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1994 Ukrainian parliamentary election

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1994 Ukrainian parliamentary election
← 1990 27 March 1994 (1994-03-27) (first round)
2–10 April 1994 (second round)		 1998 ⊟
All 450 seats to the Verkhovna Rada
226 seats needed for a majority
Turnout75.81% (Decrease 8.88 pp)
  First party Second party Third party
 
Leader Petro Symonenko Viacheslav Chornovil Serhii Dovhan [uk]
Party KPU Rukh SelPU
Leader since 19 June 1993 4 December 1992 25 January 1992
Leader's seat Krasnoarmiisk Podilskyi Velyka Oleksandrivka
Seats won 86 20 19
Popular vote 3,683,332 1,491,164 794,614
Percentage 13.57% 5.49% 2.93%
  Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party
 
Leader Oleksandr Moroz Levko Lukianenko Slava Stetsko
Party SPU URP KUN
Leader since 26 October 1991 29 April 1990 18 October 1992
Leader's seat Tarashcha Novovolynsk Nadvirna
Seats won 14 8 5
Popular vote 895,830 728,614 361,352
Percentage 3.30% 2.68% 1.33%
  Seventh party Eighth party Ninth party
 
Leader Volodymyr Filenko [uk] Mykola Azarov Volodymyr Yavorivsky
Party PDVU PP DPU
Leader since 1 December 1990 September 1993 12 December 1992
Leader's seat Zhovtnevyi (lost) Petrovskyi Svitlovodsk
Seats won 4 4 2
Popular vote 239,763 114,409 312,842
Percentage 0.88% 0.42% 1.15%
Results by region
Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada before election

Ivan Plyushch
Independent

Elected Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada

Oleksandr Moroz
SPU

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Parliamentary elections were held in Ukraine on 27 March 1994, with a second round between 2 and 10 April.[1] These were the first parliamentary elections in Ukraine as an independent state.[2] A total of 15 political parties won seats, although a majority of deputies were independents.[3] However, 112 seats were remained unfilled, and a succession of by-elections were required in July, August, November and December 1994 and more in December 1995 and April 1996.[1] Three hundred (300) seats or two thirds (2/3) of the parliament were required to be filled for the next convocation.

In what were the first elections held after Ukraine broke away from the Soviet Union, the Communist Party of Ukraine emerged as the largest party in the Verkhovna Rada, winning 86 of the 338 seats decided in the first two rounds.[4] This election was the result of a compromise between the President and the Verkhovna Rada, which was reached on 24 September 1993 because of a political crisis caused by mass protests and strikes particularly from students and miners. On that day, the Rada adopted a decree to organize parliamentary elections ahead of schedule, and ahead of scheduled presidential elections in June.

Electoral system (50% rule)

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As in the previous this election took place according to the majoritarian electoral system in 450 electoral districts containing several precincts.[5] Each region was assigned a proportion of districts depending on its population. Hence the most mandates were received by the more populated eastern regions of Ukraine, particularly the regions of Donets basin such as Donetsk Oblast and Dnipropetrovsk Oblast.

In order to be elected a candidate needed to obtain more than 50% of votes and in order for the election to be valid more than 50% of registered voters needed to vote.[3] If no candidate obtained more than 50% in the first round, the top two candidates were listed on the ballot in the second round.[3] In the second round the 50% rule was applied as well.[3] Reelections were called if the 50% votes in the second round was not met.[3]

Because of those conditions several districts in the Verkhovna Rada were left not represented for a whole convocation.[3] Particularly acute that problem was in the city of Kyiv that was assigned 23 mandates, while in the parliament only 10 representatives for Kyiv participated in the second convocation - less than a half. Kyiv became the most under represented region.

Results

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PartyVotes%Seats
Communist Party of Ukraine3,683,33213.5786
People's Movement of Ukraine1,491,1645.4920
Socialist Party of Ukraine895,8303.3014
Peasant Party of Ukraine794,6142.9319
Ukrainian Republican Party728,6142.688
Congress of Ukrainian Nationalists361,3521.335
Democratic Party of Ukraine312,8421.152
Party of Democratic Revival of Ukraine239,7630.884
Liberal Party of Ukraine173,5030.640
Ukrainian National Assembly148,2390.551
Party of Labor114,4090.424
Social Democratic Party of Ukraine104,2040.382
Christian Democratic Party of Ukraine100,0070.371
Ukrainian Conservative Republican Party99,0280.362
Toiling Congress of Ukraine83,7020.310
Civil Congress of Ukraine72,4730.272
Party of Greens of Ukraine71,9460.270
Social-National Party of Ukraine49,4830.180
Ukrainian Party of Justice40,4140.150
State Independence of Ukraine24,7220.090
Party of Economic Revival20,8290.080
Party of Slavic Unity of Ukraine18,8070.070
Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists16,7660.060
Ukrainian Party of Solidarity and Social Justice12,8470.050
Constitutional Democratic Party of Ukraine12,7110.050
Ukrainian Peasant Democratic Party11,8270.040
Liberal Democratic Party of Ukraine8,5760.030
Ukrainian National Conservative Party [uk]6,6680.020
Ukrainian Christian Democratic Party5,9170.020
Ukrainian Beer Lovers Party1,8060.010
Party of Free Peasants of Ukraine1,1690.000
Party of National Salvation of Ukraine5150.000
Other parties28,1660.100
Independents14,894,26954.87168
Against all2,512,1189.26–
Vacant112
Total27,142,632100.00450
Valid votes27,142,63293.71
Invalid/blank votes1,821,3506.29
Total votes28,963,982100.00
Registered voters/turnout38,204,10075.81
Source: Nohlen & Stöver

Parliamentary factions

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Blocs were formed in the Rada on 11 May 1994:

Political Bloc Seats Supported for the President
Communists of Ukraine 83 Oleksandr Moroz, Leonid Kuchma
Socialist Party of Ukraine 25[6] Oleksandr Moroz
People's Movement of Ukraine (Rukh) 27 Volodymyr Lanovyi, Leonid Kravchuk
Interregional Bloc 26 Leonid Kuchma
Bloc "Derzhavnist'" 25 Leonid Kravchuk
Bloc "Center" 38 Leonid Kravchuk
Bloc "Agrarians of Ukraine" 36 Oleksandr Tkachenko, Leonid Kravchuk
Bloc "Reforms" 27 Volodymyr Lanovyi
Bloc "Unity" 25 –
Not affiliated 23 –
Total 355

The political blocs formed in the Verkhovna Rada did not exactly represent a similar party. Such parties as the Peasant's Party of Ukraine (SelPU) and the Agrarians for Reform (AZR) (a breakaway group of former SelPU members) formed the Agrarians of Ukraine bloc. Although some of the deputies, especially from SelPU, joined the Socialist bloc. The Ukrainian Republican Party (URP), the Congress of Ukrainian Nationalists (CUN), and the Democratic Party of Ukraine (DemPU) has formed the electoral bloc Derzhavnist (Statehood).

  • The left electoral blocs: Communists of Ukraine, Socialist bloc, and Peasant's Party of Ukraine
  • The right electoral blocs: People's Movement of Ukraine and Derzhavnist
  • The center electoral blocs: Interregional bloc, Social-Market Choice, Unity, and Agrarians for Reforms
  • The centre-right electoral blocs: Reforms and Center

In February 1997 the following factions were present in parliament:[7]

  • The leftist: Communist of Ukraine (86 seats), Socialist Party of Ukraine (25 seats) and Peasant's Party of Ukraine (38 seats)
  • The centrist: Constitutional Center (56 seats), Unity (37 seats), Intraregional Deputies Group (28 seats), Social-Market Choice (25 seats) and Independents (25 seats)
  • The national democratic: Reforms and (29 seats) People's Movement of Ukraine (27 seats).

Elected members by constituency

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Regional rankings

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by party

[edit]
Crimea (19)
Vinnytsia Region (16)
Volyn Region (9)
Dnipropetrovsk Region (34)
Donetsk Region (48)
Zhytomyr Region (12)
Zakarpattia Region (11)
  • No party affiliation (9)
  • Social-Democratic Party of Ukraine (1)
  • Christian Democratic Party of Ukraine (1)
Zaporizhzhia Region (18)
Ivano-Frankivsk Region (13)
Kirovohrad Region (12)
Luhansk Region (23)
Lviv Region (22)
Mykolaiv Region (11)
Odesa Region (23)
Kyiv Region (17)
Poltava Region (16)
Rivne Region (10)
Sumy Region (12)
Ternopil Region (10)
Kharkiv Region (25)
Kherson Region (10)
Khmelnytskyi Region (13)
Cherkasy Region (13)
Chernivtsi Region (8)
Chernihiv Region (13)
Kyiv (11/23)
Sevastopol (4)

by nationality

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Kyiv (11/23)
  • Ukrainian (9)
  • Russian (1)
  • Bulgarian (1)
Sevastopol (4)
  • Russian (2)
  • Ukrainian (1)
  • Not identified (1)
Crimea (19)
  • Russian (9)
  • Ukrainian (6)
  • Jewish (2)
  • Karaite (1)
  • Not identified (1)
Vinnytsia Region (16/17)
  • Ukrainian (14)
  • Russian (1)
  • Polish (1)
Volyn Region (8/9)
  • Ukrainian (8)
Dnipropetrovsk Region (34)
  • Ukrainian (28)
  • Russian (4)
  • Not identified (2)
Donetsk Region (47)
  • Ukrainian (27→26)
  • Russian (18→19)
  • Adyghe (1)
  • Jewish (1)
Zhytomyr Region (12/13)
  • Ukrainian (10)
  • Russian (1)
  • German (1)
Zakarpattia Region (10)
  • Ukrainian (8)
  • Russian (1)
  • Hungarian (1)
Zaporizhzhia Region (18)
  • Ukrainian (12)
  • Russian (6)
Ivano-Frankivsk Region (12/13)
  • Ukrainian (10)
  • Russian (1)
  • Not identified (1)
Kyiv Region (16)
  • Ukrainian (14)
  • Russian (2)
Kirovohrad Region (10)
  • Ukrainian (7→6)
  • Russian (3)
  • Not identified (0→1)
Luhansk Region (24)
  • Ukrainian (12)
  • Russian (10)
  • Chuvash (1)
  • Jewish (1)
Lviv Region (22/23)
  • Ukrainian (22)
Mykolaiv Region (11)
  • Ukrainian (7)
  • Russian (4)
Odesa Region (21/23)
  • Ukrainian (12→13)
  • Russian (6→5)
  • Jewish (1)
  • Moldavian (1)
  • Bulgarian (1)
  • Not identified (1)
Poltava Region (16)
  • Ukrainian (14)
  • Russian (1)
  • Belarusian (1)
Rivne Region (10)
  • Ukrainian (9)
  • Not identified (1)
Sumy Region (11/13)
  • Ukrainian (11)
Ternopil Regin (10)
  • Ukrainian (10)
Kharkiv Region (25/28)
  • Ukrainian (14)
  • Russian (8)
  • Jewish (1)
  • Polish (1)
  • Not identified (1)
Kherson Region (9/11)
  • Ukrainian (7)
  • Belarusian (1)
  • Not identified (1)
Khmelnytskyi Region (13)
  • Ukrainian (12)
  • Russian (1)
Cherkasy Region (13)
  • Ukrainian (13)
Chernivtsi Region (8)
  • Ukrainian (7)
  • Romanian (1)
Chernihiv Region (12)
  • Ukrainian (10)
  • Russian (2)

Aftermath

[edit]

Due to the low turnout, 112 seats remained vacant and later in the summer of 1994 (24 and 31 July and 7 August) 20 MPs were elected to the Rada. On 20 November and 4 December nine more MPs were elected.

On 30 May 1994 MP Roman Kuper died of a heart attack and Leonid Kravchuk was elected as his replacement on 25 September. On 15 July Leonid Kuchma surrendered his parliamentarian mandate after being elected President, and Vasyl Yevrukhov was elected in his place. On 21 August MP Vitaliy Yurkovsky died, and was replaced by Natalya Vitrenko.

References

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  1. ^ a b Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p1976 ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7
  2. ^ Birch, Sarah (1995). "The Ukrainian parliamentary and presidential elections of 1994". Electoral Studies. 14 (1): 93–99. doi:10.1016/0261-3794(95)95775-6. ISSN 0261-3794.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Parliamentary chronicles, The Ukrainian Week (30 November 2018)
  4. ^ Nohlen & Stöver, p1991
  5. ^ Against All Odds: Aiding Political Parties in Georgia and Ukraine (UvA Proefschriften) by Max Bader, Vossiuspers UvA, 2010, ISBN 90-5629-631-0 (page 93)
  6. ^ Political parties of the world by Alan J. Day and Henry W. Degenhardt, 2002, John Harper Publishing, ISBN 978-0-9536278-7-5, Page 479
  7. ^ Contemporary Ukraine Dynamics of Post-Soviet Transformation by Roman Solchanyk, M. E. Sharpe, May 1998, ISBN 0765602245 (page 26)
  8. ^ membership was annulled on June 13, 1996
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