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Manila–Cavite Expressway

Coordinates: 14°28′10″N 120°57′27″E / 14.46944°N 120.95750°E / 14.46944; 120.95750
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Aguinaldo Boulevard)
"CAVITEX" redirects here. For the basketball team, see CAVITEX Braves.
Not to be confused with Manila–Cavite Road or Muntinlupa–Cavite Expressway (MCX).

E3 shield
R-1
Manila–Cavite Expressway
Coastal Road
Map of expressways in Luzon, with the Manila–Cavite Expressway in orange
Manila–Cavite Expressway.jpg
CAVITEX looking northbound near Zapote, Las Piñas
Route information
Maintained by PEA Tollway Corporation and Cavite Infrastructure Corporation
Length14 km (8.7 mi)
Existed1985–present
Component
highways
RestrictionsNo tricycles and motorcycles below 400cc
Major junctions
North end N61 (Roxas Boulevard) / N194 (NAIA Road) / Seaside Drive in Parañaque
Major intersections
South end N62 (Tirona Highway) / N64 (Antero Soriano Highway) / Covelandia Road in Kawit, Cavite
Location
CountryPhilippines
RegionsCalabarzon and Metro Manila
ProvincesCavite
Major citiesBacoor, Las Piñas, and Parañaque
TownsKawit
Highway system
  • Roads in the Philippines

The Manila–Cavite Expressway (more popularly known as CAVITEX),[a][b] signed as E3 of the Philippine expressway network and R-1 of Metro Manila's arterial road network, is a 14-kilometer-long (8.7 mi) controlled-access highway linking Manila to the southern province of Cavite in the Philippines. At its north end, it feeds into and from Roxas Boulevard in Parañaque, Metro Manila, also part of R-1. At the south end, it splits into two termini along the north coast in Kawit, Cavite. The first feeds into the intersection of Covelandia Road, Tirona Highway and Antero Soriano Highway. The second southern terminus is an exit-only to Tirona Highway in Barangay Marulas.

The expressway also serves as a major utility corridor, carrying various high-voltage power lines and water pipelines across the densely populated areas of Parañaque and Las Piñas. The final section of the Dasmariñas–Las Piñas Transmission Line and Las Piñas substation of National Grid Corporation of the Philippines (NGCP) were placed beside the highway. Meralco also has sub-transmission lines on tall steel poles along the highway, and Maynilad has pipelines along the route.

CAVITEX is operated and maintained by the Public Estates Authority Tollway Corporation (PEATC), a non-chartered government-owned and controlled corporation (GOCC), a subsidiary of the Public Estates Authority (PEA), a government agency under the Office of the President, and is in a joint venture with the Cavite Infrastructure Corporation, a unit of Metro Pacific Investments Corporation (MPIC).[2]

Route description

[edit]
The expressway in Parañaque
The expressway's Kawit extension

The Manila–Cavite Expressway follows a mostly curving route on the southwestern shore of Manila Bay, and the Bacoor–Kawit extension is built on reclaimed land near the coastal barangays of Bacoor. The road uses a barrier toll system, which involves toll barriers at entry points and no toll collection at the exit points, except at the Kawit and Parañaque toll plazas. The expressway is a physical extension of Roxas Boulevard. The lane count typically consists of four lanes per direction in Segment 1 (Parañaque to Zapote, Bacoor), originally known as Coastal Road, and two lanes per direction in Segment 4 and its extension (Bacoor to Kawit), also known as the Kawit extension and forms part of R-1 Extension;[3] it widens to 24 total lanes at the Parañaque toll plaza and 21 at the Kawit toll plaza.

The expressway starts at the traffic light intersection with NAIA Road, Roxas Boulevard, and New Seaside Drive in Barangay Tambo. Past the intersection is an eastbound entrance and westbound exit of NAIA Expressway. The only at-grade intersection of the expressway then comes at its intersection with Pacific Avenue, where southbound motorists are also carried by the Pacific Avenue flyover. The expressway then meets the western terminus of the CAVITEX–C-5 Link and widens on approach to the Parañaque toll plaza. Past the toll plaza, it meets a right-in/right-out interchange with the Circumferential Road 5 (C-5) Extension, accessible only for northbound motorists. The expressway then enters the province of Cavite and passes the Bacoor (Longos) Exit, the original end of the expressway at Bacoor, where the original alignment involved a curve that was changed to a full interchange with the opening of the Kawit extension. CAVITEX past Bacoor Exit becomes a four-lane dual carriageway on reclaimed land built on the shores of the seaside barangays of Bacoor. The expressway widens once again at the approach to the Kawit toll plaza. The terminus at Kawit is a box intersection with Tirona Highway, Covelandia Road, and Antero Soriano Highway, which is the physical extension of the existing expressway. The end of the expressway at Kawit will accommodate the Cavite end of the under-construction Cavite–Laguna Expressway.

History

[edit]

Proposed Cavite Boulevard

[edit]
See also: Roxas Boulevard
Daniel Burnham's plan of the Cavite Boulevard from Manila to Cavite

Even before the conception of the expressway, the Cavite Boulevard was planned by Architect Daniel Burnham to connect the city of Manila with the province of Cavite as part of his plan to beautify the city.[4] According to his original concept of the Cavite Boulevard, the bayfront boulevard would be built on reclaimed land from Luneta in Manila to Cavite Navy Yard, about 20 miles (32 km) away, as it follows the shoreline to Cavite. However, the present-day Roxas Boulevard, a part of this plan, was built up to Parañaque only.

As an untolled road

[edit]

In 1963, Republic Act No. 3572 was enacted to allocate funds for the extension of Dewey Boulevard (now Roxas Boulevard) to Cavite City, realizing the long-envisioned plan for the bayfront boulevard initially conceived by Daniel Burnham.[5] In 1973, under the administration of President Ferdinand Marcos, they proposed a planned highway, dubbed the Manila Bay Coastal Road Project, and its route would be started at the CCP Complex near the Manila-Pasay Boundary to Bacoor. However, this was later converted into two boulevards: Macapagal Boulevard and Jose W. Diokno Boulevard.[6] The Construction and Development Corporation of the Philippines (CDCP), now the Philippine National Construction Corporation (PNCC), entered into a contract with the Republic of the Philippines, represented by the then Department of Public Highways (DPH), now the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH), dated November 20, of that year, for the construction of the Manila-Cavite Coastal Road and the reclamation of some portions of the foreshore and off-shore lands along Manila Bay at the PNCC's own expense, otherwise known as the Manila-Cavite Coastal Road and Reclamation Project (MCCRRP).[7]

In response to the daily traffic congestion in the narrow passage between Parañaque and Las Piñas leading to Cavite, the government later constructed a 6.6-kilometer (4.1 mi), four-lane (two on each side) asphalt reclaimed road from Roxas Boulevard leading to the then-municipalities of Parañaque, Las Piñas, and Bacoor which opened in 1985.[8][9] In 1988, the final construction work was completed and conducted that year, and the road was expanded into four lanes.[10][11] Originally named the Manila–Cavite Coastal Road, it was renamed Aguinaldo Boulevard in 1989.[12]

As an expressway

[edit]

Development and construction

[edit]

The road deteriorated so fast that it needed to be upgraded to toll standards. This led to the Manila-Cavite Toll Expressway Project (MCTEP), more popularly known as "Coastal Road". It is a joint venture project of the Public Estates Authority (now the Philippine Reclamation Authority) and the Malaysian group of Majlis Amanah Rakyat (MARA) and Renong Berhad (Renong).

The project is an offshoot of the February 3, 1994, state visit to the Philippines of then Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad, where a Memorandum of Understanding for joint and cooperative implementation of critical infrastructure projects in the Philippines was signed. The MOU provided, among others, the construction and completion of the Manila-Cavite Toll Expressway and the expansion, extension, and modernization of other roadways and tollway systems. The project is a major component of a vast network of inter-urban roads traversing six municipalities, namely Parañaque, Las Piñas, Bacoor, Imus, Kawit, and Noveleta.

On December 27, 1994, a Joint Venture Agreement by and between the PEA, MARA and Renong was signed whereby PEA shall ensure that all land and rights of way necessary are made available for the carrying out of the Design and Construction Works obligation of the Malaysian parties.[3] The groundbreaking for the new expressway took place on September 14, 1995, beginning with Segment 1, which included widening the existing mainline from Parañaque to Zapote and upgrading existing bridges. On July 26, 1996, the Toll Operation Agreement between the Republic of the Philippines (acting through the Toll Regulatory Board), Public Estates Authority and UEM-Mara Philippines Corporation was signed. It was under this Agreement that PEA Tollway Corporation (PEATC) was created. Under the agreement, PEATC is to undertake and perform the obligations of PEA, which principally provides the operation and maintenance of the toll roads or any of its segments. Commercial operations started on May 24, 1998.[9]

On December 15, 1999, Coastal Road Corporation, a wholly owned Filipino entity, bought all UEM and MARA shares in UEM-Mara Philippines Corporation. The buy-out officially relinquished all the obligations and liabilities of the Malaysian Companies under the JVA and the TOA, as CRC took over the project's management and immediately undertook the unfinished portions of the MCTE Project.

On November 14, 2006, an Operations and Maintenance Agreement was signed between the Philippine Reclamation Authority, UEM-Mara Philippines Corporation (UMPC), and the Toll Regulatory Board, giving UMPC participation in the operations and maintenance of the expressway. In December 2012, Metro Pacific Investments Corporation acquired Cavitex Holdings Inc. for P6.77 billion, and the company assumed management assistance on January 2, 2013.[13]

Extensions and expansions

[edit]
Bacoor (Longos) Exit under construction in 2010 as part of the R1 Expressway Extension project

On February 7, 2004, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo led the groundbreaking rites for the extension called Segment 4.[14] In the following year, the construction of the expressway's 7-kilometer (4.3 mi) extension from Bacoor to Kawit, Cavite, known as the R1 Expressway Extension, was started;[15] it was inaugurated on April 27, 2011 by President Benigno Aquino III and formally opened to motorists on May 1.[16][8] In 2015, the C-5 Road was extended south to connect to the northbound lanes of the expressway in Las Piñas.

On December 28, 2016, the access ramps connecting Coastal Road and NAIA Expressway opened to motorists from Cavite and Las Piñas for easier access to NAIA Terminals 1, 2, and 3 and vice versa.

The Pacific Avenue flyover, which was planned in 2016, started construction in 2017 and was expected to be completed by March 2018. However, due to difficulties in transporting equipment and the flyover's location between the northbound and southbound parts of the expressway, the completion date was moved to August 2018. The flyover eliminated the signalized intersection for vehicles bound for Diosdado Macapagal Boulevard via Pacific Avenue and improved traffic around it.

By June 2018, the expressway is being expanded with the construction of additional lanes on the NAIA–Zapote segment. On September 3, 2024, the Kabihasnan entry toll plaza in Parañaque was permanently closed.[17]

Dispute over the expressway operations

[edit]

In 2024, PEATC demanded the turnover of the operations and maintenance (O&M) of the expressway from the Cavitex Infrastructure Corporation, and the company belied the claims of the Metro Pacific Tollways Corporation (MPTC) in the mandamus case filed before the Court of Appeals (CA) for the return of the CAVITEX.[18][19] In May of that year, PEATC insisted on its right to control the management and collection of fees amid a row with another company that already reached the Court of Appeals.[20] CAVITEX Infrastructure Corp. has filed with PEATC over the alleged unauthorized filing of a petition seeking to remove CIC's right to manage and operate the expressway.[21]

However, the government cannot seize control of operations and maintenance before the expiration of its concession period. The CIC said all the costs of the private concessionaire will have to be refunded if PEATC, a government-owned and controlled corporation, insists on taking over the CAVITEX operations.[22]

Future

[edit]

C-5 connection

[edit]
Main article: CAVITEX–C-5 Link

CAVITEX–C-5 Link is a 7.7-kilometer (4.8 mi), six-lane road which will connect C-5 Road from Taguig to CAVITEX.[23] Known as CAVITEX's Segments 2 and 3, it entails the construction of a 2.2-kilometer-long (1.4 mi) flyover between the C-5 Road in Taguig and the C-5 Road Extension in Pasay (near Merville) over the South Luzon Expressway and Skyway. The second phase includes completing the C-5 Road Extension from Merville to Las Piñas and constructing an interchange with Coastal Road in Parañaque. It is a component of Expressway 2.[24][25]

The construction of the ₱9.5B CAVITEX–C5 South Link project started on May 8, 2016.[26][27] Phase 1 was opened to traffic on July 23, 2019, and completion of the project is expected in 2025.[28][29][30][31][32]

[edit]

A 1.3-kilometer (0.81 mi) elevated connector road from Kawit to the greater Calabarzon that will connect CAVITEX and Cavite–Laguna Expressway (CALAX) is expected to be completed in the second quarter of 2025.[32] It will complete the Expressway 3 link gap by joining the respective Kawit interchanges of both expressways via the Antero Soriano Highway's right-of-way in Kawit.[33][34]

On June 21, 2024, President Bongbong Marcos and Manuel Pangilinan led the groundbreaking of the CAVITEX–CALAX Link.[35]

[edit]

A proposal to connect the NLEX Harbor Link in Navotas with CAVITEX near Pacific Avenue was revealed by NLEX Corporation to connect NLEX to CAVITEX seamlessly. The expressway will be a six-lane elevated expressway (on most of the expressway above R-10 and R-1) built in phases. NLEX is currently proposing the first phase of this expressway, with a length of 5.1 kilometers (3.2 mi) from Navotas Interchange of NLEX Harbor Link on Navotas to Anda Circle in Manila, with the proposed budget between ₱15 billion and ₱16 billion.[36] Also, this plan would have connected to CAVITEX in the future with a total length of 9.4 kilometers.[37] However, the project was not realized when San Miguel Corporation proposed its expressway project, the Southern Access Link Expressway (SALEX), using the same alignment as NLEX Corporation and CIC's proposal.

Segment 5

[edit]

Segment 5 of the expressway was proposed in the 1990s, and the extension would have been a 4-kilometer (2.5 mi) extension from Kawit to the intersection of EPZA Diversion Road in Noveleta. However, the route was revised when the development of CALAX started in the 2010s.

In 2018, Metro Pacific Investments Corporation submitted a proposal to the Toll Regulatory Board to extend the expressway from Kawit to Noveleta, as well as an extension further west up to Tanza and north up to Cavite City. The 9.5-kilometer (5.9 mi) extension is estimated to cost ₱22.5 billion.[2][38] A part of the R1 Expressway Extension project that includes the existing Segment 4 (Zapote–Kawit segment),[15] the project proposal also includes a spur road accommodating vehicles from the Cavite Export Processing Zone.[39]

Sangley Point extension

[edit]

A proposal to extend the expressway from Kawit to Sangley Point Airport in Cavite City was submitted to the Department of Public Works and Highways in 2017 by CAVITEx Holdings, Inc. The proposed project aims to construct a 4.63-kilometer-long (2.88 mi) viaduct.[40] Its cost is yet to be determined as it awaits approval from the government.[41] It is not to be confused with Segment 5.3, which will branch from Noveleta to Cavite City.[39]

Toll

[edit]
Parañaque Toll Plaza

The expressway features a limited number of interchanges. The original south terminus in Bacoor has been converted into a full trumpet interchange. There are two toll barriers on the expressway: the original barrier in Parañaque and the extension barrier in Kawit. The expressway also features a one-way mini toll booth feeding into it from Quirino Avenue, Parañaque. Vehicles are charged a flat toll rate based on vehicle class.

The expressway employs a barrier toll system at entry points, with fixed toll rates. Toll collection points are the Parañaque and Kawit toll plazas, while the Kabihasnan toll plaza served as one until its permanent closure in 2024.[17] Exit points do not have toll collection.[42] Vehicles using the CAVITEX–C-5 Link will pay tolls at the Sucat toll plaza instead of the Parañaque toll plaza.[43] PEATC has also incorporated a near-field communication prepaid card it calls E-TAP. The expressway also now accepts an electronic toll collection (ETC) system called Easytrip RFID, which currently manages ETC for the North Luzon Expressway, Subic–Clark–Tarlac Expressway, and Cavite–Laguna Expressway.[44] ETC collections are made on both dedicated and mixed lanes at the toll barriers.

Tolls are assessed in each direction at each barrier, based on class. Under the law, all toll rates include a 12% value-added tax.[45]

Class Parañaque
(R-1 Expressway) 		Kawit
(R-1 Expressway Extension)
1 ₱35.00 ₱73.00
2 ₱70.00 ₱146.00
3 ₱104.00 ₱219.00

Exits

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Exits are numbered by kilometer posts, with Rizal Park in Manila designated as kilometer zero. 

RegionProvinceCity/MunicipalitykmmiExitNameDestinationsNotes
Metro ManilaParañaque85.0Tambo N61 (Roxas Boulevard) / N194 (NAIA Road) / Seaside Drive – Airport, Manila, Bay CityNorthern terminus; continues north as N61 (Roxas Boulevard); future connection with Southern Access Link Expressway (SALEX)
8.35.2 E6 (NAIAx) – Airport, SkywayNorthbound exit and southbound entrance
8.455.25Caltex service station (southbound only), demolished.
106.2Pacific Avenue Pacific Avenue – PITX, Macapagal BoulevardNorthbound exit and current southbound entry, Flyover Half-T interchange; no right turns from southbound lane. Former traffic light intersection.
138.1KabihasnanTolled northbound entrance (until 2024)[17]
138.1CAVITEX–C-5 Link E2 (CAVITEX–C-5 Link) – Taguig[46]Trumpet interchange[47]
138.1Parañaque toll plaza
Las Piñas148.7C-5 Road ExtensionNorthbound entrance only.
CalabarzonCaviteBacoor159.3Longos N62 (Aguinaldo Boulevard) / N411 (Alabang–Zapote Road) – Las Piñas, BacoorTrumpet interchange; former southern terminus (1985–2011)
Kawit2314Kawit toll plaza
2415Marulas N62 (Tirona Highway) – Cavite City, NoveletaSouthbound exit only.
2415Binakayan (Zeus) N62 (Tirona Highway) / N64 (Antero Soriano Highway) / Covelandia Road – Binakayan (Kawit), Tanza, Ternate, Maragondon, NasugbuSouthern end of R-1 concurrency, current southern terminus; future link with Cavite–Laguna Expressway
NoveletaCavite CitySegment 5.3; tolled
Noveleta N62 (Manila–Cavite Road)End of Segment 5.1 and start of Segment 5.2
CEPZ Spur Road – CEPZ
RosarioRosarioRosarioVarious alignments under consideration
TanzaTanza toll plaza
Tanza N402 (Antero Soriano Highway)Future southern terminus
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi

Notes

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  1. ^ The Manila–Cavite Expressway is also known by its former and alternative names: Coastal Road, Manila–Cavite Coastal Road, R-1 Expressway and Aguinaldo Boulevard. It is also officially known as Manila–Cavite Toll Expressway Project.[1]
  2. ^ Tagalog pronunciation: [ˈkavitɛks]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Construction Begins on New Cavitex C5 Link Sections, Project Deal Inked". Cavite Expressway. Parañaque City. July 10, 2020.
  2. ^ a b "MPIC unit eyes P22.5 billion Cavitex extension". The Philippine Star. Retrieved April 7, 2018.
  3. ^ a b "About Us". CAVITEX. Retrieved August 17, 2024.
  4. ^ (1910). "Report of the Philippine Commission to the Secretary of War", pg.68. Government Printing Office, Washington.
  5. ^ Republic Act No. 3572 (June 21, 1963), An Act Appropriating Funds for the Construction of Dewey Boulevard Extension to Cavite City, Supreme Court E-Library, retrieved May 18, 2024
  6. ^ Samonte, Severino C. (August 17, 2023). "Late President FM planned Manila-Bataan coastal road in 1973". Philippine News Agency. Retrieved May 23, 2024.
  7. ^ "Administrative Order No. 397".
  8. ^ a b "Land Development". Public Estates Authority. Retrieved January 20, 2016.
  9. ^ a b "Toll Road Projects: CAVITEX". Toll Regulatory Board.
  10. ^ "Coastal road to be finished". Manila Standard. August 1, 1988. p. 2.
  11. ^ "Mla-Cavite coastal road now 4 lanes". Manila Standard. October 30, 1988. p. 6.
  12. ^ Republic Act No. 6730 (June 14, 1989), An Act Naming the Manila-Cavite Coastal Road as the Aguinaldo Boulevard, retrieved May 11, 2021
  13. ^ Peña, Zinnia B. Dela. "MPIC to invest P6.8 B in Cavitex Holdings". Philstar.com. Retrieved May 23, 2024.
  14. ^ "Pres. Gloria presides over Groundbreaking rites for Cavite Coastal Road Extension". Philippine Daily Inquirer. February 7, 2004. pp. B14.
  15. ^ a b "Manila-Cavite Toll Expressway (including C5 South Link Expressway Project)". Public-Private Partnership Center. Retrieved January 12, 2022.
  16. ^ Porcalla, Delon. "P-Noy inaugurates 'Cavitex'". Philstar.com. Retrieved July 3, 2024.
  17. ^ a b c Fernando, Jean (September 1, 2024). "Parañaque LGU announces permanent closure of Cavitex toll plaza in Kabihasnan". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved September 8, 2024.
  18. ^ "PEATC demands turnover of Cavitex: It's gov't property". Philippine News Agency. April 20, 2024. Retrieved June 18, 2024.
  19. ^ "PEATC: No violation in filing of mandamus case on CAVITEX". Philippine News Agency. April 30, 2024. Retrieved June 18, 2024.
  20. ^ "PEATC insists right to manage Cavitex". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved June 18, 2024.
  21. ^ Marcelo, Elizabeth. "Cavitex operator files raps vs OIC of PEATC". Philstar.com. Retrieved June 18, 2024.
  22. ^ Villamente, Chito Lozada,Jing (May 13, 2024). "'PEATC can't seize CAVITEX'". Daily Tribune. Retrieved June 18, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  23. ^ "Road and Bridge Inventory". Department of Public Works and Highways. Retrieved January 31, 2021.
  24. ^ "NCR". Department of Public Works and Highways. Retrieved January 31, 2021.
  25. ^ Amojelar, D.G. (February 1, 2017). "FF Cruz to build Cavitex C5 link". The Standard (Philippines). Retrieved February 7, 2017.
  26. ^ "Section of CAVITEX- C5 Southlink opens". ABS-CBN News. July 23, 2019. Retrieved June 7, 2020.
  27. ^ "Taguig-Parañaque section of C5 South Link Expressway opens to motorists July 23". GMA News. Retrieved August 18, 2019.
  28. ^ "Construction Begins on New Cavitex C5 Link Sections, Project Deal Inked". Cavite Expressway. Parañaque City. July 10, 2020. Retrieved March 9, 2021.
  29. ^ Garcia, Leandre (July 10, 2020). "New segments of the C5 South Link Expressway set to be completed by 2022". TopGear Philippines. Retrieved March 9, 2021.
  30. ^ a b Yao, Khriscielle (November 26, 2024). "MPT-South Corp. allots P12 B to finish CAVITEX, CALAX". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved April 20, 2024.
  31. ^ Manila Cavite Toll Expressway Project (MCTEP). CAVITEX. April 15, 2024. Retrieved April 20, 2024.
  32. ^ "Toll Roads". CALAX. Retrieved April 20, 2024.
  33. ^ Cervantes, Filane Mikee (June 21, 2024). "PBBM: Cavitex links seen to ease traffic flow in Greater Manila". Philippine News Agency. Retrieved June 21, 2024.
  34. ^ Mercurio, Richmond (August 17, 2020). "Proposed Harbor Link extension to push through". The Philippine Star. Retrieved March 23, 2021.
  35. ^ "NLEX-Cavitex Port Expressway Link".
  36. ^ "Cavitex extension proposed". Manila Standard. April 12, 2018. Retrieved July 19, 2018.
  37. ^ a b "Manila-Cavite Toll Expressway Project (MCTEP) Segment 5" (PDF). Environmental Management Bureau. October 2018.
  38. ^ "MPIC proposes Cavitex-Sangley expressway". Manila Standard. August 6, 2017. Retrieved July 19, 2018.
  39. ^ "Cavitex-Sangley Extension | Department of Public Works and Highways". www.dpwh.gov.ph. Retrieved July 19, 2018.
  40. ^ "Cavitex". Toll Regulatory Board. Retrieved December 11, 2021.
  41. ^ "C5 Southlink Expressway Phase 1 aims March 19 completion". Bluprint. October 11, 2018. Retrieved April 19, 2024.
  42. ^ "Frequently Asked Question – Cavitex". Easytrip Services Corporation Philippines. Retrieved December 27, 2016.
  43. ^ Francisco, Ruel (August 18, 2023). "New CAVITEX toll rates starting August 21". Philippine Information Agency. Retrieved August 21, 2023.
  44. ^ "C5 South Link Project". Department of Public Works and Highways. Retrieved August 17, 2020.
  45. ^ Valdez, Denise A. (March 28, 2019). "C5 South Link phase 1 to open in 2nd quarter". Metro Pacific Tollways Corporation. Retrieved August 17, 2020.
[edit]
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