3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase

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Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA lyase
Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA lyase
	HMG-CoA lyase dimer, Human
Identifiers
EC no.	4.1.3.4
CAS no.	9030-83-5
Databases
IntEnz	IntEnz view
BRENDA	BRENDA entry
ExPASy	NiceZyme view
KEGG	KEGG entry
MetaCyc	metabolic pathway
PRIAM	profile
PDB structures	RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum
Gene Ontology	AmiGO / QuickGO
PMC
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PMC	articles
PubMed	articles
NCBI	proteins

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase
Identifiers
Aliases	HMG-CoA_lyasehydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA lyaseHMG-CoA lyase3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A lyase(S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA acetoacetate-lyase (acetyl-CoA-forming)(S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA acetoacetate-lyase3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarate-CoA lyasehydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A lyase
External IDs	GeneCards: [1]; OMA:- orthologs
Orthologs
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	n; a
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	Wikidata
View/Edit Human

3-hydroxymethyl-3-methylglutaryl-Coenzyme A lyase (hydroxymethylglutaricaciduria)

Identifiers

Symbol

HMGCL

Other data

Chr. 1 p36.1-p35

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Structures	Swiss-model
Domains	InterPro

3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase (or HMG-CoA lyase) is an enzyme (EC 4.1.3.4 that in human is encoded by the HMGCL gene located on chromosome 1. It is a key enzyme in ketogenesis (ketone body formation). It is a ketogenic enzyme in the liver that catalyzes the formation of acetoacetate from HMG-CoA within the mitochondria. It also plays a prominent role in the catabolism of the amino acid leucine.

Structure

The HMGCL gene encodes a 34.5-kDa protein that is localized to the mitochondrion and peroxisome.^[1] Multible isoforms of the proteins are known due to alternative splicing. The major isoform (isoform 1) is most highly expressed in the liver^[1] whereas isoform 2 is found in energy-demanding tissues including the brain, heart, and skeletal muscle.^[2]

Structure of the HMGCL protein has been resolved by X-ray crystallography at 2.1-Å resolution, and reveals that the protein may function as a dimer. Substrate access to the active site of the HMGCL enzyme involves substrate binding across a cavity located at the C-terminal end of a beta barrel structure.^[3] In addition, the lysine 48 residue which is mutated in patients with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase deficiency is also found to be necessary for substrate binding.^[4]

Function

The HMGCL protein plays an essential role in breaking down dietary proteins and fats for energy. It catalyzes the reaction:

(S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA = acetyl-CoA acetoacetate

and requires a divalent metal ion as co-factor.^[5]

The enzyme is required for ketogenesis in the liver, and is also responsible for processing the amino acid leucine inside the mitochondrion

Deficiency HMG-CoA lyase deficiency causes hypoketotic hypoglycemia similar to that is caused by HMGCS2 mutations but also leads to organic acid accumulation and metabolic acidosis due to altered leucine metabolism. This disorder can be mistaken for Reye syndrome because of the symptoms of vomiting, lethargy, and convulsions.

Clinical significance

Mutations in the HMGCL gene cause 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase deficiency (HMGCLD), a rare autosomal recessive inborn error of metabolism characterized by disruption of ketogenesis and L-leucine catabolism. To-date more than 30 different mutations including missense mutations of different residues have been associated with patients with HMGCLD in diverse families and ethnicities.^[6] HMGCLD typically presents in the first year of the patient's life after a fasting period. Clinical acute symptoms include vomiting, seizures, metabolic acidosis, hypoketotic hypoglycemia, and lethargy.^[7]

Interactions

HMGCL interacts with itself to form homodimers and homotetramers. It is also shown in yeast two-hybrid experiments to interact with DNAJA1.

References

^ ^a ^b Ashmarina LI, Robert MF, Elsliger MA, Mitchell GA (1996). "Characterization of the hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA lyase precursor, a protein targeted to peroxisomes and mitochondria". Biochem. J. 315 (Pt 1): 71–5. doi:10.1042/bj3150071. PMC 1217198. PMID 8670134.
^ Puisac B, Ramos M, Arnedo M, Menao S, Gil-Rodríguez MC, Teresa-Rodrigo ME, Pié A, de Karam JC, Wesselink JJ, Giménez I, Ramos FJ, Casals N, Gómez-Puertas P, Hegardt FG, Pié J (2012). "Characterization of splice variants of the genes encoding human mitochondrial HMG-CoA lyase and HMG-CoA synthase, the main enzymes of the ketogenesis pathway". Mol. Biol. Rep. 39 (4): 4777–85. doi:10.1007/s11033-011-1270-8. PMID 21952825. S2CID 16280588.
^ Fu Z, Runquist JA, Montgomery C, Miziorko HM, Kim JJ (2010). "Functional insights into human HMG-CoA lyase from structures of Acyl-CoA-containing ternary complexes". J. Biol. Chem. 285 (34): 26341–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.M110.139931. PMC 2924059. PMID 20558737.
^ Carrasco P, Menao S, López-Viñas E, Santpere G, Clotet J, Sierra AY, Gratacós E, Puisac B, Gómez-Puertas P, Hegardt FG, Pie J, Casals N (2007). "C-terminal end and aminoacid Lys48 in HMG-CoA lyase are involved in substrate binding and enzyme activity". Mol. Genet. Metab. 91 (2): 120–7. doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2007.03.007. PMID 17459752.
^ Tuinstra RL, Miziorko HM (2003). "Investigation of conserved acidic residues in 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase: implications for human disease and for functional roles in a family of related proteins". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (39): 37092–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.M304472200. PMID 12874287.
^ Menao S, López-Viñas E, Mir C, Puisac B, Gratacós E, Arnedo M, Carrasco P, Moreno S, Ramos M, Gil MC, Pié A, Ribes A, Pérez-Cerda C, Ugarte M, Clayton PT, Korman SH, Serra D, Asins G, Ramos FJ, Gómez-Puertas P, Hegardt FG, Casals N, Pié J (2009). "Ten novel HMGCL mutations in 24 patients of different origin with 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaric aciduria". Human Mutation. 30 (3): E520–9. doi:10.1002/humu.20966. PMID 19177531. S2CID 2826349.
^ Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM): 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coa lyase deficiency; HMGCLD - 246450

External links

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A lyase at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

This lyase article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

[auto-1] Ashmarina LI, Robert MF, Elsliger MA, Mitchell GA (1996). "Characterization of the hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA lyase precursor, a protein targeted to peroxisomes and mitochondria". Biochem. J. 315 (Pt 1): 71–5. doi:10.1042/bj3150071. PMC 1217198. PMID 8670134.

[2] Puisac B, Ramos M, Arnedo M, Menao S, Gil-Rodríguez MC, Teresa-Rodrigo ME, Pié A, de Karam JC, Wesselink JJ, Giménez I, Ramos FJ, Casals N, Gómez-Puertas P, Hegardt FG, Pié J (2012). "Characterization of splice variants of the genes encoding human mitochondrial HMG-CoA lyase and HMG-CoA synthase, the main enzymes of the ketogenesis pathway". Mol. Biol. Rep. 39 (4): 4777–85. doi:10.1007/s11033-011-1270-8. PMID 21952825. S2CID 16280588.

[3] Fu Z, Runquist JA, Montgomery C, Miziorko HM, Kim JJ (2010). "Functional insights into human HMG-CoA lyase from structures of Acyl-CoA-containing ternary complexes". J. Biol. Chem. 285 (34): 26341–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.M110.139931. PMC 2924059. PMID 20558737.

[4] Carrasco P, Menao S, López-Viñas E, Santpere G, Clotet J, Sierra AY, Gratacós E, Puisac B, Gómez-Puertas P, Hegardt FG, Pie J, Casals N (2007). "C-terminal end and aminoacid Lys48 in HMG-CoA lyase are involved in substrate binding and enzyme activity". Mol. Genet. Metab. 91 (2): 120–7. doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2007.03.007. PMID 17459752.

[5] Tuinstra RL, Miziorko HM (2003). "Investigation of conserved acidic residues in 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase: implications for human disease and for functional roles in a family of related proteins". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (39): 37092–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.M304472200. PMID 12874287.

[6] Menao S, López-Viñas E, Mir C, Puisac B, Gratacós E, Arnedo M, Carrasco P, Moreno S, Ramos M, Gil MC, Pié A, Ribes A, Pérez-Cerda C, Ugarte M, Clayton PT, Korman SH, Serra D, Asins G, Ramos FJ, Gómez-Puertas P, Hegardt FG, Casals N, Pié J (2009). "Ten novel HMGCL mutations in 24 patients of different origin with 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaric aciduria". Human Mutation. 30 (3): E520–9. doi:10.1002/humu.20966. PMID 19177531. S2CID 2826349.

[7] Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM): 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coa lyase deficiency; HMGCLD - 246450

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v t e Carbon–carbon lyases (EC 4.1)
4.1.1: Carboxy-lyases	Acetoacetate decarboxylase Adenosylmethionine decarboxylase Arginine decarboxylase Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase Glutamate decarboxylase Histidine decarboxylase Lysine decarboxylase Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase Ornithine decarboxylase Oxaloacetate decarboxylase Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase Phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase Pyrophosphomevalonate decarboxylase Pyruvate decarboxylase RuBisCO Uridine monophosphate synthetase/Orotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase Uroporphyrinogen III decarboxylase
4.1.2: Aldehyde-lyases	Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase Aldolase A Aldolase B Aldolase C 2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA lyase Threonine aldolase
4.1.3: Oxo-acid-lyases	Isocitrate lyase 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase
4.1.99: Other	Tryptophanase Photolyase CPD lyase Spore photoproduct lyase

v t e Enzymes
Activity	Active site Binding site Catalytic triad Oxyanion hole Enzyme promiscuity Diffusion-limited enzyme Cofactor Enzyme catalysis
Regulation	Allosteric regulation Cooperativity Enzyme inhibitor Enzyme activator
Classification	EC number Enzyme superfamily Enzyme family List of enzymes
Kinetics	Enzyme kinetics Eadie–Hofstee diagram Hanes–Woolf plot Lineweaver–Burk plot Michaelis–Menten kinetics
Types	EC1 Oxidoreductases (list) EC2 Transferases (list) EC3 Hydrolases (list) EC4 Lyases (list) EC5 Isomerases (list) EC6 Ligases (list) EC7 Translocases (list)