trinidad and Tobago | 25 March 1974[84] |
116 | Oman | 4 May 1974[85] |
117 | Guinea-Bissau | 10 May 1974[86] |
118 | Maldives | 1 March 1975 |
119 | Mozambique | 10 June 1975[87] |
120 | Angola | 12 November 1975 |
121 | Papua New Guinea | 21 May 1976 |
122 | Suriname | 9 July 1976 |
123 | Fiji | 30 July 1976[88] |
124 | Seychelles | 1 August 1976[89] |
125 | Comoros | 24 November 1976 |
126 | Cape Verde | 1976 |
127 | Barbados | 15 November 1977[90] |
128 | Ireland | 1977 |
129 | Grenada | 29 June 1978 |
130 | Djibouti | 11 July 1978 |
131 | São Tomé and Príncipe | 4 February 1979[91] |
132 | Nicaragua | 10 August 1979[92] |
133 | El Salvador | 16 December 1979 |
134 | Zimbabwe | 18 April 1980[93] |
135 | Haiti | 20 January 1984[72] |
136 | Guatemala | 4 February 1987[94] |
137 | Bahamas | July 1988[95] |
– | State of Palestine | 5 April 1989[96] |
138 | Bahrain | 18 August 1989[97] |
139 | Qatar | 25 August 1989[98] |
140 | South Korea | 27 December 1989 |
141 | Namibia | 21 March 1990[99] |
142 | Eswatini | 1 June 1990 |
143 | South Africa | 2 April 1992[100] |
144 | Slovakia | 1 January 1993[101] |
145 | Ukraine | 15 April 1994 |
146 | Armenia | 8 July 1994 |
147 | Belarus | 15 November 1994 |
148 | Uzbekistan | 18 January 1995 |
149 | Moldova | 15 March 1995 |
150 | Georgia | 26 June 1995 |
151 | Tajikistan | 9 September 1995 |
152 | North Macedonia | 8 April 1996 |
153 | Turkmenistan | 26 August 1996 |
154 | Croatia | 9 September 1996 |
155 | Kazakhstan | 10 December 1996 |
156 | Azerbaijan | 21 August 1997 |
157 | Malawi | 13 February 1998 |
158 | Kyrgyzstan | 25 June 1998 |
159 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 15 December 2000 |
160 | Lithuania | 22 December 2000[102] |
161 | Latvia | 19 January 2001[103] |
162 | Estonia | 9 February 2001[104] |
— | Sovereign Military Order of Malta | 11 May 2001 |
163 | Slovenia | 9 December 2001[103] |
164 | San Marino | 14 February 2002 |
165 | Liechtenstein | 4 April 2003 |
166 | Montenegro | 22 June 2006 |
167 | United Arab Emirates | 21 March 2007 |
168 | Andorra | 1 June 2007 |
169 | Monaco | 12 June 2007[105] |
170 | Dominica | 22 April 2010 |
171 | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 26 May 2011 |
172 | Brunei | 5 December 2011 |
173 | Bhutan | 9 December 2011 |
174 | South Sudan | 3 January 2012 |
175 | Eritrea | 19 October 2012 |
176 | Tonga | 22 February 2013[106] |
177 | Saudi Arabia | 17 April 2013 |
178 | Vanuatu | 27 August 2018 |
179 | Antigua and Barbuda | 28 September 2018 |
180 | Saint Kitts and Nevis | 6 November 2018 |
181 | Palau | 7 December 2018 |
182 | Tuvalu | 4 April 2019 |
183 | Belize | 24 September 2019 |
184 | Nauru | 25 September 2019 |
185 | Saint Lucia | 13 November 2019 |
186 | Solomon Islands | 20 December 2021 |
187 | East Timor | 20 December 2021 |
188 | Guyana | 22 September 2024[103] |
189 | Marshall Islands | 27 September 2024[103] |
Multilateral relations
European Union
Serbian foreign policy is focused on achieving the strategic goal of becoming a member state of the European Union (EU). Serbia officially applied for membership in the European Union in 2009, received a full candidate status in 2012 and started accession talks in 2014.[107][108][109] The European Commission considers accession possible by 2030. After initial popular support for country's entry, it has held unfavorable domestic approval with support weakening since 2014.[110] International support for their accession is similarly mixed with concerns over Serbia's claim over Kosovo, regional geopolitical tensions, foreign policy alignment with Russia, and domestic policies.[111][23]
NATO
Serbia proclaimed military neutrality in 2007.[112] The relationship between Serbia and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) has been regulated in the context of an Individual Partnership Action Plan. Serbia is the only state in the Southeastern Europe that is not seeking NATO membership, having been the target of a 1999 NATO bombing, but also due to the ensuing secession of and territorial dispute with Kosovo, as well as a close relationship with Russia.[113][114]
Bilateral relations
Africa
Country | Formal relations began | Notes |
---|---|---|
Algeria | 1962[115] | See Algeria–Serbia relations |
Angola | 1975[118] |
|
Democratic Republic of the Congo | 1961[119] |
|
Republic of the Congo | 1964[120] |
|
Côte d'Ivoire | 1968 |
|
Egypt | 1908[121] | See Egypt–Serbia relations
|
Eswatini | 1990[123] |
|
Ethiopia | 1952 | See Ethiopia–Serbia relations
|
Guinea | 1958[125] |
|
Guinea-Bissau | 1975[126] |
|
Kenya | 1963[128] |
|
Libya | 1955[129] | See Libya–Serbia relations
|
Madagascar | 1960[132] |
|
Mauritania | 1966[133] | |
Morocco |
| |
Nigeria | 1960[135] | |
Seychelles | 1977[136] |
|
Somalia | 1960[138] |
|
South Africa | 1992[139] |
See Serbia–South Africa relations
|
Zambia | 1964[141] |
|
Zimbabwe | 1980[142] |
|
Americas
Country | Formal relations began | Notes |
---|---|---|
Argentina | 1928[145] | See Argentina–Serbia relations
|
Bahamas | 1988[147] |
|
Brazil | 1938[149] | See Brazil–Serbia relations
|
Canada | 1941[150] | See Canada–Serbia relations
|
Chile | 1935[155] |
|
Colombia | 1966[157] |
|
Costa Rica | 1952[159] |
|
Cuba | 1902[161] | See Cuba–Serbia relations
|
Guyana | 2024[164] |
|
Mexico | 1946[166] | See Mexico–Serbia relations
|
Panama | 1953[167] |
|
Peru | 1967[169] | See Peru–Serbia relations
|
Trinidad and Tobago | 1974[170] |
|
United States | 1881[172] | See Serbia–United States relations
|
Uruguay | 1950[176] |
|
Venezuela | 1951[178] | See Serbia–Venezuela relations
|
Asia
Country | Formal relations began | Notes |
---|---|---|
Afghanistan | 1954[181] |
|
Armenia | 1993[182] | See Armenia–Serbia relations |
Azerbaijan | 1997[183] | See Azerbaijan–Serbia relations
|
Bangladesh | 1971[184] | See Bangladesh–Serbia relations |
Brunei | 2011[185] |
|
Cambodia | 1956[186] |
|
China | 1955[187] | See China–Serbia relations
|
East Timor | 2012[189] | |
Georgia | 1995[191] |
|
India | 1948[195] | See India–Serbia relations
|
Indonesia | 1954[198] | See Indonesia–Serbia relations |
Iran | 1937[200] |
|
Iraq | 1958[201] | |
Israel | 1948[204] |
|
Japan | 1882[207] | See Japan–Serbia relations
|
Kazakhstan | 1996[210] | |
Kuwait | 1963[212] |
|
Kyrgyzstan | 1998[213] |
|
Malaysia | 1967[214] |
|
Myanmar | 1950[215] | See Myanmar–Serbia relations
|
Nepal | 1959[217] |
|
North Korea | 1948[219] | See North Korea–Serbia relations
|
Oman | 1974[220] |
|
Pakistan | 1948[221] | See Pakistan–Serbia relations
|
Palestine | 1989[223] | See Palestine–Serbia relations
|
Philippines | 1972[226] |
|
Qatar | 1989[229] |
|
Saudi Arabia | 2013[230] |
|
Singapore | 1967[231] |
|
South Korea | 1989[232] | See Serbia–South Korea relations |
Sri Lanka | 1957[235] |
|
Syria | 1946[237] |
|
Tajikistan | 1995[239] |
|
Thailand | 1954[240] |
|
Turkey | 1879[242] | See Serbia–Turkey relations
|
United Arab Emirates | 2007[243] |
See Serbia–United Arab Emirates relations
|
Vietnam | 1957[245] |
|
Europe
Country | Formal relations began | Notes |
---|---|---|
Albania | 1914[246] | See Albania–Serbia relations |
Austria | 1874[249] | See Austria–Serbia relations
|
Belarus | 1994[254] | See Belarus–Serbia relations
|
Belgium | 1886[255] |
|
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 2000[257] | See Bosnia and Herzegovina–Serbia relations
Bosnia and Herzegovina has an embassy in Belgrade. Serbia has an embassy in Sarajevo and a consulate-general in Banja Luka. Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) and the Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA). Serbia is an official candidate and Bosnia-Herzegovina is recognized as potential candidate country by the European Union. |
Bulgaria | 1879[258] | See Bulgaria–Serbia relations |
Croatia | 1996[259] | See Croatia–Serbia relations
The two countries established diplomatic relations on 9 September 1996. Croatia has an embassy in Belgrade and a general consulate in Subotica. Serbia has an embassy in Zagreb and two general consulates (in Rijeka and Vukovar). There are around 200,000 people of Serbian descent living in Croatia and around 70,000 people of Croatian descent living in Serbia. |
Cyprus | 1960[260] | See Cyprus–Serbia relations
|
Czech Republic | 1918[262] | See Czech Republic – Serbia relations
|
Denmark | 1917[264] | See Denmark–Serbia relations
|
Estonia | 2001[265] |
|
Finland | 1929[266] | See Finland–Serbia relations
|
France | 1839[269] | See France–Serbia relations
|
Germany | 1951[272] | See Germany–Serbia relations
|
Greece | 1879[275] | See Greece–Serbia relations
Friendly relations have played an important role in bilateral relations between the two nations, especially during the wars of the 1990s and the Balkans Campaign[276] in World War I. Due to the strong historical friendship and the deep cultural and religious ties between the two nations, Greece and Serbia enjoy historically, religiously and culturally close ties which are confirmed by a regular political dialogue. Greece is the top investor in Serbian economy[277] and during the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, Greece openly expressed its disapproval and polls revealed that 94% of the Greek population were completely opposed to the bombing.[278] The more dramatic event was a People's Tribunal of over a 10.000 people in Athens, Greece, where the Greek Supreme Court declared president Clinton and NATO leaders guilty of war crimes.[279] |
Holy See | 1920[280] | See Holy See–Serbia relations |
Hungary | 1921[281] | See Hungary–Serbia relations
|
Iceland | 2000[285] |
|
Ireland | 1977[287] |
|
Italy | 1879[288] | See Italy–Serbia relations and Italy-Yugoslavia relations
|
Kosovo | No diplomatic relations or recognition. | See Kosovo–Serbia relations and International recognition of Kosovo
On 17 February 2008, representatives of the Assembly of Kosovo unilaterally declared Kosovo independence. Serbia, Russia, China, India, Greece, Mexico, Romania, Spain, Brazil, South Africa, and many others do not recognize Kosovo as an independent state. Serbia considers the declaration of Kosovo's independence illegal and has vowed to fight Kosovo's admission to international organizations. The Republic of Kosovo does not have membership status in the United Nations. As of 4 September 2020, 114 United Nations member states and some non UN members like the Republic of China, Sovereign Military Order of Malta, Niue and the Cook Islands recognize Kosovo as an independent state, while the rest do not. Serbia, in response to nations which have recognized Kosovo as an independent nation, has consistently recalled its ambassadors to these nations.[290] |
Latvia | 1917[291] |
|
Lithuania | 2000[293] |
|
Malta | 1969[295] | See Malta–Serbia relations
|
Moldova | 1995[297] |
|
Montenegro | 2006[298] | See Montenegro–Serbia relations
Montenegro has an embassy in Belgrade. Serbia has an embassy in Podgorica and a Consulate-General in Herceg Novi. |
Netherlands | 1891[299] | See Netherlands–Serbia relations
|
North Macedonia | 1996[302] | See North Macedonia–Serbia relations
The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia that was formed in 1992 by the remaining Yugoslav republics Montenegro and Serbia established diplomatic relations with the Republic of North Macedonia on 8 April 1996.[303] The establishment of bilateral relations has been done under North Macedonia's former constitutional name – Republic of Macedonia.[304] Serbia therefore was one of 125 countries in the world recognizing Macedonia under the former constitutional name.[305] North Macedonia has an embassy in Belgrade, while Serbia's embassy is located in Skopje. |
Norway | 1917[306] | See Norway–Serbia relations
|
Poland | 1919[310] | See Poland–Serbia relations
|
Portugal | 1882[311] | See Portugal–Serbia relations
|
Romania | 1879[312] | See Romania–Serbia relations |
Russia | 1838[313] | See Russia–Serbia relations
Diplomatic relations between the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union were established on 24 June 1940, and Serbia and the Russian Federation recognize the continuity of all inter-State documents signed between the two countries. There are about 70 bilateral treaties, agreements and protocols signed in the past. Serbia and the Russian Federation have signed and ratified 43 bilateral agreements and treaties in diverse areas of mutual cooperation so far.[314] |
San Marino | 2002[315] | See San Marino–Serbia relations
|
Slovakia | 1918[316] | See Serbia–Slovakia relations
|
Slovenia | 2000[319] | See Serbia–Slovenia relations
|
Spain | 1916[322] | See Serbia–Spain relations
|
Sweden | 1917[325] | See Serbia–Sweden relations
|
Switzerland | 1916[327] | See Serbia–Switzerland relations
|
Ukraine | 1994[332] | See Serbia–Ukraine relations
|
United Kingdom | 1837[19] | See Serbia–United Kingdom relations
Serbia established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 30 January 1837.[19]
Both countries share common membership of the Council of Europe, the International Criminal Court, and OSCE. Bilaterally the two countries have an Investment Agreement,[335] a Partnership, Trade and Cooperation Agreement,[336] and a Reciprocal Healthcare Agreement.[337] |
Oceania
Country | Formal relations began | Notes |
---|---|---|
Australia | 1966[338] | See Australia–Serbia relations
|
New Zealand | 1951[341] |
|
Palau | 2018[344] | See Palau–Serbia relations
|
See also
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Serbia
- List of diplomatic missions in Serbia
- List of diplomatic missions of Serbia
- Visa requirements for Serbian citizens
- Serbia in intergovernmental organizations
- Foreign relations of Yugoslavia
References
- ^ "B92 – Info – Tadi on Serbia's "four pillars of diplomacy"". B92. Archived from the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
- ^ Porcic, Nebojsa. (2016). Information on travel of Nemanjic embassies: Content and context. Balcanica. 97-118. 10.2298/BALC1647097P.
- ^ Lawrence P. Meriage, "The First Serbian Uprising (1804-13) and the Nineteenth-Century Origins of the Eastern Question." Slavic Review (1978) 37#3 pp 421-439.
- ^ Ian D. Armour, "Killing Nationalism with Liberalism? Austria–Hungary and the Serbian Constitution of 1869." Diplomacy & Statecraft 21.3 (2010): 343-367.
- ^ Ferdinand Schevill, History of the Balkans (1922) pp. 411–413.
- ^ Martin Gilbert, First World War Atlas (1970) p 8.
- ^ Richard C. Hall, "Serbia," in Richard F. Hamilton, and Holger H. Herwig, eds. The Origins of World War I (Cambridge UP, 2003) pp 92–111.
- ^ Christopher Clark, The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914 (2012) pp 3–64 online.
- ^ Bernadotte E. Schmitt (1937). The Annexation of Bosnia, 1908–1909. Cambridge UP. p. vii.
- ^ Gunnar Hering, "Serbian-Bulgarian relations on the eve of and during the Balkan Wars." Balkan Studies (1962) 4#2 pp 297-326.
- ^ Richard C. Hall, "Balkan Wars," History Today (2012) 62#11 pp 36-42,
- ^ Béla K. Király, and Gunther Erich Rothenberg, War and Society in East Central Europe: Planning for war against Russia and Serbia: Austro-Hungarian and German military strategies, 1871–1914 (1993).
- ^ Gale Stokes, "The Serbian Documents from 1914: A Preview" Journal of Modern History 48#3 (1976), pp. 69-84 online
- ^ Richard C. Hall, "Serbia," in Richard F. Hamilton, and Holger H. Herwig, eds. The Origins of World War I (Cambridge UP, 2003) pp 92–111.
- ^ James B. Lyon, Serbia and the Balkan Front, 1914: The Outbreak of the Great War (2015).
- ^ John Zametica, In Folly and Malice (2017)
- ^ Christopher Clark, "The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914" 2012: Allen Lane, U.S. ed. 2013
- ^ "Bilateral cooperation". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Serbia. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
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Further reading
- Schevill, Ferdinand. History of the Balkans (1922) online
- Stavrianos, L. S. The Balkans Since 1453 (1958), a comprehensive scholarly history
- Trivanovitch, Vaso. "Serbia, Russia, and Austria during the Rule of Milan Obrenovich, 1868-78" Journal of Modern History (1931) 3#3 pp. 414–440 online