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This article is about the 2003 film. For other uses, see Big Fish (disambiguation).

Big Fish
Theatrical release poster
Directed byTim Burton
Screenplay byJohn August
Based onBig Fish: A Novel of Mythic Proportions
by Daniel Wallace
Produced byRichard D. Zanuck
Bruce Cohen
Dan Jinks
Starring
CinematographyPhilippe Rousselot
Edited byChris Lebenzon
Music byDanny Elfman
Harry Gregson-Williams
Production
companies
Distributed bySony Pictures Releasing
Release dates
  • December 4, 2003 (2003-12-04) (Hammerstein Ballroom)
  • December 10, 2003 (2003-12-10) (United States)
Running time
125 minutes
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$70 million[1]
Box office$123.2 million[1]

Big Fish is a 2003 American fantasy drama film directed by Tim Burton.[a] It is based on the 1998 novel Big Fish: A Novel of Mythic Proportions by Daniel Wallace.[6] The film stars Ewan McGregor, Albert Finney, Billy Crudup, Jessica Lange, Helena Bonham Carter, Alison Lohman, Robert Guillaume, Marion Cotillard, Steve Buscemi, and Danny DeVito. It tells the story of a frustrated son who tries to distinguish fact from fiction in the life of his father, a teller of tall tales.

The screenwriter John August read a manuscript of the novel six months before it was published and convinced Columbia Pictures to acquire the rights. He began adapting the novel as a screenplay while producers negotiated with Steven Spielberg about directing the film. Spielberg eventually left the project to focus on Catch Me If You Can (2002). Tim Burton and Richard D. Zanuck took over after completing Planet of the Apes (2001), and brought McGregor and Finney on board.

The film's theme of reconciliation between a dying father and his son had special significance for Burton, whose father had died in 2000. Big Fish was shot on location in Alabama in a series of fairy tale vignettes with a Southern Gothic aesthetic. The film premiered on December 4, 2003, at the Hammerstein Ballroom and was released in limited capacity on December 10, followed by a wide release on January 9, 2004. It received various award nominations, including seven BAFTA nominations, four Golden Globe nominations and two Saturn Award nominations. It also received an Academy Award nomination and a Grammy Award nomination for Danny Elfman's original score. A musical adaptation of Big Fish premiered in Chicago in April 2013.[7]

Plot

[edit]

At William Bloom's wedding party, his father Edward recalls the day Will was born, claiming he caught an enormous catfish using his wedding ring as bait. Will has heard his father's fanciful tales many times, and believes they are lies. Fed up by the stories, Will has a falling out with his father. Three years later, Edward is diagnosed with cancer, prompting Will and his pregnant wife Joséphine to spend time with him in Alabama.

Edward's life is chronicled through flashbacks, beginning with his boyhood encounter with a witch. She shows Edward how he will die, which does not faze him. As he reaches adulthood, he finds his home too confining, and sets out into the world. He meets a giant named Karl, and they begin traveling together. When they find a fork in the road, they take separate paths. Edward traverses a swamp and discovers the hidden town of Spectre, where he befriends the poet Norther Winslow and the mayor's daughter, Jenny. Not ready to settle down, Edward leaves Spectre, but makes a promise to Jenny that he will return.

At Joséphine's request, the bed-ridden Edward tells her how he met his wife, Sandra. In more flashbacks, Edward and Karl visit the Calloway Circus, where Edward falls in love with a beautiful woman. Edward and Karl get jobs in the circus, and the ringmaster Amos Calloway reveals to Edward one detail about the woman each month. Three years later, Edward discovers that Amos is a werewolf, but shows no ill will towards him. In gratitude, Amos reveals the woman's name as Sandra Templeton. Edward confesses his love to Sandra, but she rebuffs him despite his romantic gestures. Sandra's fiancé Don Price beats Edward up, which prompts Sandra to break off their engagement and marry Edward instead.

Shortly after, Edward is conscripted into the army and fights in the Korean War. He parachutes into the middle of a North Korean military show, steals important documents, and persuades the twins Ping and Jing[b] to help him escape in exchange for making them celebrities. Upon returning home, Edward becomes a traveling salesman. In the present, Will investigates the truth behind his father's tales. He meets an older Jenny, who explains that Edward rescued Spectre from bankruptcy and rebuilt it with help from his circus friends. Jenny reveals that although she loved Edward, he remained loyal to Sandra.

Edward has a stroke and Will visits him at the hospital. Unable to speak much, he asks Will to narrate how his life ends. Will tells his father a fantastical tale of their daring escape from the hospital. They travel to a lake, where everyone from Edward's past is there to see him off. Will carries his father into the river, where he transforms into a giant catfish and swims away. Satisfied by Will's story, Edward dies peacefully. At the funeral, Will and Joséphine are surprised to see all the people from Edward's stories, although they appear slightly less fantastical. Later, Will passes on Edward's stories to his son.

Cast

[edit]

Production

[edit]

Development

[edit]

About six months before it was published, the screenwriter John August read a manuscript of the 1998 novel Big Fish: A Novel of Mythic Proportions by Daniel Wallace.[10] In September 1998, August convinced Columbia Pictures to acquire the film rights on his behalf.[11][12] He worked hard to turn the episodic book into a cohesive screenplay, which he decided needed multiple narrators.[13] In August 2000, the producers Bruce Cohen and Dan Jinks began discussions for Steven Spielberg to direct the film. Spielberg planned to have DreamWorks co-finance and distribute Big Fish with Columbia, and intended to start filming in late 2001, after completing Minority Report (2002).[14][15]

Spielberg courted Jack Nicholson for the role of the older Edward Bloom. He felt that the script did not give Nicholson enough to do, so he asked August to write new sequences.[12] Spielberg eventually left Big Fish when he became involved with Catch Me If You Can (2002), and DreamWorks also backed out of the project.[14][16] With Spielberg no longer involved, August and the producers restored the script to its previous version. Spielberg later admitted that he made a mistake by asking August to alter the screenplay. August took his favorite elements from the previous drafts and came up with what he called "a best-of Big Fish script". August, Jinks and Cohen considered Stephen Daldry as a potential director before deciding to approach Tim Burton.[12][17] At this point, August felt the script was the best it had ever been.[12]

Burton had just finished directing the big-budget film Planet of the Apes (2001), and was ready for a smaller-scale project. He liked the Big Fish screenplay, feeling that it was the first unique story he had been offered since Beetlejuice (1988). The script's combination of an emotional drama with exaggerated tall tales allowed him to tell multiple stories of different genres, which he enjoyed.[13] Burton's father had died recently, and he found that he could process emotions related to his father's death by making the film. He signed on to direct in April 2002, which prompted Richard D. Zanuck, who worked with Burton on Planet of the Apes, to join Big Fish as a producer.[18][12]

Casting

[edit]
Ewan McGregor in 2012

For the role of Edward Bloom, Burton spoke with Jack Nicholson, Spielberg's initial choice for the role. Burton had previously worked with Nicholson on Batman (1989) and Mars Attacks! (1996). In order to depict Nicholson as the young Edward, Burton intended to use a combination of computer-generated imagery and prosthetic makeup. Jinks and Cohen, who were working with Ewan McGregor on Down with Love (2003) at the time, suggested that Burton cast both McGregor and Albert Finney for Edward.[13] After viewing Finney's performance in Tom Jones (1963), Burton observed similarities between him and McGregor, and coincidentally found a People magazine article comparing the two.[12] The Scottish McGregor found it easier to perform Edward's Southern American accent than a standard American accent. He said of the Southern accent: "[Y]ou can really hear it. You can get your teeth into it. Standard American is much harder."[19]

The same dual casting applied to the role of Edward's wife, Sandra, who would be played by Jessica Lange and Alison Lohman.[13] Both Burton and Zanuck had been impressed with Lohman's performance in White Oleander (2002), and felt she was the ideal candidate for the role.[20] Burton's girlfriend, Helena Bonham Carter, was cast in two roles: Jenny and the Witch. Her prosthetic makeup for the Witch took five hours to apply. She was pregnant during filming and experienced morning sickness, which was exacerbated by the fumes from the make-up.[21]

Burton personalized the film with several cameos. While filming in Alabama, the crew tracked down Billy Redden, one of the banjo players from Deliverance (1972). Redden was a co-owner of a restaurant in Clayton, Georgia, and he agreed to appear in the Spectre sequence. As Edward first enters the town, Redden can be seen on a porch plucking a few notes from "Dueling Banjos".[22][23] Daniel Wallace makes a brief appearance as Sandra's economics teacher.[24]

Filming

[edit]
Both costumes and CGI were used to create the effect of conjoined twins.[25]

Principal photography began on January 13, 2003.[14] Big Fish was shot entirely in Alabama except for one week of filming in Paris in May.[13] Most of the Alabama scenes were shot in Wetumpka and Montgomery.[26][16] Some filming also took place in Tallassee and on the campus of Huntingdon College.[27] Scenes in the town of Spectre were filmed on a custom-built set on Jackson Lake Island.[28] Principal photography continued until the first week of April and is estimated to have generated as much as $25 million for the local economy.[d] The Spectre set can still be found at its original location.[28]

Burton filmed all the hospital scenes and most of Finney's scenes first, before moving on to McGregor's scenes.[12][13] Scenes with Karl the Giant were created using forced perspective filmmaking. Helena Bonham Carter's prosthetic makeup was designed by Stan Winston Studios, which also created animatronics for the production.[25][30] Flooding on the set interrupted filming of the circus scenes for several weeks, but Burton managed to deliver the film on budget and on schedule.[e]

Post-production

[edit]
See also: Big Fish (soundtrack)

Although Burton limited the use of digital effects in Big Fish, he employed color grading to achieve a Southern Gothic aesthetic.[13] The film's musical score was composed by Burton's frequent collaborator Danny Elfman, and Burton approached Pearl Jam to request an original song for the closing credits.[13] After viewing an early print of the film, the group's vocalist Eddie Vedder wrote the song "Man of the Hour". He completed a demo within a day, and the band recorded the song four days later.[33] Pearl Jam's guitarist Mike McCready stated, "We were so blown away by the movie ... Eddie and I were standing around talking about it afterwards and were teary-eyed. We were so emotionally charged and moved by the imagination and humanity."[33]

Release

[edit]

The world premiere of Big Fish took place on December 4, 2003, at the Hammerstein Ballroom in Manhattan.[34] Columbia Pictures had initially planned a November wide release for the film in the United States,[35] but ultimately decided on a December 10 limited release.[36] The US wide release occurred on January 9, 2004, with the film appearing in 2,406 theaters and earning $13.8 million in its opening weekend. It eventually grossed $66.8 million in the United States and $56.1 million in other countries, for a total of $122.9 million worldwide.[37]

Critical response

[edit]

In his review of the film, Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly called Big Fish "a wide-eyed Southern Gothic picaresque in which each lunatic twist of a development is more enchanting than the last."[6] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone praised Burton's directing and described the film as a touching father-son drama and a celebration of the art of storytelling.[38] Mike Clark of USA Today applauded the casting choices. He called the evolution of Alison Lohman's character into an older woman "delightful" and "a metamorphosis to equal any in screen history."[39] Gleiberman, Travers and Clark all compared Big Fish to Forrest Gump (1994).[f]

James Berardinelli found the film's fairy tale approach reminiscent of The Princess Bride (1987) and the films of Terry Gilliam. He called the film "a clever, smart fantasy that targets the child inside every adult, without insulting the intelligence of either."[40] In a mixed review, Roger Ebert wrote, "[T]here is no denying that Will has a point: The old man is a blowhard. There is a point at which his stories stop working as entertainment and segue into sadism."[41] Richard Corliss of Time magazine was disappointed, finding the father-son reconciliation storyline to be cliché. Referencing the fable The Boy Who Cried Wolf, Corliss called Edward Bloom "the man who cried fish."[42] Slant Magazine ranked Big Fish as the 85th best film of the decade 2000–2010.[43]

On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, 75% of critics have positively reviewed Big Fish, giving it an average score of 7.2/10.[44] Metacritic calculates an average score of 58/100 based on 42 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[45] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B " on an A to F scale.[46]

Home media

[edit]

The Region 1 DVD was released on April 27, 2004,[47] and Region 2 was released on June 7.[48] The DVD features an audio commentary track by Tim Burton and seven featurettes. A special edition was released on November 1, 2005, with a 24-page hardback book titled Fairy Tale for a Grown Up.[49] The film was released on Blu-ray on March 20, 2007.[50]

Accolades

[edit]
Award Category Recipient Result
Academy Awards[51] Best Original Score Danny Elfman Nominated
BAFTA Awards[52] Best Film Nominated
Best Direction Tim Burton Nominated
Best Actor in a Supporting Role Albert Finney Nominated
Best Adapted Screenplay John August Nominated
Best Makeup and Hair Jean Ann Black and Paul LeBlanc Nominated
Best Production Design Dennis Gassner Nominated
Best Visual Effects Kevin Scott Mack, Seth Maury,
Lindsay MacGowan, Paddy Eason 		Nominated
Golden Globe Awards[53] Best Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy Nominated
Best Supporting Actor Albert Finney Nominated
Best Original Score Danny Elfman Nominated
Best Original Song Pearl Jam
For "Man of the Hour" 		Nominated
Grammy Awards[54] Best Score for a Motion Picture Danny Elfman Nominated
Saturn Awards[55] Best Fantasy Film Nominated
Best Actor Albert Finney Nominated
AARP Movies for Grownups Awards[56] Best Actor Nominated
Argentinean Film Critics Association Awards Best Foreign Film, Not in the Spanish Language Tim Burton Nominated
Awards Circuit Community Awards Best Actor in a Supporting Role Albert Finney Nominated
Best Adapted Screenplay John August Nominated
Best Cinematography Philippe Rousselot Nominated
Best Original Score Danny Elfman Nominated
Best Visual Effects Nominated
Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards[57] Best Picture Nominated
Best Director Tim Burton Nominated
Best Writer John August Nominated
Best Composer Danny Elfman Nominated
Best Song Eddie Vedder Nominated
Casting Society of America Awards[58] Best Casting for Feature Film, Drama Denise Chamian Nominated

Thematic analysis

[edit]

Big Fish is about what's real and what's fantastic, what's true and what's not true, what's partially true and how, in the end, it's all true.

—Tim Burton[59]

The reconciliation between father and son has been called the central theme in Big Fish.[60][61] Daniel Wallace's interest in the theme began with his own family. He described Edward as similar to his own father, who used charm to keep his distance from people.[62] In the film, Will believes his father has never been honest with him, using extravagant myths about his past to hide himself.[63] Wallace said that Edward and Will each undertake their own quest in the film. Edward's quest is "to be a big fish in a big pond" while Will's quest is to see through his father's tall tales."[62]

John August identified with Will's character and modeled it after himself. Like Will, August had attempted to get to know his father before his death, but found it difficult. Both Will and August were 28 years old and had studied journalism. In the film, Will says "I didn't see anything of myself in my father, and I don't think he saw anything of himself in me. We were like strangers who knew each other very well." Will's description of his relationship with Edward closely resembled August's relationship with his own father.[64] Burton also used the film to explore his emotions about the death of his father.[61] He said, "My father had been ill for a while ... I tried to get in touch with him, to have, like in this film, some sort of resolution, but it was impossible."[13]

The film scholar Kent L. Brintnall claimed that the father-son relationship resolves itself at the end of Big Fish. He suggested that as Edward dies, Will lets go of his anger and begins to understand his father for the first time. Brintnall called Will's willingness to finish his father's story a "gesture of love and comprehension" and an "act of communion and care". Brintnall asserted that Will comes to understand that Edward's stories "gave him a reality and substance ... that was as real, genuine, and deep as the day-to-day experiences that Will sought out".[65]

Notes

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  1. ^ Attributed to multiple references:
    [2][3][4][5]
  2. ^ During flashback scenes, Edward describes Ping and Jing as "Siamese twins". In these scenes they are depicted as conjoined twins, a reference to the real-life Thai conjoined twin performers Chang and Eng Bunker. In the funeral scene at the film's conclusion, Ping and Jing are depicted as twins who are not conjoined.[8]: 248 [9]: 222–230 
  3. ^ Credited as Destiny Cyrus
  4. ^ Attributed to multiple references:
    [13][26][29]
  5. ^ Attributed to multiple references:
    [12][31][32]
  6. ^ Attributed to multiple references:
    [6][38][39]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Big Fish (2003) > Production Budget > Domestic Total Gross Foreign". Box Office Mojo. IMDb. boxofficemojo.com. Retrieved August 31, 2012.
  2. ^ "Big Fish". AFI Catalog. Retrieved September 2, 2024.
  3. ^ "Big Fish". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved September 2, 2024.
  4. ^ "Big Fish". AllMovie. Retrieved September 2, 2024.
  5. ^ "Big Fish". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved September 2, 2024.
  6. ^ a b c Gleiberman, Owen (December 4, 2003). "Big Fish". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on June 5, 2009. Retrieved July 21, 2023.
  7. ^ Heller, Scott (September 6, 2012). "'Big Fish' Musical to Open in Chicago". The New York Times. Retrieved July 23, 2024.
  8. ^ Wijdicks, Eleco F. M. (2021). Cinema, M. D.: A History of Medicine on Screen. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190685799.
  9. ^ Duarte, José; Martins, Ana Rita (2021). "'A Giant Man Can't Have an Ordinary-sized Life': On Tim Burton's Big Fish". In Hockenhull, Stella; Pheasant-Kelly, Fran (eds.). Tim Burton's Bodies: Gothic, Animated, Creaturely and Corporeal. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 219–232. doi:10.1515/9781474456920-020. ISBN 978-1-4744-5690-6.
  10. ^ August, John (2004). The Author's Journey commentary track on Big Fish (DVD). Columbia Pictures. Event occurs at 1:23.
  11. ^ Fleming, Michael (September 21, 1998). "Col reels in Wallace's 'Big Fish'". Variety. Retrieved June 20, 2009.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h Salisbury, Mark (February 2004). "Of Myth & Men". Empire.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Cohen, Bruce; Burton, Tim (2004). A Fairytale World commentary track on Big Fish (DVD). Columbia Pictures.
  14. ^ a b c Schmitz, Greg Dean. "Big Fish: Greg's Preview". Yahoo! Movies. Archived from the original on May 27, 2006. Retrieved July 12, 2009.
  15. ^ Fleming, Michael; Claude Brodesser (August 10, 2000). "Col 'Fish' may hook Spielberg". Variety. Retrieved June 20, 2009.
  16. ^ a b Harmon, Rick (September 14, 2002). "Movie's director spotted". Montgomery Advertiser.
  17. ^ Tyrangiel, Josh (December 1, 2003). "Big Fish In His Own Pond". Time. Archived from the original on August 25, 2009. Retrieved June 21, 2009.
  18. ^ Dunkley, Cathy (April 29, 2002). "Helmer reels in 'Big Fish' for Columbia". Variety. Retrieved June 20, 2009.
  19. ^ Murray, Rebecca (December 9, 2003). "Ewan McGregor and Alison Lohman Pair Up on Screen in "Big Fish"". About.com. Archived from the original on February 1, 2009. Retrieved July 12, 2009.
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  21. ^ Murray, Rebecca (December 9, 2003). ""Big Fish" Makes a Big Impression on Its Cast". About.com. Archived from the original on February 22, 2009. Retrieved July 12, 2009.
  22. ^ Burton, Tim (2004). Big Fish (DVD commentary track). Columbia Pictures. Event occurs at 30:47.
  23. ^ Buncombe, Andrew (November 16, 2003). "Deliverance: Billy's back with his banjo". The Independent. Archived from the original on April 24, 2008.
  24. ^ Burton, Tim (2004). Big Fish (DVD commentary track). Columbia Pictures.
  25. ^ a b Desowtiz, Bill (December 10, 2003). "Burton Applies Light CG Touch to Big Fish". VFX World. Retrieved July 31, 2024.
  26. ^ a b "Area sites reel in 'Big Fish'". Montgomery Advertiser. August 28, 2002.
  27. ^ Harmon, Rick (January 10, 2002). "'Big Fish' actors here already". Montgomery Advertiser.
  28. ^ a b Matthews, Lauren (March 22, 2016). "This Enchanting Southern Town Was Built for a Movie (and Never Torn Down)". Country Living. Retrieved August 1, 2019.
  29. ^ Harmon, Rick (November 7, 2002). "'Big Fish' will be filmed in the Montgomery area". Montgomery Advertiser.
  30. ^ Topel, Fred (December 10, 2003). "An Interview with Ewan McGregor". IGN. Archived from the original on November 25, 2010. Retrieved June 21, 2009.
  31. ^ Burton, Tim (2004). Big Fish (DVD commentary track). Columbia Pictures. Event occurs at 53:43.
  32. ^ Topel, Fred (December 9, 2003). "Tim Burton Reels in Big Fish". IGN. Archived from the original on May 8, 2009. Retrieved June 21, 2009.
  33. ^ a b Lammers, Tim (January 8, 2004). ""Man Of The Hour" Up For BFCA, Golden Globe Awards". WDIV-TV. Archived from the original on July 5, 2008. Retrieved July 13, 2009.
  34. ^ Mitchell-Marell, Gabrielle (December 8, 2003). "Hammerstein Ballroom gathers for elegant gala affair". Variety. Retrieved June 20, 2009.
  35. ^ Snyder, Gabriel (August 7, 2003). "Inside Move: Col 'Fish' story gets bigger". Variety. Archived from the original on November 2, 2012. Retrieved June 20, 2009.
  36. ^ Linder, Brian (August 28, 2003). "Burton's Fish Story Shifted". IGN. Retrieved June 21, 2009.
  37. ^ "Big Fish (2003)". Box Office Mojo. IMDb. Retrieved July 11, 2009.
  38. ^ a b Travers, Peter (November 20, 2003). "Big Fish". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on June 21, 2008. Retrieved July 13, 2009.
  39. ^ a b Clark, Mike (December 24, 2003). "Fanciful 'Big Fish' swimming in visual delight". USA Today. Retrieved July 13, 2009.
  40. ^ Berardinelli, James (2003). "Big Fish". ReelViews. Retrieved August 3, 2024.
  41. ^ Ebert, Roger (December 24, 2003). "Big Fish". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on May 16, 2007. Retrieved April 16, 2007.
  42. ^ Corliss, Richard (December 8, 2003). "Seven Holiday Treats". Time. Archived from the original on March 10, 2005. Retrieved July 13, 2009.
  43. ^ "Best of the Aughts: Film". Slant Magazine. February 7, 2010. Archived from the original on February 11, 2010. Retrieved February 10, 2010.
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  45. ^ "Big Fish". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved July 11, 2009.
  46. ^ "Home". CinemaScore. Retrieved March 24, 2022.
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  49. ^ Germain, David (August 30, 2005). "New on DVD". Arizona Daily Star. Archived from the original on January 6, 2006. See also: Kuebler, Monica S. (May 2004). "Big Fish". Exclaim!.
  50. ^ "Big Fish (Blu-ray) (Mar 20, 2007 Sony Pictures)". Allmovie. Archived from the original (Overview) on June 5, 2012. Retrieved October 13, 2009.
  51. ^ Leopold, Todd (March 24, 2003). "'Chicago' triumphs at Oscars". CNN. Retrieved July 13, 2009.
  52. ^ "Film in 2004". British Academy of Film and Television Arts. Retrieved July 21, 2023.
  53. ^ "Big Fish". Hollywood Foreign Press Association. Archived from the original on February 14, 2009. Retrieved July 13, 2009.
  54. ^ Morris, Chris (December 8, 2004). "Grammy noms pointing West". The Hollywood Reporter.
  55. ^ "Past Saturn Awards". Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films. Archived from the original on May 11, 2008. Retrieved July 13, 2009.
  56. ^ Newcott, Bill (2004). "Movies for Grownups Awards 2004 with Bill Newcott". AARP. Retrieved July 21, 2023.
  57. ^ "9th Critics' Choice Movie Awards". bfca.org. Archived from the original on September 4, 2012. Retrieved July 21, 2023.
  58. ^ "2004 Artios Awards". castingsociety.com. Retrieved July 21, 2023.
  59. ^ Hirschberg, Lynn (November 9, 2003). "Drawn to Narrative". The New York Times Magazine. p. 650.
  60. ^ Salisbury, Mark; Tim Burton (2006). "Introduction to the Revised Edition by Mark Salisbury". Burton on Burton. London. p. XX. ISBN 0571229263.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  61. ^ a b Fraga, Kristian, ed. (2005). Tim Burton: Interviews. Conversations with Filmmakers Series. University Press of Mississippi. p. XIX. ISBN 1-57806-759-6.
  62. ^ a b Lundberg, Jason Erik (October 11, 2004). "Interview: Daniel Wallace". Strange Horizons. Archived from the original on January 3, 2010. Retrieved October 28, 2009.
  63. ^ Kehr, Dave (November–December 2003). "Tim Burton Comes Home with a Story about Tall Tales and Simple Truths". Film Comment. 39 (6). Film Society of Lincoln Center: 14. ISSN 0015-119X.
  64. ^ August, John. "History of Big Fish" (PDF). JohnAugust.com. Retrieved July 8, 2024.
  65. ^ Brintnall, Kent L. (April 2004). "Big Fish". Journal of Religion & Film. 8 (1). University of Nebraska at Omaha. Archived from the original on March 16, 2010.
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