The Zivildienst (German, translated verbatim to "Civilian Service", but "compulsory paid community service" is more contextually equivalent) is the most common mandatory alternative service for conscientious objectors of the national military service in the Austrian Armed Forces. Officially called Zivildienstleistender (ZDL) or Zivildiener it is common to call them Zivi. Since 1975, drafted men may refuse the military service on conscientious reasons and serve in the compulsory alternative community service instead. This generally involves work in social services like hospitals, youth organisations, nursing homes, rescue services, emergency medical services, and care of the disabled. The service usually lasts nine months. About more than 40% of the drafted male citizens in Austria choose this option by declaring a conflict of conscience. There is no conscription for women, therefore women are not obliged to serve as a Zivi, which is just a substitute for the still existing mandatory military service.
History
editIn 1955, when conscription was introduced in Austria again, an alternative civilian service for conscientious objector was not provided. Similar to the so-called construction soldiers in East Germany, a regular military service without a weapon (German: ordentlicher Präsenzdienst ohne Waffe) could be performed on request. The duration of this special service took three months longer than the regular military service. Between 1956 and 1974 only 3,277 applications were made for regular military service without a weapon, of which 3,266 were approved.
The compulsory alternative community service was introduced under the Kreisky II cabinet in 1975 due to pressure by pacifist groups. The military was pleased by the development, because it led to fewer disruptions of military service due to pacifists refusing the use of weapons. Once an Austrian has completed compulsory alternative service, he is exempt from military service for life, and can therefore never be called for military duty, but if necessary again to a special alternative civilian service.
Though compulsory community service is firmly anchored in the constitution together with military service, it is supposed to be reserved for exceptional cases. Between 1975 and 1991 conscientious objectors had to explain their doubts in front of a commission, which would determine whether or not they would be sent to the Zivildienst. The compulsory community service lasted eight months, the same length as military service. The law was amended in 1991 so that objectors only need to declare their objection, rather than facing a commission. As a result, the number of objectors rose, so the length of the civilian service was increased in stages: first to 10 months in 1992; then 11 months; then 12 months in 1997 (including two weeks of holidays).
Between 1 April 2002 and 30 September 2005, the Zivildienstverwaltungs GmbH, organized as an affiliated limited liability company of the Austrian Red Cross, was responsible for distributing compulsory service personnel on behalf of the then responsible Austrian Federal Ministry of the Interior. This ended after the Austrian Constitutional Court demanded this activity as part of government and its integration into the interior ministry. Since October 2005, the Agency for the Alternative Civil Service (in German: ZISA for Zivildienstserviceagentur) handles all issues regarding the compulsory community service.[1] Originally the ZISA was a departement of the interior ministry, between January 2020 until July 2022 the ZISA was part of the Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Regions and Tourism and since July 2022 the ZISA is part of the Federal Chancellery.[2]
In 2004, the term of military service was reduced to six months, as recommended by a reform commission. Accordingly, the length of compulsory community service was adapted to nine months in 2006. Compulsory community service personnel, however, have the option to add another three months to their service for better pay through a private contract.
Organisations taking advantage of Zivildienst personnel
editMost conscientious objector draftees have to work for the Austrian Red Cross. Beyond that, more compulsory community service personnel have to work in eldercare and in hospitals. Other organisations are, for example, emergency medical services, kindergartens, fire brigades, in communities as crossing guards and other social organisations which care for the disabled or refugees. A few have to work in agriculture.
Occupational Areas
edit| Activity | total number | percentage |
|---|---|---|
| Emergency medical services | 5,674 | 39.5% |
| Social care and handicapped aid services | 3,855 | 26.8% |
| Geriatric care | 1,613 | 11.2% |
| Hospitals | 1,187 | 8.3% |
| Child care | 584 | 4.1% |
| Disaster relief services and civil protection | 387 | 2.7% |
| Refugee care, integration and consulting of foreigners | 390 | 2.7% |
| Social work in agriculture | 175 | 1.2% |
| Public security and traffic safety (crossing guards service) | 169 | 1.2% |
| Nursing and health care | 117 | 0.8% |
| Care for drug addicts | 66 | 0.5% |
| Youth care | 43 | 0.3% |
| Prisons | 39 | 0.3% |
| environmental protection | 27 | 0.2% |
| Domestic memorial service | 25 | 0.2% |
| Civil defense | 19 | 0.1% |
Types of Alternative Civilian Service
editRegular Alternative Civilian Service
editBy 2014, more than 16,600 conscientious objectors enlisted on "Regular Alternative Civilian Service" (German: Ordentlicher Zivildienst), and the number of men enlisted for the mandatory alternative community service personnel has steadily increased. Since 2015, the number is decreasing. In 2019, the percentage of eligible men opting for Zivildienst increased again, but the actual number decreased, due to a year with a low birth rate.[6] Therefore, the Austrian government decided to widen eligibility to the so-called "partial eligibility" (German: "Teiltauglichkeit"). Starting from January 2021, every man without physical or intellectual disabilities will be eligible for Zivildienst (and military service) to have the maximum number of men available for all mandatory services.[7][8]
Number of enrolments for mandatory alternative community service
editIn 1975, 344 young men only registered for the newly created alternative civilian service, since then the number of man applying for Zivildienst has risen and remains at a level of around 40-50% of all fit men.[9][10][11][12]
| Year | Number | Percentage | Number of fit conscripts | Number of partially fit conscripts (since 2021) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2015 | 15,888 | 48.65% | 32,659 | - |
| 2016 | 14,987 | 46.16% | 32,468 | - |
| 2017 | 13,932 | 45.79% | 30,815 | - |
| 2018 | 13,466 | 43.82% | 30,728 | - |
| 2019 | 13,428 | 47.77% | 28,107 | - |
| 2020 | 14,093 | 48.40% | 29,114 | - |
| 2021 | 15,392 | 42,95% | 35,835 | 641 |
| 2022 | 16,380 | N/A | N/A | 711 |
| 2023 | 14,630 | 45.50% | 31,516 | 639 |
Regional differences of enrolments for mandatory alternative community service
editThere are severe regional differences, while in Vorarlberg (52.8%) and Vienna (53.5%) more than half of the drafted men registered for the mandatory alternative community service (as of 2014), in Carinthia only slightly more than a quarter (26.3%) of eligible male citizens become conscientious objectors.[15] By 2018, 66% of the male citizens of Vienna had opted to become Zivis.[16][17][18]
| State | Number of conscripted men for Zivildienst | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| Vienna | 3,283 | 22.85% |
| Upper Austria | 2,815 | 19.59% |
| Lower Austria | 2,302 | 16.02% |
| Styria | 1,830 | 12.73% |
| Tyrol | 1,296 | 9.02% |
| Vorarlberg | 960 | 6.68% |
| Salzburg | 902 | 6.28% |
| Carinthia | 548 | 3.81% |
| Burgenland | 434 | 3.02% |
Special Alternative Civilian Service
editIn times of crisis or during the state of emergency, the government can re-draft conscientious objectors under the age of 50, who already fulfilled their regular obligatory civil alternative service, for "Special Alternative Civilian Service" (German: Außerordentlicher Zivildienst).[20] In April 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, for the first time in history of Austrian Zivildienst, 3,500 men started with Außerordentlicher Zivildienst. 2,000 men volunteered and 1,500 men were drafted to special alternative service for the duration of three months after fulfilling their period of service to assist in the Austrian medical service.[21][22][23][24][25] Due to a lack of necessity, the "Special Alternative Civilian Service" was stopped at the end of July 2020 .[26] Despite the return of the pandemic in 2021, no further Außerordentlicher Zivildiener was drafted in 2021.[27]
Voluntary services as an alternative to the regular Zivildienst
editSince 1992, Austrian conscripts have the opportunity to work abroad. Andreas Maislinger took the idea from the German Action Reconciliation Service for Peace and founded the Austrian Service Abroad (in German: Auslandsdienst). This service is not part of the regular alternative civilian service, but a substitute to the regular Zivildienst which exempts its participants from the compulsory community service. These positions are very popular, so participants often have to wait for years in order to receive one. The Austrian Service Abroad lasts twelve months and can be served in three different services:
The German name is Gedenkdienst (for Memorial Service). The organization takes care of victims of Nazism.[28]
The Austrian Social Service supports the social and economic development of a country. It can be done at various deployment locations that are operated by a multitude of partner organisations.
The Austrian Peace Service service can be provided in five accepted partner organizations, which are in China, Israel, Japan or the Netherlands. Goal is to spend a year in those countries and understand the enormous complexity of the conflicts and to make a little contribution to the lasting assurance of peace.
Since 2013, it is possible to volunteer for the program of the voluntary ecological year (in German: Freiwilliges Umweltjahr / FUJ) for a minimum period of 10 months instead of the Zivildienst. The FUJ is an educational and orientation year for teenagers and young adults.[29]
Since 2016, it is possible to volunteer for a minimum of 10 months for the program of the voluntary social year (in German: Freiwilliges Sozialjahr / FSJ) as an alternative to the regular Zivildienst. The reasons to join this program is, that you have some benefits, but it takes a few months longer than the Zivildienst.[30]
Compensation for Food
editThere has been years-long controversy in Austria as to the compensation for food of compulsory community service personnel. In 2001, an amendment to the law gave users of alternative civil service draftees a duty to ensure the proper nutrition of Zivildienst personnel, but did not define what "proper nutrition" entails.
As a result, many users of compulsory community service personnel chose to pay only €6.00 EUR per day in compensation for food, resulting in many protests and complaints. In the opinion of compulsory community service personnel, €6.00 EUR per day is insufficient to guarantee proper nutrition. As a result, the issue was taken to the courts in October 2005. The judgement agreed that €6.00 EUR per day is insufficient, and determined that an appropriate amount would be between €11.26 EUR and €13.60 EUR per day. This is the same amount to which military personnel are entitled.
Weapon ban
editCompulsory community service draftees are banned from owning or carrying weapons for fifteen years after completing their compulsory service, which could impact negatively on their future employability. Those who served the Zivildienst were also forbidden from later joining the police service in Austria. However, the law was amended in 2010 to introduce certain circumstances under which the weapon ban could be lifted to pursue a career with the police forces. This involves former alternative civilian service personnel making a declaration that their conscientious doubts are over.[31]
References
edit- ^ "Zivildienst & Ehrenamt".
- ^ "Zivildienst Chronik - Bundeskanzleramt Österreich". www.bundeskanzleramt.gv.at.
- ^ "Image zivildienst bilanz 2021". Retrieved 19 February 2023.
- ^ a b "Zivildienst-Bilanz 2020".
- ^ a b c "Zivildienst-Bilanz 2022: Anzahl der Zivildiener leicht gestiegen". Zivildienst-Bilanz 2022: Anzahl der Zivildiener leicht gestiegen. Retrieved 19 February 2023.
- ^ a b "Rückgang bei Zivildienstanträgen". 8 March 2020.
- ^ "Was es mit der Teiltauglichkeit auf sich hat". 23 January 2020.
- ^ "Bundesheer - Wehrpflicht: Aus untauglich soll teiltauglich werden".
- ^ "Hintergründe des Zivildienstes". Retrieved 19 February 2023.
- ^ "Österreich hat 1352 "teiltaugliche" Soldaten". 21 February 2023.
- ^ "Bilanz 2023: Weniger Grundwehrdiener, mehr Zivildiener". 11 January 2024.
- ^ "Tanner: Junge Generation muss wieder gesünder und fitter werden". 11 January 2024.
- ^ "Interesse am Zivildienst geht zurück". Oesterreich.orf.at. 8 February 2019. Retrieved 3 August 2019.
- ^ "Suche - STATISTIK AUSTRIA - die Informationsmanager".
- ^ "Wehrpflicht: Wien hat meiste Untaugliche und Zivildiener". 23 February 2019.
- ^ "Immer mehr wählen Zivil- statt Grundwehrdienst". 23 February 2020.
- ^ "Heer: Teiltauglichkeit soll Anfang 2021 eingeführt werden". 18 February 2020.
- ^ "Teiltauglichkeit ab kommendem Jahr". 18 February 2020.
- ^ Zivildienst bilanz 2021 [dead link]
- ^ 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic
- ^ "Was Türkis-Grün für Zivildiener, Miliz und Grundwehrdiener plant". 15 March 2020.
- ^ "Österreich macht mobil: Heer rüstet sich für Inlandseinsatz". 15 March 2020.
- ^ Virus Österreich setzt 3500 ausserordentliche zivildienstleistende ein [dead link]
- ^ "3.500 außerordentliche Zivildiener treten ihren Dienst an". April 2020.
- ^ "Keine neuen Zwangsverlängerungen bei Zivildienst". 22 April 2020.
- ^ "Coronakrise: Außerordentlicher Zivildienst endet am 31. Juli". 30 July 2020.
- ^ ""Keine aktuellen Pläne" zur Einberufung von Sonderzivildienern". DER STANDARD.
- ^ "Gedenkdienst – Eine weitere WordPress-Website". Gedenkdienst.at. Retrieved 20 March 2019.
- ^ "Zivildienstersatz". JUMP. 22 September 2015.
- ^ "Freiwilliges Sozialjahr für junge Menschen bei der Volkshilfe Wien". Retrieved 19 February 2023.
- ^ "Zivildienst: Weg zur Polizei für Ex-"Zivis" frei". 24 August 2010. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
