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Cyber Resilience Act

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Regulation 2024/2847
European Union regulation
Text with EEA relevance
TitleRegulation (EU) 2024/2847 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2024 on horizontal cybersecurity requirements for products with digital elements and amending Regulations (EU) No 168/2013 and (EU) No 2019/1020 and Directive (EU) 2020/1828 (Cyber Resilience Act)
Journal referenceOJ L, 2024/2847, 20.11.2024
Current legislation

The Cyber Resilience Act (CRA) is an EU regulation for improving cybersecurity and cyber resilience in the EU through common cybersecurity standards for products with digital elements in the EU, such as required incident reports and automatic security updates.[1] Products with digital elements mainly are hardware and software whose "intended and foreseeable use includes direct or indirect data connection to a device or network".[2]

After its proposal on 15 September 2022 by the European Commission, multiple open source organizations criticized CRA for creating a "chilling effect on open source software development".[3] The European Commission reached political agreement on the CRA on 1 December 2023, after a series of amendments.[4] The revised bill introduced the "open source steward", a new economic concept, and received relief from many open source organizations due to its exception for open-source software,[5] while Debian criticized its effect on small businesses and redistributors.[6] The CRA agreement received formal approval by the European Parliament in March 2024.[7] It was adopted by the Council on 10 October 2024.[8]

Purposes and motivations

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The background, purposes and motivations for the proposed policy include:[9]

  • Consumers increasingly become victims to security flaws of digital products (e.g. vulnerabilities), including of Internet of Things devices[2][10][11] or smart devices.[12][13]
  • Ensuring that digital products in the supply chain are secure is important for businesses,[2] and cybersecurity often is a "full company risk issue".[14]
  • Potential impacts of hacking include "severe disruption of economic and social activities across the internal market, undermining security or even becoming life-threatening".[15]
  • Secure by default principles would impose a duty of care for the lifecycle of products, instead of e.g. relying on consumers and volunteers to establish a basic level of security.[2][16] The new rules would "rebalance responsibility towards manufacturers".[15]
  • Cyberattacks have led "to an estimated global annual cost of cybercrime of €5.5 trillion by 2021".[1]
  • The rapid spread of digital technologies means rogue states or non-state groups could more easily disrupt critical infrastructures such as public administration and hospitals.[17]

According to The Washington Post, the CRA could make the EU a leader on cybersecurity and "change the rules of the game globally".[16]

Implementation and mechanisms

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The policy requires software that are "reasonably expected" to have automatic updates should roll out security updates automatically by default while allowing users to opt out.[18] When feasible, security updates should be separated from feature updates.[19]: Annex I.II(2)  Companies need to conduct cyber risk assessments before a product is put on the market and retain its data inventory and documentation throughout the 10 years[20] after being put on market or its support period, whichever is longer.[19] Companies would have to notify EU cybersecurity agency ENISA of any incidents within 24 hours of becoming aware of them, and take measures to resolve them.[13] Products carrying the CE marking would "meet a minimum level of cybersecurity checks".[10]

About 90% of products with digital elements fall under a default category, for which manufacturers will self-assess security, write an EU declaration of conformity, and provide technical documentation.[21] The rest are either "important" or "critical". Security-important products are categorized into two classes of risks.[22] Products assessed as 'critical' will need to undergo external audits.[18][16]

Once the law has passed, manufacturers would have two years to adapt to the new requirements and one year to implement vulnerability and incident reporting. Failure to comply could result in fines of up to €15 million or 2.5 percent of the offender's total worldwide annual turnover for the preceding financial year.[15][12][13] Fines do not apply to non-commercial open-source developers.[19]: 64(10) 

Euractiv has reported on novel drafts or draft-changes that includes changes like the "removal of time obligations for products' lifetime and limiting the scope of reporting to significant incidents".[23][18] The first compromise amendment will be discussed on 22 May 2023 until which groups reportedly could submit written comments. Euractiv has provided a summary overview of the proposed changes.[24]

The main political groups in the European Parliament are expected to agree on the Cyber Resilience Act at a meeting on 5 July 2023. Lawmakers will discuss open source considerations, support periods, reporting obligations, and the implementation timeline. The committee vote is scheduled for 19 July 2023.[25][26]

The Spanish presidency of the EU Council has released a revised draft that simplifies the regulatory requirements for connected devices. It would reduce the number of product categories that must comply with specific regulations, mandate reporting of cybersecurity incidents to national CSIRTs, and include provisions for determining product lifetime and easing administrative burdens for small companies. The law also clarifies that spare parts with digital elements supplied by the original manufacturer are exempt from the new requirements.[27][26]

The Council text further stipulates that prior to seeking compulsory certification, the European Union executives must undertake an impact assessment to evaluate both the supply and demand aspects of the internal market, as well as the member states' capacity and preparedness for implementing the proposed schemes.[28][26]

On June 25, 2024, the Czech National Office for Cyber and Information Security (NÚKIB) announced steps to implement the Cyber Resilience Act (CRA), including a regulation expected in autumn 2024, with enforcement starting in late 2027 after a three-year transition. This regulation will require manufacturers of digital products to enhance cybersecurity throughout the product lifecycle. NÚKIB will also hold consultations with manufacturers of significant and critical products from June 25 to July 17, 2024, to develop technical specifications and gather feedback.[29]

Reception

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Initially, the proposed act was heavily criticized by open-source advocates.[30]

FSFE Policy Consultant Alexander Sander summarizes key concerns in March 2023.[36]

Amendments were released on 1 December 2023, as part of political agreement between co-legislators,[37] to the acclaim of many open-source advocates.[5] As Mike Milinkovich, executive director of the Eclipse foundation,[38] wrote:[37]

The revised legislation has vastly improved its exclusion of open source projects, communities, foundations, and their development and package distribution platforms. It also creates a new form of economic actor, the “open source steward,” which acknowledges the role played by foundations and platforms in the open source ecosystem. This is the first time this has appeared in a regulation, and it will be interesting to see how this evolves.

— Mike Milinkovich, "Good News on the Cyber Resilience Act"

The OSI noted Debian's statement that many small businesses and solo developers would have trouble navigating the act when redistributing open source software[6] remained unaddressed.[5] Apache reviewed the changes positively while worrying about applicability of the CRA on potentially critical open-source components and stressing the importance of collaboration with international standards bodies to ease certification of software.[39]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b "Cyber Resilience Act | Shaping Europe's digital future". digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu. 15 September 2022. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
  2. ^ a b c d "EU cyber-resilience act | Think Tank | European Parliament". www.europarl.europa.eu. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
  3. ^ a b Sawers, Paul (18 April 2023). "In letter to EU, open source bodies say Cyber Resilience Act could have 'chilling effect' on software development". TechCrunch. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
  4. ^ "Commission welcomes political agreement on Cyber Resilience Act". European Commission. 1 December 2023. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
  5. ^ a b c Phipps, Simon (2 February 2024), "The European regulators listened to the Open Source communities!", Voices of Open Source, Open Source Initiative, retrieved 21 February 2024
  6. ^ a b "Statement about the EU Cyber Resilience Act". Debian Project.
  7. ^ "Cyber Resilience Act: MEPs adopt plans to boost security of digital products | News | European Parliament". www.europarl.europa.eu. 12 March 2024. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
  8. ^ Council of the European Union (10 October 2024). "Cyber resilience act: Council adopts new law on security requirements for digital products)". Consilium. Retrieved 13 October 2024.
  9. ^ Car, Polona; De Luca, Stefano (May 2023). EU cyber-resilience act — Briefing EU Legislation in Progress — PE 739.259. Strasbourg, France: European Parliamentary Research Service (EPRS), European Parliament. Retrieved 25 September 2023.
  10. ^ a b "EU pitches cyber law to fix patchy Internet of Things". POLITICO. 15 September 2022. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
  11. ^ "Commission presents Cyber Resilience Act targeting Internet of Things products". www.euractiv.com. 15 September 2022. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
  12. ^ a b Lomas, Natasha (15 September 2022). "The EU unboxes its plan for smart device security". TechCrunch. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
  13. ^ a b c d Chee, Foo Yun (15 September 2022). "EU proposes rules targeting cybersecurity risks of smart devices". Reuters. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
  14. ^ Gross, Anna (9 November 2022). "Why a clear cyber policy is critical for companies". Financial Times. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
  15. ^ a b c Dobberstein, Laura. "EU puts manufacturers on hook for smart device security". www.theregister.com. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
  16. ^ a b c Starks, Tim (3 January 2023). "Analysis | Europe's cybersecurity dance card is full". Washington Post. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
  17. ^ "EU chief announces cybersecurity law for connected devices". www.euractiv.com. 16 September 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
  18. ^ a b c "Swedish Council presidency presents first full rewrite of Cyber Resilience Act". www.euractiv.com. 25 April 2023. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
  19. ^ a b c Texts adopted - Cyber Resilience Act, European Parliament, 12 March 2024, retrieved 23 March 2024
  20. ^ Security, Help Net (2 March 2023). "Cyber resilience in focus: EU act to set strict standards". Help Net Security. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
  21. ^ Nuthi, Kir (26 September 2022), An Overview of the EU's Cyber Resilience Act, Center for Data Innovation, retrieved 23 March 2024
  22. ^ "Cyber-resilience Act signals big change in commercial software development". The Irish Times. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
  23. ^ "Cyber Resilience Act: Leading MEP proposes flexible lifetime, narrower reporting". www.euractiv.com. 31 March 2023. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
  24. ^ "EU lawmakers kick off cybersecurity law negotiations for connected devices". www.euractiv.com. 17 May 2023. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
  25. ^ "EU lawmakers set to close deal on cybersecurity law for connected devices". www.euractiv.com. 4 July 2023. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
  26. ^ a b c "Cyber Resilience Act – Read the current state of play". Cyber Resilience Act. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
  27. ^ "EU Council cuts down special product categories in cybersecurity law". www.euractiv.com. 10 July 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
  28. ^ "EU ambassadors set to endorse new cybersecurity law for connected devices". www.euractiv.com. 17 July 2023. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
  29. ^ "Current State of Play – Cyber Resilience Act". Retrieved 1 July 2024.
  30. ^ a b c Vaughan-Nichols, Steven J. "EU attempts to secure software could hurt open source". www.theregister.com. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
  31. ^ a b Harris, Jacob (17 April 2023). "Open Letter to the European Commission on the Cyber Resilience Act". Eclipse News, Eclipse in the News, Eclipse Announcement. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
  32. ^ van Gulik, Dirk-Willem (18 July 2023). "Save Open Source: The Impending Tragedy of the Cyber Resilience Act". Blog of the Apache Software Foundation. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
  33. ^ Phipps, Simon (24 January 2023). "What is the Cyber Resilience Act and why it's dangerous for Open Source". Voices of Open Source. Open Source Initiative. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
  34. ^ "Europe's cyber security strategy must be clear about open source | Computer Weekly". Computer Weekly. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
  35. ^ Stampelos, Tasos (30 July 2023). "Mozilla weighs in on the EU Cyber Resilience Act". Open Policy & Advocacy. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  36. ^ "EU: Proposed liability rules will harm Free Software". Retrieved 17 November 2024.
  37. ^ a b Milinkovich, Mike (19 December 2023), "Good News on the Cyber Resilience Act", Life at Eclipse, retrieved 21 February 2024
  38. ^ The Eclipse Foundation Showcases Successful Open Source Industry Collaborations for 2023; Looks Ahead to Additional Growth in 2024, Eclipse Foundation Canada, 20 February 2024, retrieved 21 February 2024
  39. ^ Apache Software Foundation (23 January 2024), "Update on EU Software Regulation: Lots of improvements & good news", The Apache Software Foundation Blog, retrieved 4 June 2024
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