List of sculptures of Ludwig van Beethoven
The German composer Ludwig van Beethoven (1770–1827) is among the most admired composers in the history of Western music,[1] and has been the subject of many private and public sculptures, including busts, reliefs, statues and others. The first, a bust by Franz Klein, was commissioned by Johann Andreas Streicher and created in 1812, while the composer was still alive.[2] After Beethoven's death in 1827, his hometown, Bonn, immediately began planning a monument for the following year,[3] though a cholera outbreak delayed this.[4] A design competition was eventually held, in which a submission by Ernst Julius Hähnel beat ones from Friedrich von Amerling, Gustav Blaeser and Friedrich Drake. In 1845, Hähnel's monument was erected, due to finances given by Robert Schumann, Charles Hallé, George Thomas Smart and especially Franz Liszt.[3][5] While the monument's height and simplicity were criticized, the reliefs surrounding the base were met with public approval.[5] The statue's representation of a figure standing on a decorated base with its legs slightly apart was popular at the time, and later inspired Theodore Baur's statue of c. 1895 in the Library of Congress.[6]
The Beethoven monuments that followed Hähnel's, while retaining a high pedestal,[7] began to portray the composer in a less simplistic and increasingly heroic light.[8] The most significant representative of this, and the most famous Beethoven monument from the second half of the 19th century, was Kaspar von Zumbusch's 1880 monument in Beethovenplatz , Vienna.[9] The city had intended to erect a monument for Beethoven since his death,[3] but serious action to do so began only in the 1870s, when a competition for a design was held and Zumbusch's winning design was created with financial support from Liszt and Brahms.[10]
In the early 20th century, the glorified portrayals of Beethoven reached their peak, with god-like representations such as Max Klinger's monument (1902), unveiled at the Vienna Secession[11] (now in the Museum der bildenden Künste),[12] and Fidus's unexecuted design for a 'Beethoven temple' (1903).[13] The 20th century also saw a brief return to the simplistic style of the 19th century, such as Robert Weigl's statue at the Heiligenstädter Park in Vienna (1910) and Hugo Uher's statue in Karlsbad (1929).[14] Also at this time, Antoine Bourdelle and Naoum Aronson, both students of Auguste Rodin, began creating busts of the composer; Bourdelle was especially prolific.[15] As the century progressed, ideas on depicting Beethoven became largely ununified, and were often especially allegorical, such as Theodor von Gosen's monument in Alameda Central, Mexico City (1921).[16] In 1926, Berlin hosted a monument competition in preparation for the composer's 100th anniversary the following year; the entire competition was controversial and was eventually canceled due to criticism from the press and the committee's inability to form a consensus.[17] There had been submissions from famous sculptors including Ernst Barlach, Peter Breuer and Georg Kolbe, although Breuer and Kolbe eventually had their designs constructed in 1938 and 1948 respectively.[17] After World War II, experimentation in portraying Beethoven increased even further, exemplified by Klaus Kammerichs's three-dimensional reproduction (1986) of Joseph Karl Stieler's painted portrait and Markus Lüpertz's controversial abstract portrayal (2014).[18][19]
There is a large collection of busts in the Beethoven House, a museum and cultural institution based in Bonn that studies Beethoven's life and legacy, including ones by an unknown artist based on a sculpture by Josef Danhauser (c. 1890);[20] Fernando Cian (first quarter of the 20th century);[21] Pierre Félix Masseau (1902);[22] Aronson (1905);[15] a mask supposedly by Wilhelm Hüsgen (1920–1927);[23] Eduard Merz (1945/46);[24] Lewon Konstantinowitsch Lasarew (1981);[25] and Cantemir Riscutia (1998).[26]
Sculptures
[edit]Image | Type | Location | Date[a] | Sculptor | Ref(s) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bust | Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna, Austria |
1812 | Franz Klein | [2] | |||||
|
Bust | La Scala Milan, Italy |
First half of the 19th century | Anton Dietrich | [27] | ||||
Statue | Münsterplatz Bonn, Germany |
12 August 1845 | Ernst Julius Hähnel | [3][5][28] | |||||
Relief | Liceu Barcelona, Spain |
March 1847 | Agapit Vallmitjana i Barbany | [29] | |||||
|
Relief | Conservatoire de Musique de Genève Geneva, Switzerland |
1856–58 | Louis Dorcière | [30] | ||||
Bust | Beethovengang, Heiligenstadt Vienna, Austria |
15/23 June 1863 | Anton Dominik Fernkorn | [31] | |||||
Bust | Walhalla Donaustauf, Germany |
1866 | Arnold Hermann Lossow after Anton Dietrich | [32] | |||||
|
Bust | Royal Philharmonic Society London, United Kingdom |
1871 | Johann Nepomuk Schaller | [33][34] | ||||
Relief | Frieze of Parnassus Albert Memorial London, United Kingdom |
1872 | Henry Hugh Armstead | [35] | |||||
Statue | Royal Museum of Fine Arts Antwerp, Belgium |
1874 | Jacques de Braekeleer | [36][37] | |||||
Other sculpture | Galleria d'Arte Moderna Milan, Italy |
1874 | Giuseppe Grandi | [38] | |||||
|
Other sculpture | Galleria Civica d'Arte Moderna e Contemporanea Turin, Italy |
1874 | Giuseppe Grandi | [39] | ||||
|
Bust | Grand Théâtre de Genève Geneva, Switzerland |
1879 | Bertheauld? | [40] | ||||
Statue | Beethovenplatz Vienna, Austria |
1 May 1880 | Kaspar von Zumbusch | [9] | |||||
|
Relief | Alte Oper Frankfurt, Germany |
1880 | Unknown | [41] | ||||
Bust | Central Park New York, New York, US |
22 July 1884 | Henry Baerer | [42][43][44] | |||||
|
Bust | Tower Grove Park St. Louis, Missouri, US |
1884 | Ferdinand Freiherr von Miller | [45] | ||||
|
Bust | Concertgebouw Amsterdam, Netherlands |
1888 | Johannes French | [46] | ||||
Bust | Beethoven House Bonn, Germany |
c. 1890 | Unknown (based on a sculpture by Josef Danhauser) |
[20] | |||||
Bust | Library of Congress Washington, D.C., US |
1892 | Hugo Hagen | [47] | |||||
Bust | Prospect Park New York, New York, US |
20 October 1894 | Henry Baerer | [48] | |||||
Statue | Naples, Italy | 1895 | Francesco Jerace | [49] | |||||
Statue | Library of Congress Washington, D.C., US |
c. 1895 | Theodore Baur | [6] | |||||
Bust | ?[b] Last seen in Lincoln Park Chicago, Illinois, US |
1897 | Johannes Gelert | [50] | |||||
Relief | Helenental Baden bei Wien, Austria |
1899 | Josef Valentin Kassin | [51] | |||||
|
Statue | New England Conservatory of Music Boston, Massachusetts, US |
1900 | Thomas Crawford | [52] | ||||
Bust | Garden of the Beethoven House Bonn, Germany |
First quarter of the 20th century | Fernando Cian[c] | [21] | |||||
Bust | Garden of the Beethoven House Bonn, Germany |
1902 | Pierre Félix Masseau | [22] | |||||
Statue | Museum der bildenden Künste Leipzig, Germany |
1902 | Max Klinger | [12][53][54] | |||||
|
Relief (architectural) | Burschenschaftsdenkmal Eisenach, Germany |
1902 | Unknown | [55] | ||||
Other sculpture | Museum of Fine Arts Boston, Massachusetts, US |
After 1902 | Max Klinger | [56] | |||||
Other sculpture | Tiergarten Berlin, Germany |
1904 | Rudolf and Wolfgang Siemering | [57] | |||||
Bust | Garden of the Beethoven House Bonn, Germany |
1905 | Naoum Aronson | [15] | |||||
Other sculpture | Museum der bildenden Künste Leipzig, Germany |
1907 | Max Klinger | [58] | |||||
Statue | Aston Webb Building, University of Birmingham Birmingham, United Kingdom |
1907 | Henry Alfred Pegram | [59] | |||||
Statue | Heiligenstädter Park Döbling, Vienna, Austria |
1910 | Robert Weigl | [14][60] | |||||
Bust | Golden Gate Park San Francisco, California, US |
6 August 1915 | Henry Baerer | [61] | |||||
Bust | Parque de la Independencia Rosario, Argentina |
1917 | Erminio Blotta | [62] | |||||
Mask | Garden of the Beethoven House Bonn, Germany |
1920–1927 | Wilhelm Hüsgen?[d] | [23] | |||||
Statue | Alameda Central Mexico City, Mexico |
1921 | Theodor von Gosen | [16] | |||||
Relief | Ungargasse 5 Vienna, Austria |
7 May 1924 | Anton Grath | [63] | |||||
Relief | Malá Strana Prague, Czech Republic |
March 1927 | Otakar Španiel | [64] | |||||
Bust | Sauerhof Baden bei Wien, Austria |
10 May 1927 | Hans Mauer | [65] | |||||
Bust | Martonvásár, Hungary | 1927 | Jànos Pàsztor | [66] | |||||
Statue | Nuremberg, Germany | 1927 | Konrad Roth | [67] | |||||
Statue | Monument to Ludwig van Beethoven Karlovy Vary, Czech Republic |
29 September 1929 | Hugo Uher | [68] | |||||
Statue | Budapest, Hungary | 1932 | János Horvay | [69][70] | |||||
Statue | Pershing Square Los Angeles, California, US |
14 October 1932[e] | Unknown | [71] | |||||
Relief | Rostock, Germany | 1934 | Paul Wallat | [72] | |||||
Statue | Alter Zoll Bonn, Germany |
1938 | Peter Breuer | [73] | |||||
Other sculpture | Plaza Lavalle Buenos Aires, Argentina |
15 November 1944 | José Fioravanti | [74] | |||||
Bust | Garden of the Beethoven House Bonn, Germany |
1945/46 | Eduard Merz | [24] | |||||
Statue(s) | Frankfurt, Germany | 1948 | Georg Kolbe | [75] | |||||
Bust | Redoute, Bad Godesberg Bonn, Germany |
1955 | Franz Rotter | [76] | |||||
Other sculpture | Doblhoff Park Baden bei Wien, Austria |
1969 | Matija Vuković | [77] | |||||
Bust | Graz Opera Graz, Austria |
1969 | Fred Pirker | [78] | |||||
Relief | Hegyvidék (District XII) Budapest, Hungary |
1970 | László Csontos | [79] | |||||
Other sculpture | Hlohovec, Slovakia | c. 1970 | Unknown | [80] | |||||
Statue | Jan Kochanowski Park Bydgoszcz, Poland |
1970s | Witold Marciniak | [77] | |||||
Statue | Siolim Goa, India |
1 May 1976 | Cypriano Fernandes | [81] | |||||
Bust | Parque de Berlín Madrid, Spain |
1981 | Unknown | [82] | |||||
Bust | Garden of the Beethoven House Bonn, Germany |
1981 | Levon Lazarev | [25] | |||||
Other sculpture | Beethovenhalle Bonn, Germany |
1986 | Klaus Kammerichs after Joseph Karl Stieler |
[18] | |||||
Statue | Naruto, Tokushima, Japan | 1997 | Peter Kuschel | [83] | |||||
Bust | Garden of the Beethoven House Bonn, Germany |
1998 | Cantemir Riscutia | [26] | |||||
Statue | Jesús de Monasterio Park Santander, Spain |
1999 | Ramón Ruiz Lloreda | [84] | |||||
|
Bust | Jintai Art Museum Beijing, China |
2004 | Yuan Xikun | [85] | ||||
|
Bust | Bad Godesberg Bonn, Germany |
before 2008 | Burkhard Mohr | [86] | ||||
Other sculpture | Stadtgarten Bonn, Germany |
30 March 2014 | Markus Lüpertz | [19][87] | |||||
Statue(s) | Martonvásár, Hungary | 31 December 2014 | Nagy János | [88] |
Bourdelle's sculptures
[edit]The French sculptor Antoine Bourdelle (1861–1929) greatly admired Beethoven, of whom he created at least 45 sculptures from 1893 to the end of his life.[89][90][f]
Image | Type | Location | Date | Ref(s) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Bust (a study) |
Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden Washington, D.C., US |
1889 | [91] | ||||
Bust | Cleveland Museum of Art Cleveland, Ohio, US |
1891 | [92] | |||||
Bust | Musée Ingres Montauban, France |
1891 | [93][94] | |||||
|
Mask | List Visual Arts Center Cambridge, Massachusetts, US |
1901 | [95] | ||||
Bust | Musée Ingres Montauban, France |
1901–1902 | [96][97] | |||||
Bust | Beethovenhalle Bonn, Germany |
1902 | [98] | |||||
|
Bust | Beethoven House Bonn, Germany |
1902 | [99] | ||||
Bust | Strasbourg Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art Strasbourg, France |
1903 | [100] | |||||
Bust | Musée d'Orsay Paris, France |
1903 | [101] | |||||
|
Statue | Musée Bourdelle Paris, France |
1904–1908 | [102] | ||||
|
Bust | Metropolitan Museum of Art New York, New York, US |
c. 1926 [1902] | [103] | ||||
|
Bust | Montevideo, Uruguay | 25 December 1927 | [104] | ||||
Other sculpture | Musée Ingres Montauban, France |
1927–1928 | [105] | |||||
|
Statue | Princeton University Art Museum Princeton, New Jersey, US |
1929 | [106] | ||||
Bust | Jardin du Luxembourg Paris, France |
1978 [1902] | [107] | |||||
|
Bust | Ohara Museum of Art Kurashiki, Japan |
Undated | [108] |
Unexecuted sculptures
[edit]Sketch | Date | Sculptor | Ref(s) |
---|---|---|---|
c. 1840 | Gustav Blaeser | [8] | |
1840s | Friedrich von Amerling | [3] | |
c. 1840–1845 | Friedrich Drake | [7] | |
c. 1890 | Emil Eugen Sachse | [8] | |
1903 | Fidus | [13] | |
1926 | Ernst Barlach | [17][109] |
See also
[edit]- Beethoven Frieze – 1901 painting by Gustav Klimt
- Beethoven (Mähler) – Two portraits of Beethoven by Joseph Willibrord Mähler
Notes
[edit]- ^ For public monuments the approximate date the work was unveiled is given if available; for other works the approximate time of creation is given.
- ^ The bust was stolen in 1970; only fragments remain.[50]
- ^ The portrait bust is based on a sculpture by Fernando Cian and is presumed to have been executed by Cian himself.[21]
- ^ Wilhelm Hüsgen is the presumed creator of the mask.
- ^ Installed to honor William Andrews Clark Jr., founder of the Los Angeles Philharmonic[71]
- ^ So as not to overwhelm the list with sculptures by Bourdelle, the sculptures have been put in a separate section and limited.
References
[edit]- General
- Comini, Alessandra (2008). The Changing Image of Beethoven: A Study in Mythmaking. Santa Fe, New Mexico: Sunstone Press. ISBN 978-0-86534-661-1.
- Specific
- ^ Kerman, Joseph; Tyson, Alan; Burnham, Scott G. (2001). "Ludwig van Beethoven". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40026. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Archived from the original on 2 March 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2021. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
- ^ a b "Beginning and precursors". Beethoven House. April 2002. Archived from the original on 14 April 2022. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
- ^ a b c d e "The first Beethoven monument". Beethoven House. April 2002. Archived from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
- ^ Comini 2008, p. 316.
- ^ a b c "The Beethoven monument on the Münsterplatz in Bonn". Beethoven House. April 2002. Archived from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
- ^ a b "Further development of the Bonn type of monument". Beethoven House. April 2002. Archived from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
- ^ a b "The time of the great Beethoven monuments". Beethoven House. April 2002. Archived from the original on 6 October 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
- ^ a b c "Beethoven becomes an 'Olympian figure'". Beethoven House. April 2002. Archived from the original on 2 December 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
- ^ a b "Caspar Zumbusch's Beethoven monument". Beethoven House. April 2002. Archived from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
- ^ "Caspar Zumbusch's Beethoven monument – II". Beethoven House. April 2002. Archived from the original on 6 October 2020. Retrieved 10 December 2020.
- ^ "From Apollo to Jupiter". Beethoven House. April 2002. Archived from the original on 9 October 2020. Retrieved 10 December 2020.
- ^ a b "Scala Archives – Images details". Scala Archives. Archived from the original on 14 April 2022. Retrieved 23 March 2021.
- ^ a b "Beethoven monuments of the Reform Movements in the early 20th century". Beethoven House. April 2002. Retrieved 13 March 2021.
- ^ a b "Searching for new forms". Beethoven House. April 2002. Archived from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
- ^ a b c "Beethoven depictions influenced by Auguste Rodin". Beethoven House. April 2002. Archived from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
- ^ a b "Beethoven monuments between tradition and modernity". Beethoven House. April 2002. Archived from the original on 11 October 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
- ^ a b c "A Beethoven monument in Berlin". Beethoven House. April 2002. Archived from the original on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
- ^ a b "A time for experiments – I". Beethoven House. April 2002. Archived from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
- ^ a b "Two-headed Beethoven statue causes controversy". Classic FM. Archived from the original on 21 September 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
- ^ a b "Beethoven-Büste – Gipsabguß nach der Plastik von Josef Danhauser" [Beethoven bust – plaster cast based on the sculpture by Josef Danhauser] (in German). Beethoven House. Archived from the original on 14 April 2022. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
- ^ a b c "Beethoven-Büste – Bronzeguß von Fernando Cian" [Beethoven bust – bronze casting by Fernando Cian] (in German). Beethoven House. Archived from the original on 14 April 2022. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
- ^ a b "Beethoven, Ludwig van". Schubertiade. Archived from the original on 2 December 2020. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
- ^ a b "Beethoven-Maske – Bronzeguß einer Maske von Wilhelm Hüsgen" [Beethoven mask – bronze casting of a mask by Wilhelm Hüsgen] (in German). Beethoven House. Archived from the original on 14 April 2022. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
- ^ a b "Beethoven-Büste – Skulptur von Eduard Merz" [Beethoven bust – sculpture by Eduard Merz] (in German). Beethoven House. Archived from the original on 14 April 2022. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
- ^ a b "Beethoven-Büste – Anonyme Fotografie nach einem Original-Bronzegruß von Levon Lazarev" [Beethoven bust – anonymous photograph based on an original bronze salute by Levon Lazarev] (in German). Beethoven House. Archived from the original on 14 April 2022. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
- ^ a b "Beethoven-Büste – Originalbronzeguß von Cantemir Riscutia" [Beethoven bust – original bronze casting by Cantemir Riscutia] (in German). Beethoven House. Archived from the original on 14 April 2022. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
- ^ "Copy of the bust of the composer Ludwig Van Beethoven (1770-1827)". Google Arts & Culture. Archived from the original on 12 April 2021. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
- ^ "Beethoven. Die Denkmäler" [Beethoven. The monuments]. bonn.de (in German). City of Bonn. Archived from the original on 2 December 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
- ^ "Medallions and Bust on the Opera House". w10.bcn.es. Ajuntament de Barcelona. Archived from the original on 14 April 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
- ^ "Statues et portraits à la Conservatoire Conservatoire de Musique". Statues – Hither & Thither. Archived from the original on 23 April 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
- ^ "Beethovendenkmal (19, Beethovengang)" [Beethoven Monument (19, Beethoven Walk)]. geschichtewiki.wien.gv.at (in German). Vienna History Wiki. Archived from the original on 14 April 2022. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
- ^ Steiger, Simone (2011), Die Bildnisbüsten der Walhalla bei Donaustauf: Von der Konzeption durch Ludwig I. von Bayern zur Ausführung (1807–842) (PDF) (in German), p. 299, archived (PDF) from the original on 1 November 2018, retrieved 15 April 2021
- ^ "Beethoven Bust". Royal Philharmonic Society. Archived from the original on 25 April 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
- ^ "Beethoven 2020 : 250th anniversary of Beethoven's birth". Royal Society of Musicians of Great Britain. January 2020. Archived from the original on 25 April 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
- ^ "Statue: Frieze of Parnassus – Beethoven". London Remembers. Archived from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 8 May 2021.
- ^ "De componist Ludwig von Beethoven" [The composer Ludwig van Beethoven]. vanherck.collectionkbf.be (in Dutch). King Baudouin Foundation. September 2016. Archived from the original on 15 November 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2021.
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- ^ "Beethoven fanciullo". Google Arts & Culture. Archived from the original on 12 April 2021. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
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- ^ "Statues & Busts". Tower Grove Park. Archived from the original on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
- ^ "Busts Concert Hall". Statues – Hither & Thither. Archived from the original on 25 April 2021. Retrieved 23 March 2021.
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- ^ "An Eminent Italian Sculptor: Francesco Jerace". The Art Journal. London, UK: Virtue and Company: 108. 1899.
- ^ a b "Ludwig van Beethoven Monument, Lincoln Park, Chicago, early 20th century". CARLI Digital Collections Home. Archived from the original on 14 April 2022. Retrieved 2 December 2020.
- ^ "Beethoven-Gedenkplatte – Fotografie einer 1900 enthüllten reliefierten Gedenkplatte von Joseph Kassin am Beethovenstein im Helenental in Baden" [The Beethoven stele in Hlohovec – photograph of an anonymous monument]. katalog.beethoven.de (in German). Beethoven House. Retrieved 18 February 2021.
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- ^ "Max Klinger (1857–1920)". Mahler Foundation. 6 January 2015. Archived from the original on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
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- ^ Pap, Miklós; Székely, László; Vitéz, András; Aradi, Nóra (1964). Budapest; a guide to the capital of Hungary. Budapest, Hungary: Corvina Press. p. 160. OCLC 80881.
At present a statue of Beethoven by János Horvay (1932), and the statue of the "Tyrolese Sharpshooter" by Zsigmond Kisfaludi Strobl (1940), ornament the park
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- ^ "Ludwig van Beethoven". Statues – Hither & Thither. Retrieved 13 January 2021.
- ^ "Peter Christian Breuer's Beethoven monument". Beethoven House. April 2002. Archived from the original on 9 October 2020. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
- ^ Manual informativo de la ciudad de Buenos Aires [Information manual of the city of Buenos Aires] (in Spanish). Buenos Aires, Argentina: Instituto Histórico de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. 1991. p. 370.
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External links
[edit]- A slideshow of depictions of Beethoven from the Deutsches Historisches Museum on Google Arts & Culture