1973 in science

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The year 1973 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Astronomy and space exploration

March 7 – Comet Kohoutek is discovered
April 6 – Launch of Pioneer 11 spacecraft
May 14 – Skylab, the United States' first space station, is launched.
Solar eclipse of June 30, 1973 – Very long total solar eclipse visible in NE South America, the Atlantic, and central Africa. During the entire Second Millennium, only seven total solar eclipses exceed seven minutes of totality; this is the last. Observers aboard a Concorde jet are able to stretch totality to about 74 minutes by flying along the path of the moon's umbra.
July 25 – Soviet Mars 5 space probe launched.
November 3 – Mariner program: NASA launches the Mariner 10 toward Mercury (on March 29, 1974, it becomes the first space probe to reach that planet); it will be the first space flight to use gravity assist.
December 3 – Pioneer program: Pioneer 10 sends back the first close-up images of Jupiter.
December 7 – The "Big Ear" at the Ohio State University Radio Observatory begins a full-time search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI) radio survey, running continuously until 1995.

Biology

December 28 – Endangered Species Act signed into law in the United States.

Cartography

Waldo R. Tobler introduces the Tobler hyperelliptical projection.

Chemistry

A successful method of Vitamin B₁₂ total synthesis is reported by the groups of Robert Burns Woodward and Albert Eschenmoser.^[1]^[2]
Akira Endo identifies the first statin, mevastatin.^[3]

Computer science

March 1 – Xerox PARC releases the Xerox Alto, the first computer designed to support an operating system based on a graphical user interface.
September – The TV Typewriter appears on the cover of Radio-Electronics. Designed by Don Lancaster, it is a video terminal that can display two pages of 16 lines of 32 upper case characters on a standard television set.
October – A form of the suffix automaton is introduced by Peter Weiner.^[4]
November 21 – The sci-fi movie Westworld is the first feature film to use digital image processing.

Cryptography

October – Asymmetric key algorithms for public-key cryptography developed by James H. Ellis, Clifford Cocks and Malcolm J. Williamson at the United Kingdom Government Communications Headquarters.^[5]

Earth sciences

Derek Ager publishes The Nature of the Stratigraphical Record.

History of science

May 5–July 28 – BBC Television series The Ascent of Man, written and presented by Jacob Bronowski, first airs; there is also an accompanying bestselling book.

Mathematics

Fischer Black and Myron Scholes first articulate the Black–Scholes mathematical model used in the financial field containing certain derivative investment instruments.^[6]
Jürgen Stückrad and Wolfgang Vogel introduce the Buchsbaum ring.^[7]^[8]

Physiology and medicine

August – Production of monoclonal antibodies involving human–mouse hybrid cells is first described by Jerrold Schwaber.^[9]
The term "dendritic cell" is coined by Ralph M. Steinman working with Zanvil A. Cohn.^[10]
The term "Norrmalmstorgssyndromet", translated as Stockholm syndrome, is coined by Nils Bejerot.

Psychiatry

David Rosenhan publishes the results of his experiment into the validity of psychiatric diagnosis.^[11]
The American Psychiatric Association publishes the 1st edition of its Principles of Medical Ethics, incorporating the 'Goldwater rule' (that it is unethical for a psychiatrist to offer a professional opinion on an individual in the public eye without an examination and consent).^[12]
December 15 – The American Psychiatric Association removes the definition of homosexuality as a mental disorder from the 2nd edition of its Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-II).

Technology

April 2 – The LexisNexis computerized legal research service begins.
April 3 – The first handheld mobile phone call is made by Martin Cooper of Motorola in New York City.^[13]
June 4 – A United States patent for the Docutel automated teller machine is granted to Donald Wetzel, Tom Barnes and George Chastain.
Ichiro Kato, Waseda University, develops the world's first full-scale humanoid robot, Wabot-1.^[14]

Institutions

March 6 – The Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts, founded as the Montenegrin Society for Science and Arts (Crnogorsko društvo za nauku i umjetnost), elects its first members.^[15]

Awards

Nobel Prizes
- Physics – Leo Esaki, Ivar Giaever, Brian David Josephson
- Chemistry – Ernst Otto Fischer, Geoffrey Wilkinson
- Medicine – Karl Von Frisch, Konrad Lorenz, Nikolaas Tinbergen
Turing Award – Charles W. Bachman

Births

May 19 – Alice Roberts, English evolutionary biologist, biological anthropologist and science and archaeology popularizer
October 5 – Cédric Villani, French mathematician and politician
November 19 – Nim Chimpsky (d. 2000), chimpanzee
December 5 – Luboš Motl, Czech theoretical physicist

Deaths

February 11 – J. Hans D. Jensen (b. 1907), German nuclear physicist
February 20 – Alf Lysholm (b. 1893), Swedish mechanical engineer.
March 12 – David Lack (b. 1910), English ornithologist
March 14 – Howard H. Aiken (b. 1900), American computing pioneer
March 28 – C. Doris Hellman (b. 1910), American historian of science
March 30 – William Justin Kroll (b. 1889), Luxembourgish metallurgist
May 21 – Grigore Moisil (b. 1906), Romanian mathematician, died in Canada
July 1 – Laurens Hammond (b. 1895), American inventor
August 9 – Preben von Magnus (b. 1912), Danish virologist
August 12 – Walter Rudolf Hess (b. 1881), Swiss physiologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
August 16 – Selman Waksman (b. 1888), Ukrainian-born Jewish-American biochemist and microbiologist
November 25 – Elisa Leonida Zamfirescu (b. 1887), Romanian engineer
December 10 – Wolf V. Vishniac (b. 1922), American microbiologist
December 17 – Charles Greeley Abbot (b. 1872), American astrophysicist

References

^ Woodward, R. B. (1973). "The Total Synthesis of Vitamin B₁₂". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 33 (1): 145–178. doi:10.1351/pac197333010145. PMID 4684454. S2CID 30641959. Retrieved 2012-01-13.
^ Nicolaou, K. C.; Sorensen, E. J. (1996). Classics in Total Synthesis: Targets, Strategies, Methods. Wiley. ISBN 978-3-527-29231-8.
^ Endo, Akira; Kuroda M.; Tsujita Y. (December 1976). "ML-236A, ML-236B, and ML-236C, new inhibitors of cholesterogenesis produced by Penicillium citrinium". Journal of Antibiotics. 29 (12): 1346–8. doi:10.7164/antibiotics.29.1346. PMID 1010803.
^ Peter Weiner (October 1973). "Linear pattern matching algorithms". Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science: 1–11. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.474.9582. doi:10.1109/SWAT.1973.13. Wikidata Q29541479.
^ Disclosed 1997. https://web.archive.org/web/20100519084635/http://www.gchq.gov.uk/history/pke.html
^ Black, Fischer; Scholes, Myron (May–June 1973). "The Pricing of Options and Corporate Liabilities". Journal of Political Economy. 81 (3). University of Chicago Press: 637–654. doi:10.1086/260062. JSTOR 1831029. S2CID 154552078.
^ Stückrad, Jürgen; Vogel, Wolfgang (1973). "Eine Verallgemeinerung der Cohen-Macaulay Ringe und Anwendungen auf ein Problem der Multiplizitätstheorie". Journal of Mathematics of Kyoto University. 13: 513–528. ISSN 0023-608X. MR 0335504.
^ Stückrad, Jürgen; Vogel, Wolfgang (1986). Buchsbaum rings and applications. Berlin; New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-540-16844-7. MR 0881220.
^ Schwaber, J.; Cohen, E. P. (1973). "Human x mouse somatic cell hybrid clone secreting immunoglobulins of both parental types". Nature. 244 (5416): 444–7. doi:10.1038/244444a0. PMID 4200460. S2CID 4171375.
^ Steinman, R. M.; Cohn, Z. A. (1973). "Identification of a Novel Cell Type in Peripheral Lymphoid Organs of Mice: I. Morphology, Quantitation, Tissue Distribution". Journal of Experimental Medicine. 137 (5): 1142–62. doi:10.1084/jem.137.5.1142. PMC 2139237. PMID 4573839.
^ Rosenhan, D. L. (January 1973). "On being sane in insane places". Science. 179 (4070). New York: 250–8. Bibcode:1973Sci...179..250R. doi:10.1126/science.179.4070.250. PMID 4683124. S2CID 15089027. Archived from the original on 2004-11-17.
^ Kroll, Jerome; Pouncey, Claire (2016). "The Ethics of APA's Goldwater Rule". Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law. 44 (2): 226–235. ISSN 1093-6793. PMID 27236179.
^ "First Mobile Phone Call Was Placed Exactly 40 Years Ago". Mashable. 2013. Retrieved 2013-04-03.
^ "History of Industrial Robots" (PDF). International Federation of Robotics. 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-12-24. Retrieved 2013-04-03.
^ "Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts (MASA)". IAP. 2013. Archived from the original on 2015-01-09. Retrieved 2015-01-09.

[1] Woodward, R. B. (1973). "The Total Synthesis of Vitamin B₁₂". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 33 (1): 145–178. doi:10.1351/pac197333010145. PMID 4684454. S2CID 30641959. Retrieved 2012-01-13.

[2] Nicolaou, K. C.; Sorensen, E. J. (1996). Classics in Total Synthesis: Targets, Strategies, Methods. Wiley. ISBN 978-3-527-29231-8.

[3] Endo, Akira; Kuroda M.; Tsujita Y. (December 1976). "ML-236A, ML-236B, and ML-236C, new inhibitors of cholesterogenesis produced by Penicillium citrinium". Journal of Antibiotics. 29 (12): 1346–8. doi:10.7164/antibiotics.29.1346. PMID 1010803.

[4] Peter Weiner (October 1973). "Linear pattern matching algorithms". Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science: 1–11. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.474.9582. doi:10.1109/SWAT.1973.13. Wikidata Q29541479.

[5] Disclosed 1997. https://web.archive.org/web/20100519084635/http://www.gchq.gov.uk/history/pke.html

[6] Black, Fischer; Scholes, Myron (May–June 1973). "The Pricing of Options and Corporate Liabilities". Journal of Political Economy. 81 (3). University of Chicago Press: 637–654. doi:10.1086/260062. JSTOR 1831029. S2CID 154552078.

[7] Stückrad, Jürgen; Vogel, Wolfgang (1973). "Eine Verallgemeinerung der Cohen-Macaulay Ringe und Anwendungen auf ein Problem der Multiplizitätstheorie". Journal of Mathematics of Kyoto University. 13: 513–528. ISSN 0023-608X. MR 0335504.

[8] Stückrad, Jürgen; Vogel, Wolfgang (1986). Buchsbaum rings and applications. Berlin; New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-540-16844-7. MR 0881220.

[9] Schwaber, J.; Cohen, E. P. (1973). "Human x mouse somatic cell hybrid clone secreting immunoglobulins of both parental types". Nature. 244 (5416): 444–7. doi:10.1038/244444a0. PMID 4200460. S2CID 4171375.

[10] Steinman, R. M.; Cohn, Z. A. (1973). "Identification of a Novel Cell Type in Peripheral Lymphoid Organs of Mice: I. Morphology, Quantitation, Tissue Distribution". Journal of Experimental Medicine. 137 (5): 1142–62. doi:10.1084/jem.137.5.1142. PMC 2139237. PMID 4573839.

[11] Rosenhan, D. L. (January 1973). "On being sane in insane places". Science. 179 (4070). New York: 250–8. Bibcode:1973Sci...179..250R. doi:10.1126/science.179.4070.250. PMID 4683124. S2CID 15089027. Archived from the original on 2004-11-17.

[12] Kroll, Jerome; Pouncey, Claire (2016). "The Ethics of APA's Goldwater Rule". Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law. 44 (2): 226–235. ISSN 1093-6793. PMID 27236179.

[13] "First Mobile Phone Call Was Placed Exactly 40 Years Ago". Mashable. 2013. Retrieved 2013-04-03.

[14] "History of Industrial Robots" (PDF). International Federation of Robotics. 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-12-24. Retrieved 2013-04-03.

[15] "Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts (MASA)". IAP. 2013. Archived from the original on 2015-01-09. Retrieved 2015-01-09.

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