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Yangon–Mandalay Expressway

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The Yangon–Mandalay Expressway (Burmese: ရန်ကုန်–မန္တလေး အမြန်လမ်း) is a tolled expressway in Myanmar (Burma) that connects the country's largest city Yangon and second largest city Mandalay. Opened in December 2010, the 587 km (365 mi) expressway has reduced the travel time between Yangon and Mandalay to 7 hours from 13 hours by train and from 16 hours by the old highway.[1][2][3][4] The highway, which does not meet international design, construction and safety standards has seen a spate of accidents since its opening.[5][6][7]

Yangon–Mandalay Expressway
ရန်ကုန်–မန္တလေး အမြန်လမ်း
YMEW02.jpg
Route information
Part of AH1 AH2
Length586.7 km (364.6 mi)
ExistedDecember 2010–present
Major junctions
South endYangon
North endMandalay
Location
CountryMyanmar
Major citiesBago, Taungoo, Naypyidaw, Meiktila, Mandalay
Highway system

History

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Night view of Expressway

The initial plans to build a highway between the two largest cities of the country were conceived in 1954 as part of the U Nu government's Pyidawtha Plan. In 1959, the United States offered financial and technical assistance for a "preliminary engineering survey" of the highway. The financial assistance was up to $750,000.[8] When the survey was completed in 1960, the Burmese government balked at the cost as too expensive.[9] In 1961, the US government agreed to finance another study of more economical alternatives. The survey work began in early 1962 but was only completed in December after having been delayed by the 1962 military coup by the Union Revolutionary Council in March 1962. The military government initially agreed to the new proposal, and authorized the design of the Yangon–Pegu stretch of the highway in March 1963. The design plans were ready by December 1963 but were never carried out. They fell victim to the deteriorating relations between the US and Burmese governments.[9]

The proposed road route lay between the old Yangon–Mandalay Highway and the Pegu Yoma Mountains. The Pegu Yoma Mountains were a strategically important location for the Communist Party of Burma. After the expulsion of the Communists from the area in 1973, the government planned the construction of the expressway. The government received a cement factory in Kyangin as development aid from Japan for the construction of the expressway. However, it had to export the cement from the new factory and due to the lack of foreign exchange abroad construction was cancelled.[10]

After the 8888 Uprising, the new military regime intensified private sector and infrastructure projects. New cement factories and steel production facilities were built by the state and private companies. To finance the foreign exchange, the government received in return for gas export to Thailand. In October 2005, construction began, and on 29 December 2010, the official opening of the entire route took place.[1][3][4]

Phases

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The expressway was inaugurated by the Ministry of Construction and the Directorate of Military Engineering of the Ministry of Defence.[1][2][3]

Yangon–Naypyidaw

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  • Construction period: October 2005 – March 2009
  • Opened: 25 March 2009
  • Track length: 325 kilometres (202 mi)
  • Number of bridges over 60 metres (200 ft): 40

Naypyidaw–Mandalay

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  • Construction period: 2007 – December 2010
  • Opened: 29 March 2010
  • Track length: 240 kilometres (149 mi)
  • Number of bridges over 60 metres (200 ft): 32

Mandalay (Saga-in)–Mandalay (Tagundaing)

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  • Building time: 2010 – December 2011
  • Opened: 30 December 2011
  • Track length: 21.7 kilometres (13.5 mi)
  • Number of bridges over 60 metres (200 ft): ?

Specifications

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Rest area at 115-mile (185 km) junction

The road surface comprises two layers of concrete: (1) an 8.2 m (27 ft) wide and 15 cm (6 in) thick lower layer, as well as (2) an 7.6 m (25 ft) wide, 30 cm (12 in) thick upper layer. The road can withstand 80 tons.[3] The highway has two 7.6 m (25 ft) wide carriageways, divided by 9.1 m (30 ft) wide traffic islands, and a total of 842 box culverts, 1396 bridges and 116 underpasses. The speed limit is 100 km/h (60 mph).[11]

Tolls

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Naypyidaw toll station

The five toll stations of the expressway are located in Yangon, Pyu, Naypyidaw, Meiktila and Mandalay. Toll range from 4500 kyats for cars to 22,500 kyats for buses for the journey between Yangon and Mandalay. Trucks are not allowed on the highway.[12]

Standardization

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Traffic signs along the highway
 
Mileposts on the YME use miles followed by furlongs (one-eighth of a mile)
 
Milepost 355-2 south of Mandalay
 
Safety message at Mile 355 south of Mandalay

The highway traffic signs do not comply with international standards. The highway's curves are not built for banked turns, making turns more treacherous than necessary. According to exile-run news agencies The Irrawaddy and Mizzima, such failures may result in numerous accidents in the curves. Similarly, there are many accidents during the extension of the highway because there is no exit provided brake strip. It has been dubbed the "Death Highway" by some news agencies. According to police records, excessive speed is a major cause of accidents. Other causes include unsafe vehicles, the condition of the road surface and negligent driving.[10][13][14][15][16][17]

Rest areas, police stations and gas stations do not meet international standards. Many drivers are inexperienced when driving on highways, as well as lack sufficient knowledge of the Highway Code.[11][12][18][19][20][21][22]

 
Highway Fire Station near Mandalay

Possible extension

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In 2014, the government plans to widen the road after many accidents on the expressway.[23][24] The government has requested assistance from the USAID, JICA and KOICA to upgrade the road and widen it to eight lanes.[10][12][25][26]

References

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  1. ^ a b c "Secretary-1 addresses inauguration of Nay Pyi Taw- Mandalay section of Yangon–Mandalay Expressway" (PDF). The New Light Of Myanmar. 30 December 2010. p. 1. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
  2. ^ a b "Nay Pyi Taw-Mandalay section of Yangon–Mandalay Expressway to be commissioned soon" (PDF). The New Light Of Myanmar. 29 December 2010. p. 1,8,9. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
  3. ^ a b c d "Nay Pyi Taw-Mandalay section of Yangon–Mandalay Expressway to be commissioned soon" (PDF). The New Light Of Myanmar. 28 December 2010. p. 1,8,9. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
  4. ^ a b "Report: Completion of Yangon-Nay Pyi Taw sectional expressway marked as milestone". News.xinhuanet.com. 26 March 2009. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
  5. ^ "Burma Bus Crash on 'Death Highway' Kills 14". Irrawaddy.org. 14 May 2014. Retrieved 18 May 2014.
  6. ^ "'Death Highway' At Center of Burma's Worsening Traffic Safety". Irrawaddy.org. Retrieved 18 May 2014.
  7. ^ "'Death highway' crash claims at least 14 lives, say police". Mizzima.com. 13 May 2014. Archived from the original on 13 May 2014. Retrieved 18 May 2014.
  8. ^ US Department of State (1960). United States Treaties and Other International Agreements. Vol. 10. Washington, DC: US Department of State. pp. 1730–1732.
  9. ^ a b Moorhus, Donita M.; Robert P. Grathwol (1992). Bricks, Sand, and Marble: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Construction in the Mediterranean and Middle East, 1947-1991. Washington DC: US Government Printing Office. pp. 201–203. ISBN 9780160872761.
  10. ^ a b c "ရန္ကုန္-မႏၲေလးအျမန္လမ္း ရွစ္လမ္းသြားခ်ဲ႕ရန္ အေမရိကန္ကူညီ | 7Day Daily - ၇ ရက္ ေန႔စဥ္ သတင္းစာ". 7Day Daily. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
  11. ^ a b "Speed traps coming to Nay Pyi Taw highway". Mmtimes.com. 18 March 2013. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
  12. ^ a b c "'Death Highway' At Center of Burma's Worsening Traffic Safety". Irrawaddy.org. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
  13. ^ "ရန္ကုန္-မႏၲေလးအျမန္လမ္း ယာဥ္မေတာ္တဆမႈမ်ား | NPE". Moi.gov.mm. 8 September 2013. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
  14. ^ "ေသမင္းတမန္လမ္းဟုမတြင္ေစရန္ ကြၽန္ေတာ္တို႔တြင္ တာဝန္ရွိပါသည္ | Popularmyanmar dot com | All Myanmar News". Popularmyanmar.com. Archived from the original on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
  15. ^ "လူေသႏႈန္းျမင့္ အျမန္လမ္း ႏိုင္ငံတကာအကူအညီ အလဲြမသံုးရန္လို". 7Day News Journal. Archived from the original on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
  16. ^ "အျမန္လမ္း၌ အဆိုးရြားဆံုးယာဥ္မေတာ္တဆမႈ ျဖစ္ပြား၊ ခရီးသည္(၁၄)ဦးေသဆံုး". Myitmakhamediagroup.com. 9 May 2014. Archived from the original on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
  17. ^ "ရန္ကုန္ - ေနျပည္ေတာ္ - မႏၱေလး အျမန္လမ္း ေသမင္းတမန္ လမ္းမႀကီးလား | ဧရာ၀တီ". Burma.irrawaddy.org. 17 July 2013. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
  18. ^ "Offerings, Recitations to Quell Rising Toll on Myanmar's 'Death Highway'". Irrawaddy.org. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
  19. ^ "Burma Bus Crash on 'Death Highway' Kills 14". Irrawaddy.org. 5 May 2014. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
  20. ^ "Yangon–Mandalay Expressway claimed 113 lives last year: MRCS". Eleven Myanmar. 19 March 2014. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
  21. ^ "High fatality rate along Yangon—Nay Pyi Taw highway". Mizzima.com. Archived from the original on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
  22. ^ "Nay Pyi Taw highway to get more speed cameras". Mmtimes.com. 9 May 2014. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
  23. ^ "'Death highway' to be widened, says ministry". Mizzima.com. 15 October 2013. Archived from the original on 15 May 2014. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
  24. ^ "'Death highway' crash claims at least 14 lives, say police". Mizzima.com. 15 October 2013. Archived from the original on 13 May 2014. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
  25. ^ "Japan checks Yangon-Mandalay highway for safety". Eleven Myanmar. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
  26. ^ "ရန္ကုန္-ေနျပည္ေတာ္ အျမန္လမ္း ျပဳျပင္ေရး အေမရိကန္ကူညီမည္". Rfa.org. 3 May 2014. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
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