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Ayoreo is a Zamucoan language spoken in both Paraguay and Bolivia. It is also known as Morotoco, Moro, Ayoweo, Ayoré, and Pyeta Yovai. However, the name "Ayoreo" is more common in Bolivia, and "Morotoco" in Paraguay. It is spoken by the Ayoreo people, an indigenous ethnic group traditionally living on a combined hunter-gatherer and farming lifestyle.
| Ayoreo | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Paraguay, Bolivia |
| Region | Chaco, Alto Paraguay departments (Paraguay); Santa Cruz Department (Bolivia) |
| Ethnicity | Ayoreo people |
Native speakers | 4,700 (2012)[1] |
Zamucoan
| |
| Dialects |
|
| Official status | |
Official language in | Bolivia |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | ayo |
qro Guarañoca | |
| Glottolog | ayor1240 Ayoreozamu1245 Zamuco |
| ELP | Ayoreo |
Classification
editAyoreo is classified as a Zamucoan language, along with Chamacoco. Extinct Guarañoca may have been a dialect.
Geographic distribution
editAyoreo is spoken in both Paraguay and Bolivia, with 3,100 speakers total, 1,700 of whom live in Paraguay and 1,400 in Bolivia. Within Paraguay, Ayoreo is spoken in the Chaco Department and the northern parts of the Alto Paraguay Department. In Bolivia, it is spoken in the Cordillera Province, in the Santa Cruz Department.
Phonology
editBertinetto (2009) reports that Ayoreo has the 5 vowels /a, e, i, o, u/, which appear both as oral and nasal.[2]
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | k | ʔ | |
| prenasal | ᵐb | ⁿd | ᵑɡ | |||
| Affricate | t͡ʃ | |||||
| Fricative | s | h | ||||
| Nasal | voiceless | m̥ | n̥ | ɲ̥ | ||
| voiced | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||
| Approximant | ɹ | j | w | |||
Grammar
editThe prototypical constituent order is subject-verb-object, as seen in the following examples:[5]
Sérgio
Sérgio
ch-ingo
3-show
caratai
jaguar
aroi
skin
tome
to
Ramon.
Ramon
‘Sérgio showed the jaguar’s skin to Ramon’.
Enga
COORD
ore
3P
ch-ijnoque
3-carry
Víctor
Víctor
aja
towards
señóra
señora
Emília
Emília
i-guijnai.
house
‘And they carried Víctor to Señora Emília’s house’.
Ayoreo is a fusional language.[6]
Verbs agree with their subjects, but there is no tense-inflection.[7][page needed] Consider the following paradigm, which has prefixes marking person and suffixes marking number:[8]
| y-aca | I plant |
| b-aca | you plant |
| ch-aca | he, she, they plant |
| y-aca-go | we plant |
| uac-aca-y | you (pl) plant |
When the verb root contains a nasal, there are nasalized variants of the agreement affixes:
| ñ-ojne | I spread |
| m-ojne | you spread |
| ch-ojne | he, she, they spread |
| ñ-ojne-ngo | we spread |
| uac-ojne-ño | you (pl) spread |
Ayoreo is a mood-prominent language.[6] Nouns can be divided into possessable and non-possessable; possessor agreement is expressed through a prefixation.[9][page needed] The syntax of Ayoreo is characterized by the presence of para-hypotactical structures.[10][page needed]
Notes
edit- ^ Ayoreo at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- ^ Bertinetto 2009, p. 8.
- ^ Bertinetto 2009, p. 10.
- ^ Bertinetto 2009, p. 9.
- ^ Bertinetto 2009, pp. 45–46.
- ^ a b Bertinetto 2009[page needed]
- ^ Ciucci 2007–2008.
- ^ Bertinetto 2009, p. 29.
- ^ Ciucci 2010.
- ^ Bertinetto & Ciucci 2012.
References
edit- Bertinetto, Pier Marco (2009). "Ayoreo (Zamuco). A grammatical sketch" (PDF). Quaderni del Laboratorio di Linguistica della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa. 8.
- Bertinetto, Pier Marco; Ciucci, Luca (2012). "Parataxis, Hypotaxis and Para-Hypotaxis in the Zamucoan Languages". Linguistic Discovery. 10 (1): 89–111. doi:10.1349/PS1.1537-0852.A.404. S2CID 14026911.
- Briggs, Janet R. (1972). Quiero contarles unos casos del Beni. Cochabamba: Summer Institute of Linguistics in collaboration with the Ministerio de Educación y Cultura, Dirección Nacional de Antropología.
- Briggs, Janet R. (1973). "Ayoré narrative analysis". International Journal of American Linguistics. 39 (3): 155–163. doi:10.1086/465259.
- Ciucci, Luca (2007–2008). "Indagini sulla morfologia verbale dell'ayoreo" (PDF). Quaderni del Laboratorio di Linguistica della Scuola Normale (in Italian). 7.
- Ciucci, Luca (2010). "La flessione possessiva dell'ayoreo" (PDF). Quaderni del Laboratorio di Linguistica della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa (in Italian). 9 (2).
- Higham, Alice; Morarie, Maxine; Paul, Greta (2000). Ayoré-English dictionary. Vol. 1–3. Sanford, FL: New Tribes Mission.
- Sušnik, Branislava J. (1963). "La lengua de los Ayoweos - Moros". Boletín de la Sociedad Científica del Paraguay y del Museo Etnográfico. Etnolingüística. 8. Asunción: 1–148.
- Sušnik, Branislava J. (1973). La lengua de los Ayoweo-Moros. Estructura gramatical y fraseario etnográfico (in Spanish). Asunción: Museo Etnográfico “Andrés Barbero”.
External links
edit- Ayoreo man recounts first encounter with bulldozer (streamed video). Survival International. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021.
- "Lengua ayoéro" (in Spanish). Promotora Española de Linguistica (PROEL). The page provides colored linguistic maps (habitat, other language families).
- Sorosoro Project
- Lenguas de Bolivia Archived 2019-09-04 at the Wayback Machine (online edition)
- ELAR archive of Documentation and Description of Paraguayan Ayoreo, a Language of the Chaco
- Ayoreo (Intercontinental Dictionary Series)