Zakho, also spelled Zaxo (Kurdish: زاخۆ, romanized: Zaxo or Zaco,[1][2] Syriac: ܙܵܟ݂ܘܿ, romanized: Zākhō,[3] Armenian: Զախո,[4] Arabic: زاخو,[5] Lishanid Noshan: זאכו, romanized: Zāxo[6]) is a city in the Kurdistan Region, at the centre of the Zakho District of the Dohuk Governorate, located a few kilometers from the Ibrahim Khalil border crossing. Zakho is known for its celebrations of Newroz.
Zakho
زاخۆ Zaxo | |
|---|---|
City | |
_-_Zakho.jpg) The Little Khabur flowing through Zakho | |
  Zakho Location in Iraq | |
| Coordinates: 37°08′37.00″N 42°40′54.88″E / 37.1436111°N 42.6819111°E | |
| Country |  Iraq |
| Region | Kurdistan Region |
| Governorate | Dohuk Governorate |
| District | Zakho District |
| Elevation | 440 m (1,440 ft) |
| Population (2010) | |
• Total | 500,000 |
| Time zone | UTC 3 |
| • Summer (DST) | not observed |
The population of the town rose from about 30,000 in 1950 to 350,000 in 1992 due to Kurds fleeing from other areas of the country.[7]
The original settlement may have been on a small island in the Little Khabur river, which flows west through the modern city to form the border between Iraq and Turkey, continuing into the Tigris. Other important rivers in the area are the Zeriza and the Seerkotik.[8]
History
editGertrude Bell, the renowned British archaeologist and Arabist who advised British governors in the region in the closing years of the British Mandate, was convinced that Zakho was the same place as the ancient town of Hasaniyeh. She also reported that one of the first Christian missionaries to the region, the Dominican friar Poldo Soldini, was buried there in 1779. His grave was still a pilgrimage destination in the 1950s.[9][10]
The town is also the site of Zakho castle, of which today only the tower remains, and of Qubad Pasha castle, a hexagonal structure in Zakho cemetery.
According to an oral tradition transmitted by a Jewish informant from Zakho, Me'allim Levi, Zakho was established in 1568 by Slivani tribesmen, whose territory was stretched south of the location of the town. The family of Shamdin Agha came originally from the Slivani tribe, settled in Zakho, and became the most prominent family in Zakho. From the late 19th century onwards, the family of Shamdin Agha ruled "all the Muslims, Jews and Christians of Zakho and its surroundings."[11] Zakho was known to the ancient Greeks. In 1844, the traveller William Francis Ainsworth commented: "The appearance of Zakho in the present day coincides in a remarkable manner with what it was described to be in the time of Xenophon."
Zakho is a major marketplace with its goods and merchandise serving the Kurdish-controlled area and most of north and central Iraq. Writing in 1818, Campanile[who?] described the town as a great trading centre, famous for its gallnuts as well as rice, oil, sesame, wax, lentils and many fruits.[10]
Recent history
edit_compound_in_the_town_of_Zakho_in_northern_Iraq._The_MCC_is_the_Joint_Service_Combined_Forward_Liai_-_DPLA_-_e90fe04d4efbcc81673678f66b9d75d2.jpeg)
Due to its strategic location and the abundance of job opportunities, Zakho has attracted many workers and job seekers from different parts of Iraq and even from Syria and Turkey. Trade with Turkey is now the major element of the economy.[12] Oil drilling began in 2005.[13]
Islamic history
editIn Islamic history it is perhaps best remembered as the location of the Battle of the Zab between the Umayyads and the Abbasids.
The river forms the approximate political boundary of Kurdistan Regional Government area of Iraq today. Its sister, the Little (or Lower) Zab rises in north-western part of Kurdistan province Iran, in the north of Piranshahr city and flows south-west through Iraq to join the Tigris north of the town of Baiji. The Dukan Dam straddles the Little Zab some 150 miles upstream from its confluence with the Tigris River. Constructed between 1954 and 1959, the dam has a total discharge capability of 4,300 cms. The power station, constructed in 1979, holds five water turbines and provides 400 MW of electrical energy.
In 1991, Zakho was the centre of the haven established by the British and the Americans in Operation Provide Comfort to protect the Iraqi Kurds from being massacred by Saddam Hussein when he responded brutally to the Kurdish rebellion. Most of the inhabitants of the city had fled to the mountains. When the American forces arrived, they described the town as a ghost city.[14]
The 27 February 1995 Zakho bombing killed over 50 people. When the U.S. Army closed its military base in Zakho in 1996, they evacuated several thousand Kurds who had connections to the base and who feared reprisals. Many of them were given asylum in the USA. According to David McDowall, this constituted a sudden brain drain, with Zakho losing many of its most educated citizens.[15]
In 2008 it was reported that the Turkish Army maintained four bases in Zakho District, under an agreement concluded with the Iraqi Government in the 1990s.[16]
The 2011 Dohuk riots, which targeted Assyrian-owned businesses, were sparked by Kurdish Muslim clerics in the town.[17]
Christianity
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The city was the center of a large Chaldean Catholic diocese up until the middle of the nineteenth century, when it was divided into three dioceses: Amadia, Zakho, and Akra-Zehbar.[citation needed] The Armenians of Zakho established their community after the Armenian genocide, with the first Armenian church in the city being established in 1923.[18]
Judaism
editZakho was formerly known for its synagogues and a large, ancient Jewish community. In the middle of the 19th century, Zakho became the chief spiritual center for the Jews of Kurdistan, and many sources refer to it as yerušalayim de-kurdistan 'the Jerusalem of Kurdistan.'[19][20][21]
The banks of the nearby Khabur River are mentioned in the Bible as one of the places to which the Israelites were exiled (1 Chronicles, 5:26,[22] 2 Kings 17:6,[23] 2 Kings 18:11[24]).
The Jews spoke the Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Zakho and were also fluent in Kurmanji, the language spoken by non-Jewish Kurds.[25]
Kurdish society was primarily a tribal one. The Jews of Zakho bore arms like Kurdish Muslims.[26] There was an attack on the Jews in 1891, when one of the synagogues was burnt down. The troubles intensified in 1892.
Most of the Jews relocated to Israel in the 1950s.[27] While the Jews of Zakho were among the least literate in the diaspora, they had a unique and rich oral tradition, known for its legends, epics and ballads, whose heroes came from both Jewish and Muslim traditions.[28]
Climate
editZakho has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa in the Köppen climate classification) with very hot, dry summers, and cool wet winters.
| Climate data for Zakho | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 10.2 (50.4) |
12.2 (54.0) |
16.5 (61.7) |
21.8 (71.2) |
29.1 (84.4) |
36.2 (97.2) |
40.4 (104.7) |
40.0 (104.0) |
35.7 (96.3) |
27.9 (82.2) |
19.4 (66.9) |
12.3 (54.1) |
25.1 (77.3) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 1.9 (35.4) |
3.1 (37.6) |
6.1 (43.0) |
10.1 (50.2) |
15.0 (59.0) |
20.1 (68.2) |
23.7 (74.7) |
23.2 (73.8) |
19.2 (66.6) |
13.7 (56.7) |
8.4 (47.1) |
3.9 (39.0) |
12.4 (54.3) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 144 (5.7) |
136 (5.4) |
129 (5.1) |
109 (4.3) |
43 (1.7) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
1 (0.0) |
27 (1.1) |
83 (3.3) |
127 (5.0) |
799 (31.6) |
| Source: [29] | |||||||||||||
Landmarks
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One of Zakho's famous landmarks is the Delal Bridge, made of stone.
Zakho Castle lies in the city centre on the western bank of the Khabur. It served as the governor's house in the reign of the Badinan Emirate and was enlarged by Prince Ali Khan. It was built on the ruins of an older castle. Today, only the castle's tower remains.
The Qubad Pasha Castle, in Zakho's cemetery, is hexagonal, with six windows and an entrance gate.[30]
Population displacements
editIn 2007, the UNHCR reported that there were still 10,000 internally displaced persons in the Zakho district as a result of the Iraq War.[31]
Sports
editZakho Football Club (Zakho FC) was founded in 1987. The sports club plays in the Iraqi Premier League, where only the top 16 Iraqi football clubs play. Zakho FC has its own stadium with a capacity of 20,000 seats.
Zakho Basketball Club (Zakho SC) won the Kurdistan Basketball Super Cup and beat Duhok SC in Erbil.[32]
Notable people
edit- Yona Sabar (b. 1938), Jewish scholar
- Yitzhak Mordechai (b. 1944), Israeli former general and politician
- Louis Raphaël I Sako (b. 1948), Chaldean Catholic Patriarch of Babylon
- Erdewan Zaxoyî (1957–1986), Kurdish singer
- Eyaz Zaxoyî (1960–1986), Kurdish singer
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "زاخۆ" (in Kurdish). Retrieved 18 December 2019.
- ^ Celilê Celil, Dzhalile Dzhalil (1985). Jiyana rewşenbîrî û sîyasî ya Kurdan: di dawîya sedsala 19'a û destpêka sedsala 20'a da (in Kurdish). p. 154.
- ^ "List of all entries". Assyrian Languages. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
- ^ "ԻՐԱՔՅԱՆ ՔՈՒՐԴԻՍՏԱՆ". Արեւմտահայաստանի եւ Արեւմտահայութեան Հարցերու Ուսումնասիրութեան Կեդրոն (in Armenian). 19 October 2010. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
- ^ "زاخو | كوردستان المدهشة - الموقع الرسمي للسياحة في كوردستان". bot.gov.krd. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
- ^ Yona Sabar (2002). A Jewish Neo-Aramaic Dictionary: Dialects of Amidya, Dihok, Nerwa and Zakho. p. 156.
- ^ Sabar, Y. "Zāk̲h̲ū". Encyclopedia of Islam. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_8099.
- ^ http://www.zaxo.at/index.php?page=32 Archived 2011-07-06 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 15 May 2011
- ^ Bell, Gertrude Lothian (1924). Amurath to Amurath. Macmillan. Retrieved 6 September 2009.
- ^ a b Campanile, Giuseppe (1953). "Histoire du Kurdistan" (PDF). Le Kréyé. Retrieved 6 September 2009.
- ^ Mordcechai Zaken, Jewish Subjects and their Tribal Vhieftains in Kurdistan, 2007: 33-35.
- ^ "KDP Flexes Muscles in Dohuk". Institute for War and Peace Reporting. 21 July 2009. Retrieved 6 September 2009.
- ^ "Foreign oil deal renews debate on Kurd autonomy". USA Today. 9 December 2005. Retrieved 6 September 2009.
- ^ Cavanaugh, John P. (1992). "Operation Provide Comfort: a model for future operations" (PDF). School of advanced military studies, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 6 September 2009.
- ^ McDowall, David (2004). A modern history of the Kurds. Tauris. ISBN 9781850434160. Retrieved 6 September 2009.
- ^ "Iraqi Kurdish Paper Says Turkish Military Bases Inside Kurdistan Region". iStockAnalyst. 1 August 2008. Archived from the original on 4 October 2011. Retrieved 6 September 2009.
- ^ Tawfeeq, Mohammed (3 December 2011). "Kurdish leader: Clerics 'instigated ... acts of sabotage,' wounding 25". CNN. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
- ^ "Maryam Alazra church –Zakho – Kesta". www.ishtartv.com.
- ^ Aloni, Oz (2022). The Neo-Aramaic Oral Heritage of the Jews of Zakho. Open Book Publishers. p. 4. ISBN 978-1-80064-304-8.
- ^ Sabar, Yona. ""Zakho,"". In Norman A. Stillman, Ed., Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World, Vol. 4 (Leiden: Brill, 2010), 659-661: 660.
Travelers and local rabbis referred to Zakho as the 'Jerusalem of Kurdistan.'
- ^ Gavish, Haya (2010). Unwitting Zionists: The Jewish Community of Zakho in Iraqi Kurdistan. Wayne State University Press. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-8143-3366-2.
In many sources, Zakho is called "Jerusalem of Kurdistan," and in one of them even "Jerusalem of the Diaspora." According to Rabbi Haviv 'Alwan, Zakho was called "Jerusalem of Kurdistan" because Jews living in villages at a walking distance of three or four days from the city had to come there to be ordained as a rabbi, a shohet (ritual slaughterer), or a mohel (a person authorized to perform a circumcision).
- ^ "BibleHub | I Chronicles 5:26". BibleHub.com. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
- ^ "II Kings 17:6". Biblehub.com. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
- ^ "II Kings 18:11". Biblehub.com. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
- ^ Gavish, Haya (2009). "Unwitting Zionists: The Jewish Community of Zakho in Iraqi Kurdistan p.48". Wayne State University Press. Retrieved 6 September 2009.
- ^ Gavish, Haya (2009). "Unwitting Zionists: The Jewish Community of Zakho in Iraqi Kurdistan p.28". Wayne State University Press. Retrieved 6 September 2009.
- ^ Gavish, Haya (2009). "Unwitting Zionists: The Jewish Community of Zakho in Iraqi Kurdistan". Wayne State University Press. Retrieved 6 September 2009.
- ^ Shai, Donna (9 October 2008). "Changes in the oral tradition among the jews of kurdistan". Contemporary Jewry. 5. Contemporary Jewry - Springer Netherlands: 2–10. doi:10.1007/BF02965657. S2CID 143952535. Retrieved 6 September 2009.
- ^ "CLIMATE: ZAKHO". Climate-Data. Retrieved 21 January 2017.
- ^ "Zaxo". Kurdawary. 2004. Archived from the original on 25 October 2009. Retrieved 6 September 2009.
- ^ "GOVERNORATE ASSESSMENT REPORT: DAHUK GOVERNORATE" (PDF). UNHCR. September 2007. Retrieved 6 September 2009.
- ^ "Zakho wins Kurdistan basketball Super Cup Archived 2014-03-07 at the Wayback Machine," Kurdish Globe, retrieved 2014-01-30
Sources
edit- Chabot, Jean-Baptiste (1902). Synodicon orientale ou recueil de synodes nestoriens (PDF). Paris: Imprimerie Nationale.
External links
edit37°09′N 42°41′E / 37.150°N 42.683°E
