Wikipedia

Wonder Wheel

For other uses, see Wonder Wheel (disambiguation).

The Wonder Wheel is a 150-foot-tall (46 m) eccentric Ferris wheel at Deno's Wonder Wheel Amusement Park at Coney Island in the New York City borough of Brooklyn.[3] The wheel is located on a plot bounded by West 12th Street to the west, Bowery Street to the north, Luna Park to the east, and the Riegelmann Boardwalk to the south. As with other eccentric Ferris wheels, some of the Wonder Wheel's passenger cabins are not fixed directly to the rim of the wheel, but instead slide along winding sets of rails between the hub and the rim.

Wonder Wheel
Seen in 2018
Deno's Wonder Wheel Amusement Park
Coordinates40°34′26.5″N 73°58′44.9″W / 40.574028°N 73.979139°W / 40.574028; -73.979139
StatusOperating
Opening dateMay 30, 1920; 104 years ago (1920-05-30)[1]
DesignatedMay 23, 1989[2]
Reference no.1708
Ride statistics
Attraction typeFerris wheel
ManufacturerEccentric Ferris Wheel Company
ModelEccentric wheel
Height150 ft (46 m)
Vehicle typeGondola
Vehicles24
Riders per vehicle6
This is a pay-per-use attraction

Built in 1920 as one of several Ferris wheels on Coney Island, the Wonder Wheel was designed by Charles Hermann and operated by Herman J. Garms Sr. and his son Fred for six decades. Despite the subsequent economic decline of Coney Island, the Wonder Wheel continued to operate each summer through the 20th century. In 1983, Herman Garms's son Fred sold the ride to the Vourderis family, who restored the attraction and continue to run the wheel as of 2023. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the Wonder Wheel as an official New York City landmark in 1989, and minor modifications were subsequently made to the attraction.

History

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At the time of the Wonder Wheel's construction, Coney Island was one of the largest amusement areas in the United States.[4] The first Ferris wheel in Coney Island was built for nearby Steeplechase Park in 1894 and was erroneously billed as "the world's largest".[5] Several variations of the Ferris wheel were erected in the neighborhood in the 1900s and 1910s. The Wonder Wheel was unusual in that only one-third of its 24 cars were stationary, while the other two-thirds rolled on tracks within the wheel itself.[4]

Garms ownership

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Development and early years

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Depiction of Wonder Wheel on the New York Aquarium's south wall

The Wonder Wheel was designed by Charles Hermann[a] as an improvement on G.W.G. Ferris's giant wheel, and it was built for Herman J. Garms Sr. between 1918 and 1920 by the Eccentric Ferris Wheel Company.[4] Coney Island landowner William J. Ward provided the land for the Wonder Wheel's construction. Garms, who had no formal financial experience, sold stock to family, other Coney Island business holders, and steelworkers. Hermann sold all his shares in the wheel to raise money for construction and operation.[6] Alfred (Fred) Garms, Herman Garms's son, recalled that his father employed anyone who was willing to help erect the ride, teaching them how to construct the wheel. After the local ironworkers' union heard about the project, they attempted to force the workers to join the union. The elder Garms named all of the workers as stockholders of the Eccentric Ferris Wheel Company, preventing them from being forced to unionize.[7]

The wheel first opened on Memorial Day in 1920.[8] Hermann originally called it the "Dip-the-Dip", promising to combine in his new invention "the thrill of a scenic railway, the fun of a Ferris wheel, and the excitement of the Chute-the-Chutes".[8] To help with the Wonder Wheel's upkeep, the Garms family lived under the Wonder Wheel during the summers.[6] With the success of the Wonder Wheel, the Eccentric Ferris Wheel Company hoped to build more "wonder wheels" on the East Coast of the United States by the mid-1920s.[9] Fred Garms worked on the ride as a ticket operator during the summer in the 1920s, when he was a child. By the time Fred had graduated high school in the early 1930s, he worked on the ride year-round, maintaining it.[10] After the ride's construction cost had been paid off, Herman Garms bought out most of the Eccentric Ferris Wheel Company's stockholders, then reduced the size of the corporation to a small number of people.[7]

1930s to 1970s

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The Wonder Wheel was damaged in a 1933 fire that also burned down several attractions nearby.[11] The wheel was also known as the "Eccentric Ferris Wheel" before being renamed the Wonder Wheel by 1940.[12] During World War II, the lights on the Wonder Wheel were turned off due to a blackout order affecting Coney Island.[13] The ride set an all-time daily ridership record on July 4, 1947, when it carried 14,506 passengers.[14] The Wonder Wheel continued to operate through the 1950s,[12] and it recorded its ten-millionth lifetime passenger in 1952.[15] One account from 1953 described the ride as carrying thousands of passengers, with clients coming from the South and along the East Coast. At the time, although Herman Garms still owned the ride, Fred was the manager, and there were multiple longtime employees on payroll.[16] The New York City Department of Buildings inspected the wheel each year, as each amusement ride in Coney Island could operate only with a license that expired every March, and the licenses could not be renewed without a building inspection.[17]

By the 1960s, Fred Garms had taken over operation of the Wonder Wheel.[18] Coney Island started to decline during the mid-20th century, and by 1964, it had seen its lowest number of visitors in 25 years.[19] Despite subsequent attempts to redevelop the area,[20] the Wonder Wheel continued to operate.[21] Furthermore, it had not had any significant incidents in its history, making it a relatively well-off ride when other Coney Island attractions were closing.[22][23] To discourage crime, the wheel and surrounding attractions were protected by two German Shepherds at night: one at the wheel's base and the other on an adjacent roof; during the day, the dogs rode around in one of the Wonder Wheel's cars, where the operator provided food and water for them. Off-duty security officers were also hired to prevent confrontations with the mafia.[6] By the 1970s, the Wonder Wheel had carried more than 20 million lifetime riders.[23][24] To keep up with expenses, the Wonder Wheel raised ticket prices significantly, from $0.50 in 1976 to $1.25 by 1981.[25]

Vourderis ownership

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1980s and 1990s

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Wonder Wheel neon sign

Fred Garms was looking to sell the wheel by 1983, as he was getting older and unable to manage the wheel. Denos D. Vourderis had long been interested in buying the wheel from Garms.[22] Vourderis was in a hospital recovering from a stabbing attack when Garms approached Deno's son Dennis on the possibility of purchasing the ride.[22] On June 7, 1983, Vourderis bought the Wonder Wheel from Garms and his cousin Walter Kerner Sr., and it became "Deno's Wonder Wheel".[6] The New York Times wrote that the only maintenance instructions given to the Vourderis family were the words "Good Luck" scribbled on a cardboard cigarette box.[6] The ride cost Vourderis $250,000.[21][26] He stated that part of the wheel's allure had come from when he had proposed to his future wife Lula atop the wheel 36 years prior to the purchase: he had promised to give the wheel to his wife as a future gift.[21][27][28]

The Vourderis family restored the Wonder Wheel and made it the central attraction of Deno's Wonder Wheel Amusement Park,[8] which Denos had acquired in 1980.[26] They spent $250,000 to restore the wheel.[21][27] Vourderis planned to begin allowing couples to host weddings on the ride,[21] and he also rented it out for film shoots.[29] He had paid off the ride's cost by 1985,[26] and a 65th-anniversary celebration for the ride was hosted the same year.[30] Vourderis acquired the land for $150,000 in 1987,[26] and the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) first considered designating the ride as a city landmark in July of that year.[31] Although Vourderis initially supported the designation when it was proposed, Newsday said he became "angry at the city" after learning that the designation would force him to ask the city for permission to repair the ride.[32] Following public hearings in May 1989,[33] the LPC formally designated the ride as a landmark that year.[2][28]

By the early 1990s, the Wonder Wheel had offered free advertising space to the McDonald's fast-food chain, which had two franchises near the wheel. Fearing that the distinctive McDonald's logo would overshadow the Wonder Wheel itself, the LPC voted against allowing a McDonald's logo on the wheel, despite allowing Vourderis to put "Deno's" above the "Wonder Wheel" sign on the wheel's hub.[34] Upon Deno's death in the mid-1990s, control of the wheel and the amusement park passed to Dennis Vourderis.[22]

2000s to present

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In the 2000s, Deno's grandchildren also became involved in the operation of the wheel.[35] Despite the redevelopment of Coney Island and the erection of the nearby Luna Park in 2010, the wheel and associated amusement park continued to operate.[36][37] The Wonder Wheel received a new solar-powered lighting system in 2012, replacing a lighting system that had been broken for three decades.[38] Even during the aftermath of 2012's Hurricane Sandy, when Deno's Amusement Park was flooded, the Wonder Wheel was only slightly damaged and reopened the next year.[3] The Vourderis family had planned to celebrate the Wonder Wheel's centenary with a three-day celebration in May 2020, but this was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City, which shuttered all businesses deemed non-essential.[39] The 2020 season was the first in which the Wonder Wheel did not operate at all;[40] the Wonder Wheel ultimately reopened in April 2021.[41][42] The centennial celebration was rescheduled for after the 2021 reopening.[43][44]

As of 2024, the Wonder Wheel is the oldest continuous operating ride at Coney Island, and Dennis Vourderis and his brother Steve continue to operate the Wonder Wheel and the amusement park.[6] Deno's Wonder Wheel Amusement Park is the last family-operated amusement park in Coney Island, Though several developers have made offers for the amusement park and wheel, the Vourderis family has refused to sell.[37]

Description

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Design

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On-ride view, showing one of the cabins on one of the Wonder Wheel's tracks as seen from the cabin behind it

The Wonder Wheel is located at 3059 West 12th Street, just north of the Riegelmann Boardwalk.[2] Its entrance plaza is composed of a steel structure with plywood-and-corrugated metal. The hub of the wheel, supported by two blue-painted legs shaped like the letter "A", contains an illuminated sign with orange letters spelling "wonder wheel" in all capital letters. There are sixteen spokes extending from the hub, each connected at their outer ends by a hexadecagonal frame and braced by green beams, each connected through rivets and gusset plates. The eight stationary cars on the hexadecagonal frame are painted white while the sixteen motion-capable cars are painted red-and-yellow or blue-and-yellow. At West 12th Street is a neon sign weighing 700 pounds (320 kg), overhangs the sidewalk by 7.5 feet (2.3 m), and is raised 10 feet (3.0 m) above the sidewalk; the sign contains letters spelling "wonder wheel" and arrows pointing to the actual wheel. Yet another Wonder Wheel sign with arrows is located on a southern approach to the wheel.[45]

The wheel itself is 150 feet (46 m) tall and weighs 200 short tons (180 long tons),[4][7] and it is powered by a 40 horsepower (30 kW) motor.[4] It has 24 fully enclosed passenger cars with a total combined capacity of 144.[46][47] The cars each have an official capacity of six people,[47] but they formerly could carry between eight and ten people.[23] Each rotation of the wheel takes ten minutes, giving the ride a total hourly capacity of 864.[47] Sixteen of the cars slide inward on snaking tracks, falling outward as the wheel rotates.[10][22][14] The remaining eight cars are fixed to the rim, giving a traditional Ferris wheel experience to passengers.[4][8][10] Originally, the Wonder Wheel was located on two large concrete footers above a 15-foot (4.6 m) pool of water.[7][48] The concrete footers are pyramids measuring 8 feet (2.4 m) wide, tapering in length from 60 feet (18 m) at their bottoms to 6 feet (1.8 m) at their tops.[7]

Rides

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There is no height restriction for the Wonder Wheel. In 2015, a Newsday article estimated that 200,000 people ride the Wonder Wheel every year.[14] As of 2018, over 35 million rides had been taken on the wheel since it first opened.[8] There are separate queues for the stationary and moving cars.[14]

A ride on the Wonder Wheel costs 10 credits; the cost of each credit varies depending on how many are purchased, but generally cost $1 if purchased individually.[49] Each ride consists of two rotations around the Wonder Wheel.[14]

Safety

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Seen at night

The Wonder Wheel has had a strong safety record. The former owner-operator of the ride, Fred Garms, told the New York Daily News in 1981 that "I put my money into maintenance. [...] My father used to say, 'The dollar you don't put in today will cost you $2 tomorrow.'"[48] News outlets reported in 2000 that the Wonder Wheel had not experienced any significant incidents in its history, operating every summer season since its opening;[22][50] this remained true even after Hurricane Sandy flooded the surrounding amusement park in 2012.[3][14] The wheel was also designed with an emergency hand crank in case of power outages.[12]

The ride's first owner-operator, Herman Garms, overhauled and painted the ride each year, to protect it from the harsh weather associated with New York winters.[12] The tradition of winter maintenance continued with the Wonder Wheel's subsequent owners. The only time the wheel stopped while not under the control of the operator was during the New York City blackout on July 13, 1977. The owners hand cranked the wheel around to evacuate the passengers.[51]

Impact

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Reception

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A Science and Invention article said the Wonder Wheel provided a "real thrill like you have probably never had before—at least not at this great height."[8] A Billboard article from 1924 stated that the wheel's "mechanical construction attracts attention from engineers and mechanics, and its novel arrangement does the same for the amusement seeker. The only criticism is that it is very slow in making its revolutions..."[52] The Los Angeles Times, describing the ride's design in 1975, called it a "fabulous construction of metal struts, gears, cables and cages".[23] Another critic wrote that the ride "turns slowly, almost sedately, its enclosed cars swaying" in contrast to the "pandemonium" of the surrounding area.[53]

A writer for the St. Louis Post-Dispatch stated in 2000 that when "the cars begin to swing like a pendulum [...] you swear the entire structure is collapsing."[54] The same year, a writer for the Central New Jersey Home News praised the views from the Wonder Wheel, saying that "a trip would not be complete without a spin on the Cyclone, a trip to the top of Deno's Wonder Wheel or a corn dog at Nathan's."[50] In 2015, a Newsday reporter contrasted the two experiences of the Wonder Wheel's stationary and moving cars: the stationary-car experience was described as being "so pleasant a baby can ride it without alarm", but the swinging-car experience was "more like a catch-your-breath thrill".[14]

Cultural influence

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Seen in 2016

The New York Times called the Wonder Wheel "the jewel of the showy, boomtown Coney Island that rose along the newly widened beach in the Roaring Twenties".[6] Although the Wonder Wheel was not replicated through the late 20th century,[28] it subsequently inspired at least two replicas.[8] Pixar Pal-A-Round, a 150-foot-tall (46 m) eccentric Ferris wheel at Disney California Adventure,[8] opened in 2001 and was initially known as Sun Wheel and Mickey's Fun Wheel.[55] There was also a replica at Yokohama Dreamland in Japan.[8]

Due to its prominence on Coney Island, the Wonder Wheel has been depicted in numerous movies, such as The Warriors,[14][56] and Remo Williams: The Adventure Begins;[57] and television shows including Mr. Robot[14][56] and The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel.[58] At least one film is named after the attraction: Wonder Wheel (2017), set on Coney Island in the 1950s.[59]

The attraction is the subject of a song by Dan Zanes, "Wonder Wheel",[60][61] as well as The Klezmatics' 2006 album Wonder Wheel, which contains lyrics by onetime Coney Island resident Woody Guthrie.[62] In addition, the Wonder Wheel has been the setting for many engagements and weddings throughout its history.[63][64][65] In August 2020, historian Charles Denson published a book about the Wonder Wheel, titled Coney Island’s Wonder Wheel Park.[6]

See also

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References

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Notes

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  1. ^ Sometimes spelled Herrmann[6]

Citations

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  1. ^ Denson, Charles (2002). Coney Island: Lost and Found. Berkeley, Calif.: Ten Speed Press. ISBN 9781580084550.
  2. ^ a b c Landmarks Preservation Commission 1989, p. 1.
  3. ^ a b c "What Saved Deno's Wonder Wheel Amusement Park?". NPR. April 11, 2013. Archived from the original on February 27, 2019. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Landmarks Preservation Commission 1989, p. 4.
  5. ^ "First Steeplechase Park". Coney Island History. March 1, 1998. Archived from the original on July 14, 2019. Retrieved July 14, 2019.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i Gill, John Freeman (August 7, 2020). "Coronavirus Silences the Wonder Wheel". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 10, 2020. Retrieved August 10, 2020.
  7. ^ a b c d e Millstein, Gilbert (July 18, 1976). "'They've been writing Coney off for 50 years, but here we are,' says an old-timer: You just wait till the place hits its real potential.'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 13, 2024. Retrieved February 13, 2024.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Deno's Wonder Wheel: History". Deno's Wonder Wheel. Archived from the original on October 18, 2019. Retrieved January 19, 2020.
  9. ^ "Parks, Piers and Beaches: Pickups From Coney Island". The Billboard. Vol. 38, no. 39. September 25, 1926. p. 70. ProQuest 1031807812.
  10. ^ a b c "Garms Named Prexy of Coney Chamber". Coney Island Times. December 11, 1964. pp. 1, 6. Archived from the original on February 13, 2024. Retrieved February 13, 2024.
  11. ^ "Parks-pools: Coney Island Fire Damage is $200,000". The Billboard. Vol. 45, no. 7. February 18, 1933. p. 30. ProQuest 1032015239; "Coney Fire Sweeps a $250,000 Block; Only Stiff Wind Toward the Ocean Prevents Its Spreading Across the Bowery". The New York Times. February 7, 1933. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 13, 2024. Retrieved February 13, 2024.
  12. ^ a b c d Gordon, David (May 30, 1950). "Wonder Wheel's Crew Are Fond of Old Girl". New York Daily News. p. 274. Archived from the original on May 9, 2022. Retrieved January 2, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
  13. ^ Ranson, Jo (April 29, 1942). "Coast Resorts Fall on Dark Days Via Dim-Out, But OK for Spooners". The Billboard. Vol. 146, no. 8. pp. 1, 55. ProQuest 1285841098.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i Salazar, Cristian (August 5, 2015). "Look inside the Wonder Wheel". Newsday. Archived from the original on February 17, 2020. Retrieved January 7, 2020.
  15. ^ "10,000,000th Rider". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. June 25, 1952. p. 11. Archived from the original on February 13, 2024. Retrieved February 13, 2024.
  16. ^ "Park-Resorts-Pools: Coney Island, N. Y". The Billboard. Vol. 65, no. 31. August 1, 1953. p. 63. ProQuest 1040155004.
  17. ^ Berger, Meyer (May 13, 1957). "About New York; Two Opposing Attorneys Inadvertently Swap Briefcases--Result: A Quick Decision". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 13, 2024. Retrieved February 13, 2024.
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  19. ^ "Coney Island Slump Grows Worse; Decline in Business Since the War Years Has Been Steady". The New York Times. July 2, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 31, 2018. Retrieved July 30, 2018.
  20. ^ Carl, Alfred (August 7, 1966). "A Coney Double Dome Plans Pleasure Dome". Daily News. p. 993. Archived from the original on February 13, 2024. Retrieved February 13, 2024.
  21. ^ a b c d e Martin, Douglas (June 16, 1987). "Wonder Wheel, Humbuggery and Freud's Fascination". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 28, 2019. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
  22. ^ a b c d e f Lerner, Kevin (May 28, 2000). "City Lore; Wonder of Wonders". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 28, 2019. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
  23. ^ a b c d Tolkin, Michael (July 27, 1975). "Coney Island Just Keeps Rolling Along". Los Angeles Times. p. R30. ISSN 0458-3035. ProQuest 157722775.
  24. ^ Egelhof, Joseph (June 27, 1978). "Coney Island decay-ridden but thriving: Subway Riviera may try for legal gambling Column 1 Decaying Coney Island may seek legal gambling". Chicago Tribune. p. 1. ISSN 1085-6706. ProQuest 171673980.
  25. ^ McKenna, Ken (July 1, 1981). "Coney Island endures economic roller coaster". Daily News. pp. 49, 52. Archived from the original on February 13, 2024. Retrieved February 13, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  26. ^ a b c d Liff, Bob (September 25, 1987). "He's a Big Wheel at Coney Island". Newsday. p. 28. Archived from the original on February 13, 2024. Retrieved February 13, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  27. ^ a b Duggan, Kevin (June 21, 2019). "Coming full circle: Deno's Wonder Wheel at 99". Brooklyn Paper. Archived from the original on July 28, 2019. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
  28. ^ a b c Hill, John C. (August 7, 1989). "Brooklyn Closeup Always a Thrill, Now a Landmark". Newsday. p. 17. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 278077816.
  29. ^ Hornblower, Margot (June 1, 1985). "Coney Island Taking Another Whirl". The Washington Post. p. A3. ISSN 0190-8286. ProQuest 138693769.
  30. ^ "A lot of noshing on knishes will be going on". New York Daily News. August 9, 1985. p. 122. Archived from the original on February 13, 2024. Retrieved February 13, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  31. ^ Farrell, Bill (July 16, 1987). "Coney Island landmarks?". New York Daily News. p. 189. Archived from the original on September 30, 2023. Retrieved July 18, 2019 – via newspapers.com; Polsky, Carol (July 15, 1987). "3 Coney Island Rides Up for Landmark Status". Newsday. p. 22. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 277887427. Archived from the original on February 13, 2024. Retrieved February 13, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  32. ^ Liff, Bob (August 18, 1988). "Despite Beach Problem, Coney Island Does Well". Newsday. p. 33. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 278006043. Archived from the original on February 13, 2024. Retrieved February 13, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  33. ^ "Wheel see on status". New York Daily News. May 5, 1989. p. 233. Archived from the original on February 13, 2024. Retrieved February 13, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  34. ^ Dunlap, David W. (June 2, 1993). "Coney Island Wonder Wheel Won't Rest on Golden Arches". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 28, 2019. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
  35. ^ Feuer, Alan (July 15, 2009). "At Coney Island's Wonder Wheel, the Little Engine That Could". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 28, 2019. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
  36. ^ Lennard, Natasha (February 16, 2010). "Coney Island Rides Again". City Room. Archived from the original on July 28, 2019. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
  37. ^ a b Kadet, Anne (August 9, 2014). "A Ferris Wheel Family Rides Coney Island's Renewal". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on July 28, 2019. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
  38. ^ Bush, Daniel (March 30, 2012). "Sun to help operate Coney Island ride". Brooklyn Paper. Archived from the original on July 29, 2019. Retrieved July 29, 2019.
  39. ^ Vespoli, Lauren (May 21, 2020). "Can Coney Island Survive This?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 22, 2020. Retrieved May 21, 2020.
  40. ^ Cruz, David (September 2, 2020). ""It Feels Like A Ghost Town": The Pandemic Is Crushing Coney Island's Amusement District". Gothamist. Archived from the original on August 23, 2022. Retrieved August 23, 2022.
  41. ^ Schulz, Dana (April 1, 2021). "Coney Island's Wonder Wheel opens April 9 with advance reservations". 6sqft. Archived from the original on April 5, 2021. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
  42. ^ "Coney Island Wonder Wheel, Luna Park Reopen for 2021 Season". The Real Deal. April 9, 2021. Archived from the original on February 13, 2024. Retrieved February 13, 2024.
  43. ^ Ben Yehuda, Anna (April 2, 2021). "The Wonder Wheel at Coney Island is opening for the season next week". Time Out New York. Archived from the original on April 2, 2021. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
  44. ^ Adams, Rose (March 31, 2021). "Deno's Wonder Wheel Amusement Park to Reopen April 9". Brooklyn Paper. Archived from the original on April 6, 2021. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
  45. ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1989, p. 5.
  46. ^ Verdon, Joan (October 11, 1976). "Problem Line". Newsday. p. 12A. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 923041560.
  47. ^ a b c "Wonder Wheel". Observation Wheel Directory. September 7, 2013. Archived from the original on February 13, 2024. Retrieved February 13, 2024.
  48. ^ a b "Coney has given its operators a good ride". New York Daily News. July 2, 1981. p. 292. Archived from the original on May 9, 2022. Retrieved January 2, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
  49. ^ "Visit Us". Deno's Wonder Wheel Amusement Park. Archived from the original on July 28, 2019. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
  50. ^ a b "Coney Island's on the comeback trail". Central New Jersey Home News. July 2, 2000. p. 53. Archived from the original on May 9, 2022. Retrieved January 2, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
  51. ^ Kamil, Seth I.; Wakin, Eric (2005). The Big Onion Guide to Brooklyn: Ten Historic Walking Tours. NYU Press. p. 256. ISBN 978-0-8147-4785-8.
  52. ^ Hewitt, William Judkins (May 31, 1924). "At Coney Island, New York". The Billboard. Vol. 36, no. 22. p. 77. ProQuest 1505541532.
  53. ^ Gillen, William (July 6, 1977). "The 'poor man's Riviera' still packs 'em in". Poughkeepsie Journal. p. 26. Archived from the original on February 13, 2024. Retrieved February 13, 2024.
  54. ^ "The historic amusement park is a curiosity frozen in time". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. April 30, 2000. p. 144. Archived from the original on May 9, 2022. Retrieved January 2, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
  55. ^ "Yesterland: Sun Wheel". Yesterland. December 24, 1999. Archived from the original on February 17, 2020. Retrieved February 17, 2020.
  56. ^ a b "Movies & TV". Deno's Wonder Wheel Amusement Park. Archived from the original on July 28, 2019. Retrieved January 20, 2020.
  57. ^ Mathews, Jack (October 18, 1985). "Will the Adventure Go on for Remo Williams?". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 3, 2018. Retrieved September 12, 2022.
  58. ^ Lenker, Maureen Lee (February 19, 2022). "How 'The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel' pulled off that Coney Island Wonder Wheel high-wire act". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on July 2, 2023. Retrieved July 2, 2023.
  59. ^ Fretts, Bruce (October 4, 2017). "New Trailer: 'Wonder Wheel' From Woody Allen". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 28, 2019. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
  60. ^ The New York Times Magazine. 2001. p. 29. Archived from the original on November 5, 2023. Retrieved November 5, 2023. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  61. ^ Zanes, Dan; Eliaza, Claudia (2018). Dan Zanes' House Party!: A Family Roots Music Treasury. Voyageur Press. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-7603-6201-3. Archived from the original on November 5, 2023. Retrieved November 5, 2023.
  62. ^ Kaufman, Will (2019). Mapping Woody Guthrie. American Popular Music Series (in German). University of Oklahoma Press. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-8061-6380-2. Archived from the original on March 17, 2024. Retrieved November 5, 2023.
  63. ^ Beckerman, Jim (May 24, 2002). "Coney Island dreamin'". The Record. Hackensack, NJ. pp. 94, 95 – via newspapers.com.
  64. ^ "Max and Stef". Coney Island History Project. September 19, 2015. Archived from the original on September 21, 2019. Retrieved January 20, 2020.
  65. ^ Connelly, Sherryl (May 17, 2011). "Staten Island author Tara Altebrando finally appreciates Coney Island in 'Dreamland Social Club'". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on November 22, 2017. Retrieved January 20, 2020.

Sources

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  • The Wonder Wheel (PDF) (Report). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. May 23, 1989. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 4, 2019. Retrieved February 26, 2019.
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