Jump to content

Ian Gibbons (biochemist)

Edit links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For other people with the same name, see Ian Gibbons.
Ian Gibbons
BornMarch 6, 1946
Runcorn, Cheshire, England
DiedMay 23, 2013 (aged 67)
Portola Valley, California, U.S.
Cause of deathSuicide by overdose of acetaminophen
NationalityBritish
EducationUniversity of Cambridge (Ph.D.)[1][2]
University of California, Berkeley (Postdoc)[3]
Occupation(s)Researcher, Syva & Biotrack
Chief Scientist, Theranos
SpouseRochelle Gibbons[4][5][6]

Ian Gibbons (March 6, 1946 – May 23, 2013) was a British biochemist and molecular biology researcher who served as the chief scientist of the US company Theranos, which was founded by Elizabeth Holmes. For more than 30 years, Gibbons performed research in medical therapeutics and diagnostic testing prior to joining Theranos in 2005. He attempted to raise issues with Theranos' management about the inaccuracy of their testing devices.

In 2013, Gibbons intentionally overdosed on acetaminophen the night before he was scheduled to be deposed in a lawsuit related to Theranos. He was hospitalized for several days and died from liver failure. Theranos collapsed in 2018 after journalist John Carreyrou revealed in The Wall Street Journal that its supposedly revolutionary blood testing devices, requiring only a fingerstick of blood, had never functioned as claimed. Gibbons had attempted to inform his superiors at Theranos, including Holmes, of the failure of their technology but the company's executives repeatedly ignored his objections.

Gibbons' career at Theranos is documented in Carreyrou's book Bad Blood: Secrets and Lies in a Silicon Valley Startup, and in the second episode of the ABC News podcast The Dropout. British actor Stephen Fry portrayed Gibbons in the biographical drama miniseries The Dropout, which is based on the podcast.

Early life and family

[edit]

Ian Gibbons was born and raised in England. His father served in the British Armed Forces, and during World War II he was held captive in North Africa, and was held in prisoner of war camps in Italy and Poland before being liberated.[7] Ian Gibbons earned a Ph.D. in biochemistry from the University of Cambridge.[1][2] After obtaining his Ph.D., he moved to the United States and completed a postdoctoral fellowship in the department of molecular biology of the University of California, Berkeley.[3][8] Gibbons met his wife Rochelle while they were both studying microbiology at Berkeley in 1973, and they married in 1975.[5][9] Rochelle was educated as a scientist and patent lawyer,[10][11] and has worked in immigration law.[12]

Career

[edit]

Biotech research

[edit]

For 30 years, Ian Gibbons worked on diagnostic and therapeutic products at technology companies.[13][2][14] In the 1980s, he worked at a biotechnology firm called Syva Company, where he produced groundbreaking research on immunoassays.[15][16] During his career, Gibbons was named on almost 200 patents.[11] While working at Biotrack Laboratories, he developed blood assay technologies and held 19 patents for the scientific techniques he created.[1][2] At Biotrack, Gibbons worked with Channing Robertson, who later recommended him as the first experienced scientist to be hired by Theranos.[13][11][17] At Biotrack, Gibbons, Robertson, and others invented and patented a mechanism to dilute and mix liquid samples, abilities that would become key in Theranos' processes.[18][19][17]

Theranos

[edit]
Gibbons' former colleague Channing Robertson recruited him to work for Theranos as chief scientist in 2005.

In 2005, Theranos CEO Elizabeth Holmes hired Ian Gibbons as the company's chief scientist.[20][13][2] Gibbons was the first experienced scientist hired by the company,[9][2] with the title of Senior Director of Assay Development.[21][22] He initially served as the company's lab director and as director of product development.[23] In 2007, Gibbons was diagnosed with colon cancer.[24][11][25] He underwent cancer treatments including chemotherapy and multiple surgeries, and was absent for some time from Theranos during his recovery.[11]

For the company, Ian Gibbons authored 23 patents on which other Theranos researchers are also named.[26] Holmes' name appears on 19 patents related to Theranos which were authored by Gibbons.[27][28] He worked on blood chemistry with Gary Frenzel between 2005 and 2010, when Gibbons led the division.[29][30] As chief scientist, Gibbons often gave the staff informal lectures on biochemistry and the science of blood testing.[31][17] To ensure product success, Gibbons insisted blood-test results from Theranos developmental devices needed to match benchmark results of competitors' commercial analyzers.[32]

Theranos' devices often became a source of frustration for Gibbons because they differed, sometimes significantly, from the benchmarks. His high standards became a source of disagreements with Theranos engineers and senior management. Senior management warned employees who questioned the accuracy of the technology.[13] As a result of his desperation, Gibbons told his wife Rochelle "nothing at Theranos is working".[33][34][35] Holmes's practice of discouraging communication between departments also troubled Gibbons.[17][36] The reason given for such information siloing was that the company was operating in stealth mode to protect its trade secrets.[13] The siloing, however, prevented effective problem solving and pursuit of common goals between employees.[36][37] Gibbons knew of Holmes's falsehoods to employees and outsiders about Theranos' technology and readiness, as well as false demonstrations to clients; and he no longer trusted Holmes. He continued, however, to struggle to make the flawed Theranos technology meet the company's expectations.[38][39] After being demoted, Gibbons diligently worked with Paul Patel, his successor at Theranos.[15] Gibbons attempted to fix the technology to match the grandiose claims made by Holmes and Theranos staff but his efforts were unsuccessful.[20][40][41] When Gibbons attempted to alert Theranos executives the technology did not work, his colleagues bullied and humiliated Gibbons for trying to speak out.[42] In 2006, Gibbons told Holmes the blood testing Theranos had developed was not yet fit for use by members of the public, and that their proprietary technology was not accurate.[43][44]

In late 2010, Gibbons told his friend and trusted colleague Channing Robertson about his concerns about misrepresentations made by Theranos about the effectiveness of its technology.[45][46] Robertson alerted Holmes of Gibbons' complaints and frustrations, and Gibbons was dismissed from the company.[5][47] Several of Gibbons' colleagues lobbied on his behalf, and he was quickly rehired with reduced responsibilities as a technical consultant to the chemistry group he had formerly headed.[13][11][42]

Patent lawsuit

[edit]

In 2011, Ian Gibbons became involved in a patent theft case involving Theranos and Richard Fuisz, an American entrepreneur and inventor who had been a former friend and neighbour of Elizabeth Holmes and her family. The two families had fallen out and Holmes had declined Fuisz's offer to help Holmes with her invention.[48]

After Fuisz studied publicly available patent information about Theranos' technology, he filed his own patent for a physician-alert mechanism that could be embedded in a testing device, which he identified was not covered by any Theranos patents. Without owning this patent, Theranos would have needed a license from Fuisz's patent to cover physician/patient alerts – a desirable feature in a medical analyzer. When Theranos discovered Fuisz had filed his patent, it responded by filing a lawsuit for patent theft alleging Fuisz had misused Theranos' existing patent technology.[13][49]

While researching his defence to the Theranos' lawsuit, Fuisz noted Gibbons was often named as co-inventor with Holmes on many of Theranos' patents. He also noted there were similarities between Gibbons' Theranos patents and those he had filed while working for a previous employer, Biotrack. In response, Fuisz added Gibbons' name to his list of witnesses to be deposed to answer questions about improper reuse of past work and the identification of Holmes as a co-inventor.[13][49]

Gibbons became nervous and depressed when he learnt he would be subpoenaed to testify.[50] He wanted to avoid being deposed because he was afraid his job depended on his testimony.[51][52] Rochelle Gibbons assessed his state of mind towards the end of his time at Theranos: "It was hell for him to work there. It was complete hell. I think that he was very confused about why he was being treated so badly."[53] She said Ian felt humiliated to be associated with the company's scientific failures.[8] He felt pressured by Theranos to lie about the state of the company's research.[54] Rochelle believed if he told the truth, he would lose his job, and have limited future job prospects due to his age.[10][55] Ian felt he was in a no-win scenario; by not speaking out, he thought, he would be hurting the general populace, but if he agreed to speak the truth, he would hurt his colleagues.[56][17]

Death and Theranos response

[edit]

On May 15, 2013, Ian Gibbons was notified that he needed to appear at the Fuisz lawyers' offices on May 17 to give his deposition. A lawyer for Theranos, which had been actively discouraging him from testifying, emailed Gibbons a draft doctor's note that could be adapted to excuse him. On the evening of May 16, Gibbons ingested a combination of wine and acetaminophen.[57][2] The following morning, Rochelle Gibbons discovered him on their bathroom floor, unconscious and barely breathing. He died, aged 67, of liver failure in a hospital on May 23, 2013.[58][42] When Rochelle Gibbons called Holmes' office to report his death, Holmes did not return her call.[57][55] Gibbons' wife, however, received an email from a Theranos lawyer requesting she immediately return Gibbons' company laptop and any confidential information he might have had in his possession.[13][59] Holmes sent an internal company email to several colleagues informing them of Gibbons' death and that a memorial service would be held; no memorial service, however, was organized by Holmes or her company.[60]

After Gibbons's death, lawyers for Theranos threatened his widow — and Elizabeth Holmes (pictured) and her partner Sunny Balwani texted about filing a lawsuit against her.[13][61][62]

Attorneys representing Theranos sent Rochelle Gibbons a letter saying legal action against her would ensue if she spoke to a journalist about the company.[63][64][65] After she spoke with a journalist, she received a letter from the law firm representing Theranos, Boies Schiller Flexner LLP, signed by attorney Mike Brille.[13][61] The letter stated: "It has been the Company's desire not to pursue legal action against Mrs. Gibbons. Unless she immediately ceases these actions, she will leave the Company no other option but to pursue litigation to definitively put an end [to] these actions once and for all."[13] In 2015, The Wall Street Journal published a Theranos exposé by John Carreyrou, after which, Elizabeth Holmes and her partner Sunny Balwani sent text messages to each other about filing a lawsuit against Rochelle Gibbons.[62] Rochelle Gibbons said of these legal threats from Holmes' attorney David Boies and his law firm: "[It] was absurd that is that they could think that they could sue me for talking about Ian. You know they couldn't. I guess they were trying to scare me, to intimidate me into thinking they're going to get me for defamation. But the defense, the defamation is truth and so you know I'm telling the truth here, not lying about Theranos."[11]

Although Ian Gibbons had worked for Theranos for 10 years,[11] after his death, Rochelle Gibbons never received any condolences from the company, from Balwani, or from Holmes.[11][14][42] By 2021, Elizabeth Holmes had never contacted Rochelle Gibbons.[66][42] Gibbons publicly blamed Holmes for her husband's death,[5][6] and believed he would not have killed himself if he had not gone to work for Theranos.[67] Gibbons said Holmes "has shown no remorse for any of the things she's done to anyone, nothing".[5][67]

In media

[edit]

Beginning in 2015, The Wall Street Journal reporter John Carreyrou exposed the practices of Theranos and Elizabeth Holmes in a series of articles; this was followed by US federal government investigations that led to the company's collapse in 2018.[4][68][69] Carreyrou devoted chapter 12 of his book, Bad Blood: Secrets and Lies in a Silicon Valley Startup to Ian Gibbons.[70] Carreyrou described how he met with Rochelle Gibbons, who agreed to be a source for his book, in California, two years after Ian Gibbons' death.[71][3] Carreyrou said the interview process was difficult for Gibbons; he said she was still grieving, that she blamed Theranos for his death, and that she "wished he had never worked there".[71]

Ian Gibbons's career, his time at Theranos, and his death were featured in the second episode of the ABC News podcast The Dropout, which was hosted by Rebecca Jarvis.[72][73] In the 2019 podcast episode titled "The Enforcer", Jarvis interviews Rochelle Gibbons, who had also talked with the Federal Bureau of Investigation for United States v. Elizabeth A. Holmes, et al.[72][73] In the American biographical television drama miniseries created by The Dropout, based on the podcast, Gibbons was portrayed by actor Stephen Fry.[74][75][76] In his research for the role, Fry asked show creator Elizabeth Meriwether if contacting Rochelle Gibbons would be acceptable.[72] Gibbons spoke with Fry at length about her husband, and educated Fry about his character.[72] Prior to being cast in the series, Fry had listened to the entirety of the podcast.[72] Fry viewed the Theranos scandal including Gibbons's suicide as a tragedy of "epic Shakespearean greed".[72]

Ian Gibbons' role in attempting to bring to light the inaccurate nature of Theranos testing machines was highlighted in a 2022 article on ethics in scientific research for the journal Science and Engineering Ethics.[30] Stanford University management professor Robert E. McGinn emphasized the roles of Theranos scientists who unsuccessfully tried to respond admirably to the ethical challenges presented by the company's management.[30] McGinn said Gibbons' "efforts to prevent unreasonable risks of harm were admirably ethically responsible".[30] In a 2022 article for the journal Frontiers in Sociology, University of South Florida professors Lily M. Abadal and Garrett W. Potts[31] called the management culture at Theranos a form of "chronic moral injury" (CH-MI).[31] The professors concluded; "the recent management scandal at Theranos ... perpetuated CH-MI, ultimately leading to Gibbons's untimely death".[31]

Bibliography

[edit]

Book chapters

[edit]
  • Edwin F. Ullman; I. Gibbons; D. Litman (January 1983), "Homogeneous Immunoassays and Immunometric Assays Employing Enzyme Channeling.", in John H. Rippey and Robert M. Nakamura (ed.), Diagnostic Immunology: Technology Assessment and Quality Assurance, College of American Pathologists, pp. 31–46
  • Ian Gibbons (January 1985), "Nonseparation Enzyme Immunoassays for Macromolecules", Enzyme-Mediated Immunoassay, Springer, pp. 121–143, doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-5012-5_8, ISBN 978-1-4684-5014-9
  • Ian Gibbons; Robert K. DiNello; Roger R. Greenburg; John Olson; Edwin F. Ullman (1985), "Sensitive Homogenous Enzyme Immunoassays for Microbial Antigens", Rapid Detection and Identification of Infectious Agents, Academic Press, pp. 155–163, doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-408550-3.50014-3, ISBN 9780124085503
  • Ian Gibbons; Richard Armenta; Robert K. DiNello; Edwin F. Ullman (1987), "Nonseparation enzyme channeling immunometric assays", Immobilized Enzymes and Cells, Part C, Methods in Enzymology, vol. 136, Academic Press, pp. 93–103, doi:10.1016/S0076-6879(87)36011-2, ISBN 9780121820367, ISSN 0076-6879, PMID 3316931
  • Travis D. Boone; Antonio J. Ricco; Philip Gooding; Torleif O. Björnson; Sharat Singh; Vivian Xiao; Ian Gibbons; Stephen J. Williams; Hongdong Tan (2000), "Sub-Microliter Assays and DNA Analysis on Plastic Microfluidics", Micro Total Analysis Systems 2000, Springer, pp. 541–544, doi:10.1007/978-94-017-2264-3_127, ISBN 978-90-481-5496-8
  • Travis D. Boone; Z. Hugh Fan; Ian Gibbons; Antonio J. Ricco; Alexander Sassi; Sharat Singh; Dennis Slomski; Hongdong Tan; Stephen J. Williams; Vivian Xiao; Qifeng Xue (2001), "Disposable Plastic Microfluidic Arrays for Applications in Biotechnology", Transducers '01 Eurosensors XV, Springer, pp. 1118–1121, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-86397-7_264, ISBN 978-3-540-42150-4

Journal articles

[edit]

References

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Carreyrou 2020, p. 140.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Kuykendall, Sally (2020), Skewed Studies: Exploring the Limits and Flaws of Health and Psychology Research, ABC-CLIO, p. 15, ISBN 978-1440863998
  3. ^ a b c Carreyrou 2020, p. 142.
  4. ^ a b Gibney, Alex, "The Inventor: Out for Blood in Silicon Valley", HBO, archived from the original on 2 April 2019, retrieved 1 April 2019
  5. ^ a b c d e "Widow of Theranos scientist blames Elizabeth Holmes for her husband's death: 'She has shown no remorse'", CBS News, 12 January 2022, retrieved 20 February 2023
  6. ^ a b Zehndorfer, Elesa (2018), "Stocks and Suicides", The Physiology of Emotional and Irrational Investing: Causes and Solutions, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 978-1351978811
  7. ^ Carreyrou 2020, p. 144.
  8. ^ a b Daniel, Hugo; Alexander, Harriet (22 October 2016), "The fatal fallout of tech billionaire's 'health revolution' British head scientist at US maverick's Silicon Valley start-up took own life over 'unworkable' technology", The Daily Telegraph – via Gale OneFile
  9. ^ a b Cohan, Peter S. (7 February 2018), "Chapter 4: Deepening the Human Capital Pool", Startup Cities: Why Only a Few Cities Dominate the Global Startup Scene and What the Rest Should Do About It, Apress, pp. 110–111, ISBN 978-1484233931
  10. ^ a b Carreyrou 2020, p. 147.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i Dunn, Taylor; Thompson, Victoria; Jarvis, Rebecca (12 March 2019), "Ex-Theranos employee's wife: People like Elizabeth Holmes 'should be in jail': 'The Dropout' ep 2", ABC News, retrieved 25 February 2023
  12. ^ Baxter, Brian (30 August 2021), "Boies, Kissinger, Mattis Make Witness List in Holmes Prosecution", Bloomberg Law, retrieved 7 March 2023
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Bilton, Nick (6 September 2016). "Exclusive: How Elizabeth Holmes's House of Cards Came Tumbling Down". Vanity Fair. Condé Nast. ISSN 0733-8899. Retrieved 1 June 2018.
  14. ^ a b "Disgraced CEO's heartless response to suicide - When the disgraced founder of a blood testing company found out her chief scientist had committed suicide, she did the unthinkable.", News.com.au, 9 September 2016, retrieved 25 February 2023
  15. ^ a b Carreyrou 2020, p. 145.
  16. ^ Gibbons, Ian; Rowley, Gerald L.; Ullman, Edwin F. (1 May 1982), "Charge effects in enzyme immunoassays", Justia, p. Patent No. 4501692; Application Number: 6/259,629, retrieved 5 March 2023
  17. ^ a b c d e Martin, Laura (1 March 2022), "'The Dropout': Who Is Ian Gibbons, and What's the True Story Behind His Tragic Death? - The British biochemist, played by Stephen Fry, was one of the few people who knew that Holmes' Theranos invention didn't work", Esquire, ISSN 0194-9535, OCLC 824603960, retrieved 5 March 2023
  18. ^ Carreyrou 2020, pp. 140–141.
  19. ^ Gibbons, Ian; Hillman, Robert S.; Robertson, Channing R.; Allen, Jimmy D. (7 August 1990). "United States Patent: 4946795 - Apparatus and method for dilution and mixing of liquid samples". US Patent and Trademark Office. Retrieved 23 July 2018.
  20. ^ a b Tedlow, Richard S. (2021), The Emergence of Charismatic Business Leadership, RosettaBooks, pp. 344–345, ISBN 978-1948122849
  21. ^ "A Presentation For Investors" (Investor pitch slide show). SlideShare. 1 June 2006. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
  22. ^ "Management". Theranos.com. 2012. Archived from the original on 6 April 2012.
  23. ^ Livermore, Shawn (2020), Average Joe: Be the Silicon Valley Tech Genius, Wiley, p. 320, ISBN 978-1119618874
  24. ^ Carreyrou 2020, p. 146.
  25. ^ Mole, Beth (23 November 2016), "Beyond business: Disgraced Theranos bloodied family, friends, neighbors - Personal stories shed light on the infamous biotech's business strategies and culture.", Ars Technica, retrieved 25 February 2023
  26. ^ Tan, Joseph (2019), Adaptive Health Management Information Systems: Concepts, Cases, and Practical Applications, Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, p. 428, ISBN 978-1284153897
  27. ^ England, Lucy (15 October 2015), "Multi-billion dollar health startup Theranos tried to kill a report questioning how well its 'revolutionary' blood test actually works", Business Insider, retrieved 25 February 2023
  28. ^ Carreyrou, John (16 October 2015), "Hot Startup Theranos Has Struggled With Its Blood-Test Technology: Silicon Valley lab, led by Elizabeth Holmes, is valued at $9 billion but isn't using its technology for all the tests it offers", The Wall Street Journal, retrieved 25 February 2023
  29. ^ Carreyrou 2020, p. 141.
  30. ^ a b c d McGinn, Robert E. (30 August 2022), "Startup Ethics: Ethically Responsible Conduct of Scientists and Engineers at Theranos.", Science and Engineering Ethics, 28 (5), Springer: 39, doi:10.1007/s11948-022-00393-2, PMC 9425795, PMID 36040562
  31. ^ a b c d Abadal, Lily M.; Potts, Garrett W. (28 October 2022), "A MacIntyrean account of chronic moral injury: Assessing the implications of bad management and marginalized practices at work.", Frontiers in Sociology, 7, doi:10.3389/fsoc.2022.1019804, PMC 9650410, PMID 36386856
  32. ^ Mitchell, Molli (3 March 2022), "Is 'The Dropout's' Ian Gibbons Based on a Real Person? The Tragic True Story", Newsweek, retrieved 25 February 2023
  33. ^ Calacanis, Jason (30 January 2016), "WSJ's John Carreyrou: before he died Theranos Chief Scientist told wife nothing was working", This Week in Startups (Video on YouTube), retrieved 26 February 2023
  34. ^ Gieczewski, German; Kosterina, Svetlana (March 2020), Endogenous Experimentation in Organizations (PDF), Princeton University, p. 2, archived from the original (PDF) on 20 February 2023, retrieved 20 February 2023
  35. ^ Kelly, Jon (15 October 2015), "Why the World's Youngest Self-Made Billionaire May Be in Big Trouble – Theranos's Elizabeth Holmes is the latest in a long line of Silicon Valley players to have walked the path of the founder. Could a damning new investigative report on the company debunk the myth and poke holes in a bubble?", Vanity Fair, retrieved 25 February 2023
  36. ^ a b Carreyrou 2020, pp. 142–143.
  37. ^ Buni, John (28 March 2019), "Beware festishising founders - just look at the Theranos fiasco", City AM, London, England: NLA Access Media Limited – via Gale OneFile
  38. ^ Carreyrou 2020, pp. 145–146.
  39. ^ Mole, Beth (23 November 2016). "Beyond business: Disgraced Theranos bloodied family, friends, neighbors". Ars Technica. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
  40. ^ Rottinghaus, Adam Richard (2021), "Theranos", Upgrade Culture and Technological Change: The Business of the Future, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 978-1000513790
  41. ^ Weisul, Kimberly (6 September 2016), "New Revelations About the Dark History of Theranos", Inc., ISSN 0162-8968, retrieved 25 February 2023
  42. ^ a b c d e Jones, Callum (8 January 2022), "She's guilty, but I'm still a widow; Rochelle Gibbons' British husband was the chief scientist at Theranos then he killed himself. She talked to Callum Jones.", The Times, London, England, p. 19, ISSN 0140-0460 – via Gale OneFile
  43. ^ Dennin, Torsten (2023), "The Rise", Games of Greed: Excess, Hubris, Fraud, and Theft on Main Street and Wall Street, River Grove Books, ISBN 978-1632996428
  44. ^ Kosoff, Maya (11 August 2020), "The rise and fall of Elizabeth Holmes, the Theranos founder whose federal fraud trial is delayed until 2021.", The Business Insider, Newstex LLC – via Gale OneFile
  45. ^ Carreyrou 2020, p. 143.
  46. ^ Orlowski, Andrew (7 January 2022), "How Elizabeth Holmes fleeced the elites - Big investors were all too willing to believe the Theranos hype.", Spiked, retrieved 26 April 2024
  47. ^ Sproull, Patrick (6 March 2022), "Here's how the cast of 'The Dropout' compares to the real-life people they're portraying", Insider, Insider Inc., retrieved 5 March 2023
  48. ^ Cassens Weiss, Debra (14 March 2014). "Patent theft suit blames former McDermott partner; defense sees 'smoke and mirrors'". ABA Journal. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
  49. ^ a b Carreyrou 2020, pp. 132–133, 139–140.
  50. ^ Daniel, Hugo; Alexander, Harriet (22 October 2016). "British head scientist at US maverick's Silicon Valley start-up took own life over 'unworkable' technology". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235.
  51. ^ Wappler, Margaret (20 March 2019), "Theranos' Elizabeth Holmes Sold Certainty and Sex Appeal – It's the kind of catastrophe that happens when millennial influencer culture meets old-school male hubris.", Slate, The Slate Group LLC., p. Section: Culture – via NewsBank
  52. ^ Zimmerman, Amy (18 March 2019), "'The Inventor': How Elizabeth Holmes Pulled Off the Scam of the Century", The Daily Beast, The Daily Beast Company LLC., p. Section: Con Artist – via NewsBank
  53. ^ "Elizabeth Holmes Found Guilty on Four of 11 Charges In Epic Blood-Testing Trial", The Daily Beast, The Daily Beast Company LLC., 3 January 2022 – via NewsBank
  54. ^ Savidge, Nico (7 June 2019), "More from a longtime Elizabeth Holmes skeptic: On excuses, moments of fame and other Theranos encounters", East Bay Times, p. Web Edition; Section: Business – via NewsBank
  55. ^ a b "Story emerges about suicide of Theranos scientist", Palo Alto Daily Post, Palo Alto, California: Daily Post, L.L.C., p. 1, 9 September 2016 – via NewsBank
  56. ^ Sumagaysay, Levi (14 March 2018), "SEC charges Theranos, founder Elizabeth Holmes with 'massive' fraud", East Bay Times, p. Web Edition; Section: Business – via NewsBank
  57. ^ a b Carreyrou 2020, pp. 148–149.
  58. ^ Carreyrou 2020, p. 148.
  59. ^ Hartmans, Avery (6 September 2016), "The way Theranos reportedly reacted to the suicide of its chief scientist is unbelievably cold", Business Insider, retrieved 25 February 2023
  60. ^ Carreyrou 2020, p. 149.
  61. ^ a b Carreyrou 2020, p. 270.
  62. ^ a b Briquelet, Kate (15 September 2021), "Elizabeth Holmes Wrote Bad Love Poetry as Theranos Tanked – The Theranos founder wrote gooey notes to her business partner and paramour as they texted about the company's woes.", The Daily Beast, retrieved 25 February 2023
  63. ^ Karlgaard, Rich (2021), "The Cruel Fallacy of Human Measurement", Late Bloomers: The Hidden Strengths of Learning and Succeeding at Your Own Pace, Crown, p. 67, ISBN 978-1524759773
  64. ^ Cooper, Daniel (13 June 2016), "Walgreens is done with Theranos - Walgreens was Theranos' main source of business, too.", Engadget, retrieved 25 February 2023
  65. ^ Belluz, Julia (20 October 2015), "The Theranos controversy, explained - Everything you need to know about the super-secret, controversial blood testing company.", Vox, retrieved 25 February 2023
  66. ^ Brown, Mick (21 August 2021), "Out for Blood; Elizabeth Holmes once had Silicon Valley at her feet and investors throwing billions at her miracle blood-testing invention – that never worked. Now she prepares to take the stand accused of fraud on an unimaginable scale. Mick Brown reports.", The Daily Telegraph – via Gale OneFile
  67. ^ a b Werner, Anna (12 January 2022), "Widow of Theranos' former chief scientist speaks out following Elizabeth Holmes' conviction", CBS Mornings (Video on YouTube), retrieved 21 February 2023
  68. ^ Acres, Tom (18 November 2022), "Elizabeth Holmes: How Theranos founder went from billionaire darling of Silicon Valley to behind bars – Elizabeth Holmes became America's youngest ever self-made female billionaire after taking Silicon Valley by storm through her company, Theranos. She claimed its technology would revolutionise health care – but a stunning expose saw it come crashing down as quickly as it had risen.", Sky News, Sky Group, archived from the original on 5 December 2022, retrieved 5 March 2023
  69. ^ Carreyrou 2020, pp. 300–301.
  70. ^ Carreyrou 2020, p. 141-149; Chapter 12: "Ian Gibbons".
  71. ^ a b Carreyrou 2020, p. 238.
  72. ^ a b c d e f Martin, Laura (17 March 2022), "'The Dropout': Stephen Fry on That Tragic Moment, and How Fraudsters Took Over TV - The British screen icon considers the series, based on the Theranos scandal, a story of 'epic Shakespearean greed'", Esquire, ISSN 0194-9535, OCLC 824603960, retrieved 26 February 2023
  73. ^ a b Jarvis, Rebecca (30 January 2019), "The Dropout Episode 2: The Enforcer", The Dropout, ABC News, retrieved 5 March 2023
  74. ^ Craig, David (4 March 2022), "The Dropout release date: Cast, trailer and latest news on Elizabeth Holmes drama", Radio Times, retrieved 26 February 2023
  75. ^ Sepinwall, Alan (25 February 2022), "'The Dropout' Shows How Theranos Founder Elizabeth Holmes' Blood Ran Cold", Rolling Stone, retrieved 24 February 2023
  76. ^ Petski, Denise (10 June 2021). "'The Dropout': William H. Macy, Laurie Metcalf, Elizabeth Marvel, Utkarsh Ambudkar, Kate Burton Among 10 Cast In Hulu Limited Series". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 10 June 2021.

Works cited

[edit]
[edit]
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Professionalism/Tyler Shultz, Elizabeth Holmes, and Theranos


Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ian_Gibbons_(biochemist)&oldid=1243170179"