International Communist Party
International Communist Party Partito Comunista Internazionale | |
|---|---|
| Founded | 1952 |
| Preceded by | Internationalist Communist Party |
| Succeeded by | Multiple groups claiming the name |
| Headquarters | Italy |
| Newspaper | Il Partito Comunista Programma Comunista Le Prolétaire |
| Ideology | Left communism Bordigism Anti-parliamentarianism Anti-nationalism |
| Political position | Far-left |
| Colors | Red |
| Website | |
| international-communist-party | |
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The International Communist Party (ICP) is the name assumed by a number of left communist international political parties today. The ICP has often been described as Bordigist due to the contributions by longtime member Amadeo Bordiga, although the adherents of the party don't define themselves as Bordigists.[1]
Origins
[edit]Early Development within the Italian Socialist Party
[edit]The roots of the International Communist Party can be traced to the left wing of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI), founded in 1892. The first two decades of the PSI were marked by an internal struggle led by the left faction to establish Marxism as the party's official ideology.[2] Initially a minority, the left gained prominence at the 1910 congress, where they organized themselves as the Intransigent Revolutionary faction. By 1912, this faction had become dominant within the PSI, with key figures including Benito Mussolini, Angelica Balabanoff, and Amadeo Bordiga.[3]
World War I and Political Divergences
[edit]The outbreak of World War I led to significant ideological divisions within the PSI. Mussolini broke with the left by adopting a pro-Allied stance, while Bordiga developed an anti-war position similar to Lenin's revolutionary defeatism. This position, though rejected by most socialist leaders, established Bordiga as a prominent voice within the party base.[4] After Mussolini's expulsion for his increasingly militarist position, leadership passed to Giacinto Menotti Serrati's centrist faction, which maintained an ambiguous position between the right wing led by Filippo Turati and the left.[5]
Like Lenin, faced with the Second International's support of various sides in the war, Bordiga called for the formation of a new international.[6] When the left encountered Lenin's views after the October Revolution, they considered them not a new adaptation of Marxism but a restatement of it.[7]
Formation of the Communist Party of Italy
[edit]Under the influence of the Russian Revolution, the 1918 congress of the PSI officially adopted the policy of the dictatorship of the proletariat.[4] In 1919, the left organized as the Abstentionist Communist Faction, seeking to exclude reformists and align with the Communist International (Comintern). The implicit support given by the Comintern at the 2nd World Congress enabled the Abstentionist Communist Faction to break out of its isolation as a minority in the party.[8] Simultaneously, the Ordine Nuovo group emerged in Turin under Antonio Gramsci and Palmiro Togliatti. Initially close to Serrati's maximalists and in favor of participating in elections, they first entered into polemics with the Abstentionist Communist Faction, only to move closer to it in 1920 as it gained majority support in cities such as Naples, Milan, Florence, and Turin.[9]
In January 1921, these revolutionary elements split from the PSI to form the Communist Party of Italy (PCd'I) under Bordiga's leadership, taking with them approximately one-third of the PSI's membership and most of its youth wing.[10] The new party maintained a critical stance toward several Comintern policies, including the strategic position of anti-fascism, the tactical position of the united front, the policy of "Bolshevization" and the formation of workers' governments.
Despite representing the majority faction, the PCd'I's left leadership was replaced in 1924 by Gramsci under pressure from the Comintern, then effectively controlled by Joseph Stalin.[11] This didn't prevent Bordiga from challenging Stalin directly at the 6th Enlarged Executive of the Communist International in 1926, arguing that Russian affairs had to be decided by the International.[12]
Left Opposition and Formation of the Left Faction
[edit]The Left Faction of the Communist Party of Italy formed in 1928, primarily composed of Italian émigré communities in Belgium, France, and the United States.[13] The formation was prompted by Leon Trotsky's expulsion from the Soviet Union, the adoption of the theory of socialism in one country, as well as a growing number of other disagreements with Comintern policies.
Though initially sympathetic to Trotsky's Left Opposition, the faction maintained its independence. Trotsky eventually turned towards the New Italian Opposition, formed by former Stalinists, as his Italian contacts due to the faction's hesitation about hastily forming heterogeneous opposition groups into an organized whole.[14]
Wartime Activity and Formation of the Internationalist Communist Party
[edit]The Left Faction opposed the Spanish Civil War, viewing it as a prelude to the coming imperialist war.[15] In 1938, the International Bureau of Left Factions was founded as the only organ from which the future party would emerge.[16] During World War II, the scattered militants maintained a revolutionary defeatist position.[17]
In 1943, a nucleus led by militants including Onorato Damen, Fausto Atti, Mario Acquaviva, and Bruno Maffi established the Internationalist Communist Party in Northern Italy.[18] The party conducted significant anti-war agitation among factory workers and partisans.[19] Eventually, Atti and Acquaviva were killed by Italian Communist Party members in 1945 for their intervention among partisan groups.[20] Following the Allied invasion of Italy, the Left Faction of Communists and Socialists around Bordiga formed in Naples and was absorbed into the new party in 1945,[21] although Bordiga himself did not formally join until 1949.[22]
Immediately, serious divergences emerged between two main currents of the Internationalist Communist Party, eventually leading to a split in 1952. The faction centered around Damen favored electoral participation and rejected both union work and national liberation struggles, whereas the faction centered around Bordiga opposed the policy of revolutionary parliamentarianism, supported union work, and maintained the Communist International's position on national and colonial questions.[23] Following the 1952 split, Damen's group continued to publish the magazine Battaglia Comunista, while Bordiga's faction published Programma Comunista.[24]
History
[edit]Formation of the International Communist Party
[edit]The faction around Bordiga, now organized as a new party, did not officially adopt the name International Communist Party until the early 1960s.[25][26] Afterwards, its internal organization underwent significant changes. The policy of democratic centralism was replaced with organic centralism, which eliminated internal mechanisms of democracy. Party congresses were substituted with general meetings featuring detailed presentations, and a single commissioner (Bruno Maffi) was appointed with the task of linking different sections of the party.[27]
1960s
[edit]In 1964, the Milan section split off to form Rivoluzione Comunista, which was opposed to the concept of organic centralism.[28] In 1966, the Paris section under Jacques Camatte and Roger Dangeville split off as well. Camatte's group formed around the magazine Invariance, and Dangeville's followers gathered around Le Fil du Temps.[28]
The party experienced significant growth in France following May 1968, despite taking a critical stance toward the student protests.[29] However, it recognized the workers' strikes as superior to those during the 1937 May Days in Spain.
1970s and onward
[edit]- 1973: Danish and Swedish sections departed over union strategy[30]
- 1974: Florence section forms separate International Communist Party publishing Il Partito Comunista[31]
- 1982: Major crisis over political positions and El Oumami newspaper leads to party implosion[32]
- 1984: Legal battle over party name and publication rights[33]
Contemporary Organizations
[edit]Several organizations now claim the ICP name, distinguished by their publications:
- Florence-based ICP (Il Partito Comunista) - Publications in multiple languages including English, Italian, Spanish, and web presence in various other languages
- Milan-based ICP (Programma Comunista) - Regular publications in Italian, German, and English
- Franco-Italian ICP (Le Prolétaire/Il Comunista) - Publications in French, Italian, English, and Spanish
Theoretical Positions
[edit]The Invariance of Marxism
[edit]The ICP does not view Marxism as a doctrine discovered or introduced by Marx, but rather as a theory that emerged alongside the modern industrial proletariat. According to the party:
- Marxism cannot be molded or remolded by adding or changing aspects
- The doctrine must remain common, uniform, monolithic, and steadfast
- Any attempts to "update," "revise," or "distort" Marxism must be opposed
- The doctrine accompanies the proletariat throughout social revolution[34]
Party Organization
[edit]Organic Centralism
[edit]The ICP replaces democratic centralism with organic centralism, characterized by:
- Rejection of voting mechanisms within the party
- Development of specialized organizational organs
- Unity of theoretical and practical work
- No formal separation between study and action
According to the party, organic centralism means developing organs suited to various functions (propaganda, proselytism, union work, etc.) while ensuring all comrades remain involved in multiple aspects of party work. This prevents the deadly division between theoretical study and practical action.[35]
Role of the Party
[edit]The ICP considers the class party indispensable for proletarian revolutionary struggle. Its key functions include:
- Uniting working-class efforts and transforming group struggles into general revolutionary movement
- Propagating revolutionary theory among the masses
- Organizing material means of action
- Leading the working class throughout its struggle
- Securing historical continuity and international unity
- Representing, organizing, and directing the proletarian dictatorship[36]
Political and Economic Positions
[edit]Democracy and Parliamentarianism
[edit]The ICP maintains a stringent anti-parliamentary position:
- Rejects parliamentary assemblies in favor of working bodies
- Advocates single-party proletarian state
- Opposes "democracy" in all forms, including: "Bourgeois democracy", "Democracy in general", "Class democracy", "Workers' democracy"
The party advocates:
- Immediate recall of state officials
- Worker-level wages for officials
- Systematic rotation to eliminate bureaucracy
- Ending civil service as a career or profession[37]
Trade Union Work
[edit]The ICP maintains the position of the Communist Party of Italy regarding unions:
- Aims for party control over leading bodies of economic organisms, especially national union executives
- Avoids splits in unions when leadership remains with other parties
- Members follow union directives in action while maintaining right to criticize
- Views unions as mechanisms for leading proletarian movements outside party ranks[38]
National and Colonial Questions
[edit]The ICP's analysis of anti-colonial revolutions distinguishes between:
Major Post-Colonial States:
- Continue struggling against imperialist influence
- Develop their own forms of imperialism
- Prioritize heavy industry within monopolistic framework
- Nurture finance capital
Minor Post-Colonial States:
- Remain fundamentally colonial despite political independence
- Similar to Central and South American republics
- Unable to achieve true economic independence[39]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Lalbat, Benjamin. Les Bordiguistes Sans Bordiga. Contribution à une Histoire des Héritiers de la Gauche Communiste Italienne en France (PDF), p. 17
- ^ Chiaradia, John E (1972). The Spectral Figure of Amadeo Bordiga: A Case Study in the Decline of Marxism in the West (PDF), pp. 65-66
- ^ Chiaradia, ibid., pp. 69-70
- ^ a b Chiaradia, ibid., p. 98
- ^ Bourrinet, Philippe (2013). The Bordigist Current (1912-1952): Italy, France, Belgium, USA (PDF), p. 46
- ^ Chiaradia, ibid., p. 110
- ^ Chiaradia, ibid., p. 126
- ^ Bourrinet, ibid., p. 47
- ^ Bourrinet, ibid., pp. 48-49
- ^ Bourrinet, ibid., p. 50
- ^ Bourrinet, ibid., pp. 53-55
- ^ Basso, Pietro (2020). "Amadeo Bordiga Was the Last Communist to Challenge Stalin to His Face". Jacobin
- ^ Bourrinet, ibid., p. 109
- ^ Bourrinet, ibid., pp. 124-126
- ^ Bourrinet, ibid., pp. 191-192
- ^ Bourrinet, ibid., p. 213
- ^ Anonymous (1944). "Manifesto of the Communist Left to the Proletarians of Europe". Bulletin international de discussion de la gauche communiste italienne, no. 6
- ^ Bourrinet, ibid., p. 311
- ^ Bourrinet, ibid., p. 314
- ^ Bourrinet, ibid., p. 324
- ^ Bourrinet, ibid., p. 317
- ^ Bourrinet, ibid., p. 323
- ^ Bourrinet, ibid., p. 329
- ^ Bourrinet, ibid., p. 332
- ^ Lalbat, ibid., p. 46
- ^ Bourrinet, Philippe (2019). "A Century of 'Italian' Communist Left (1915 – 2015): Biographical Dictionary of an Internationalist Movement" (PDF), p. 1
- ^ Anonymous (2006). "Materials for a Review of the Party's Crises – Part 1". Programme Communiste, No. 99
- ^ a b Lalbat, ibid., pp. 47-48
- ^ Lalbat, ibid., pp. 81, 90-91
- ^ Lalbat, ibid., pp. 132, 137-138
- ^ Anonymous (1974). "On the Same Road as Always". Il Partito Comunista, no. 1
- ^ Lalbat, ibid., pp. 203-208
- ^ Lalbat, ibid., p. 210
- ^ Anonymous (1953). "Contributions to the Organic Historical Representation of the Marxist Revolutionary Theory". Sul Filo del Tempo – no 1
- ^ Anonymous (1965). "Considerations on the Organic Activity of the Party When the General Situation is Historically Unfavorable"
- ^ Anonymous (1948). "The Programme of the Party"
- ^ Anonymous (1951). "Proletarian Dictatorship and Class Party"
- ^ Anonymous (1922). "Theses of Rome (Theses on the Tactics of the Communist Party)". Communist Party of Italy
- ^ Anonymous (1957). "The Colonial Question: An Initial Balance Sheet". Il Programma Communista No. 14
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