M. Riesz extension theorem

For more theorems that are sometimes called Riesz's theorem, see Riesz theorem.

The M. Riesz extension theorem is a theorem in mathematics, proved by Marcel Riesz during his study of the problem of moments.

Formulation

Let $E$ be a real vector space, $F\subset E$ be a vector subspace, and $K\subset E$ be a convex cone.

A linear functional $\phi :F\to \mathbb {R}$ is called $K$-positive, if it takes only non-negative values on the cone $K$:

$\phi (x)\geq 0\quad {\text{for}}\quad x\in F\cap K.$

A linear functional $\psi :E\to \mathbb {R}$ is called a $K$-positive extension of $\phi$, if it is identical to $\phi$ in the domain of $\phi$, and also returns a value of at least 0 for all points in the cone $K$:

$\psi |_{F}=\phi \quad {\text{and}}\quad \psi (x)\geq 0\quad {\text{for}}\quad x\in K.$

In general, a $K$-positive linear functional on $F$ cannot be extended to a $K$-positive linear functional on $E$. Already in two dimensions one obtains a counterexample. Let $E=\mathbb {R} ^{2},\ K=\{(x,y):y>0\}\cup \{(x,0):x>0\},$ and $F$ be the $x$-axis. The positive functional $\phi (x,0)=x$ can not be extended to a positive functional on $E$.

However, the extension exists under the additional assumption that $E\subset K F,$ namely for every $y\in E,$ there exists an $x\in F$ such that $y-x\in K.$

Proof

The proof is similar to the proof of the Hahn–Banach theorem (see also below).

By transfinite induction or Zorn's lemma it is sufficient to consider the case dim $E/F=1$.

Choose any $y\in E\setminus F$. Set

$a=\sup\{\,\phi (x)\mid x\in F,\ y-x\in K\,\},\ b=\inf\{\,\phi (x)\mid x\in F,x-y\in K\,\}.$

We will prove below that $-\infty <a\leq b$. For now, choose any $c$ satisfying $a\leq c\leq b$, and set $\psi (y)=c$, $\psi |_{F}=\phi$, and then extend $\psi$ to all of $E$ by linearity. We need to show that $\psi$ is $K$-positive. Suppose $z\in K$. Then either $z=0$, or $z=p(x y)$ or $z=p(x-y)$ for some $p>0$ and $x\in F$. If $z=0$, then $\psi (z)>0$. In the first remaining case $x y=y-(-x)\in K$, and so

$\psi (y)=c\geq a\geq \phi (-x)=\psi (-x)$

by definition. Thus

$\psi (z)=p\psi (x y)=p(\psi (x) \psi (y))\geq 0.$

In the second case, $x-y\in K$, and so similarly

$\psi (y)=c\leq b\leq \phi (x)=\psi (x)$

by definition and so

$\psi (z)=p\psi (x-y)=p(\psi (x)-\psi (y))\geq 0.$

In all cases, $\psi (z)>0$, and so $\psi$ is $K$-positive.

We now prove that $-\infty <a\leq b$. Notice by assumption there exists at least one $x\in F$ for which $y-x\in K$, and so $-\infty <a$. However, it may be the case that there are no $x\in F$ for which $x-y\in K$, in which case $b=\infty$ and the inequality is trivial (in this case notice that the third case above cannot happen). Therefore, we may assume that $b<\infty$ and there is at least one $x\in F$ for which $x-y\in K$. To prove the inequality, it suffices to show that whenever $x\in F$ and $y-x\in K$, and $x'\in F$ and $x'-y\in K$, then $\phi (x)\leq \phi (x')$. Indeed,

$x'-x=(x'-y) (y-x)\in K$

since $K$ is a convex cone, and so

$0\leq \phi (x'-x)=\phi (x')-\phi (x)$

since $\phi$ is $K$-positive.

Corollary: Krein's extension theorem

Let E be a real linear space, and let K ⊂ E be a convex cone. Let x ∈ E/(−K) be such that R x   K = E. Then there exists a K-positive linear functional φ: E ⊟ R such that φ(x) > 0.

Connection to the Hahn–Banach theorem

Main article: Hahn–Banach theorem

The Hahn–Banach theorem can be deduced from the M. Riesz extension theorem.

Let V be a linear space, and let N be a sublinear function on V. Let φ be a functional on a subspace U ⊂ V that is dominated by N:

$\phi (x)\leq N(x),\quad x\in U.$

The Hahn–Banach theorem asserts that φ can be extended to a linear functional on V that is dominated by N.

To derive this from the M. Riesz extension theorem, define a convex cone K ⊂ R×V by

$K=\left\{(a,x)\,\mid \,N(x)\leq a\right\}.$

Define a functional φ₁ on R×U by

$\phi _{1}(a,x)=a-\phi (x).$

One can see that φ₁ is K-positive, and that K   (R × U) = R × V. Therefore φ₁ can be extended to a K-positive functional ψ₁ on R×V. Then

$\psi (x)=-\psi _{1}(0,x)$

is the desired extension of φ. Indeed, if ψ(x) > N(x), we have: (N(x), x) ∈ K, whereas

$\psi _{1}(N(x),x)=N(x)-\psi (x)<0,$

leading to a contradiction.

Sources

• Castillo, Reńe E. (2005), "A note on Krein's theorem" (PDF), Lecturas Matematicas, 26, archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-02-01, retrieved 2014-01-18
• Riesz, M. (1923), "Sur le problème des moments. III.", Arkiv för Matematik, Astronomi och Fysik (in French), 17 (16), JFM 49.0195.01
• Akhiezer, N.I. (1965), The classical moment problem and some related questions in analysis, New York: Hafner Publishing Co., MR 0184042