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Overview
editCholera is an infection of the small intestine by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae.[1][2]
Symptoms
editSymptoms may range from none, to mild, to severe[2], but the classic symptom is large amounts of watery diarrhea, that lasts a few days.[3]
Other symptoms
editVomiting, and muscle cramps may also occur with the disease .[2]
Dehydration
editDiarrhea can be so severe, that it leads to severe dehydration, and electrolyte imbalances within hours.[3]
Signs of dehydration
editSevere dehydration can give the patient sunken eyes, cold skin, decreased skin elasticity, and wrinkling of the hands and feet.[4] Dehydration can cause the skin to turn bluish.[5]
Timing of symptoms
editSymptoms typically start two hours, to five days after exposure.[2]
Cause
editCholera can be caused by different types of Vibrio cholerae, with some types producing more severe disease than others, which can make some outbreaks more severe than others.[3]
Spread
editThe main cause of Cholera is drinking unsafe water, that has been contaminated with human feces containing the bacteria, or unsafe food contaminated by infected water.[3]
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Poorly cooked food
editUndercooked seafood is a common source for the disease.[6], and humans are the only animal affected.[3]
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Risk factors
editRisk factors for the disease include poor sanitation, not enough clean drinking water, and poverty.[3]
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Effect of global warming
editThere are concerns that rising sea levels, caused by global warming, will increase rates of disease.[3]
Diagnosis
editCholera can be diagnosed by a stool test.[3]
Prevention
editPrevention methods against cholera include improved sanitation, access to clean water, and good hygiene.[4]
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Vaccination
editCholera vaccines that are given by mouth, provide reasonable protection to the disease for about six months[3], and, they have the added benefit of protecting against another type of diarrhea, caused by E. coli.[3]
Treatment
editThe primary treatment is oral rehydration therapy—the replacement of fluids with slightly sweet and salty solutions.[3] Rice-based solutions are preferred.[3]
Zinc
editZinc supplementation is useful in children.[7]
IV fluids and antibiotics
editIn severe cases, intravenous fluids, such as Ringer's lactate, may be required, and antibiotics may be beneficial.[3] Testing to see which antibiotic the cholera is susceptible to, can help guide the choice.[2]
Epidemiology
editCholera affects an estimated 3–5 million people worldwide and causes 28,800–130,000 deaths a year.[3][8]
Developing nations
editAlthough it is classified as a pandemic disease as of 2010[update], it is rare in the developed world,[3]and affects mostly the children of developing countries.[3][9]
Outbreaks vs chronic disease
editCholera occurs as both outbreaks, and chronically in certain areas.[3] Areas with an ongoing risk of disease, include Africa, and Southeast Asia.[3]
Risk of death
editThe risk of death among those affected is usually less than 5%, but can be as high as 50%.[3] Not having access to treatment dramatically increases the risk of death.[3]
History
editDescriptions of cholera are found as early as the 5th century BC in Sanskrit.[4] The study of cholera in England by John Snow, between 1849 and 1854, led to significant advances in the field of epidemiology.[4][10] Seven large outbreaks have occurred over the last 200 years, with millions of deaths.[11]
References
edit- ^ Finkelstein, Richard. "Medical microbiology". Archived from the original on 1 September 2017. Retrieved 14 August 2016.
- ^ a b c d e "Cholera – Vibrio cholerae infection Information for Public Health & Medical Professionals". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. January 6, 2015. Archived from the original on 20 March 2015. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "Cholera vaccines: WHO position paper" (PDF). Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec. 85 (13): 117–128. March 26, 2010. PMID 20349546. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 13, 2015.117-128&rft.date=2010-03-26&rft_id=info:pmid/20349546&rft_id=http://www.who.int/wer/2010/wer8513.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wikipedia:VideoWiki/Cholera" class="Z3988">
- ^ a b c d Harris, JB; LaRocque, RC; Qadri, F; Ryan, ET; Calderwood, SB (30 June 2012). "Cholera". Lancet. 379 (9835): 2466–76. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60436-x. PMC 3761070. PMID 22748592.2466-76&rft.date=2012-06-30&rft_id=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3761070#id-name=PMC&rft_id=info:pmid/22748592&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60436-x&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=JB&rft.au=LaRocque, RC&rft.au=Qadri, F&rft.au=Ryan, ET&rft.au=Calderwood, SB&rft_id=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3761070&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wikipedia:VideoWiki/Cholera" class="Z3988">
- ^ Bailey, Diane (2011). Cholera (1st ed.). New York: Rosen Pub. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-4358-9437-2. Archived from the original on 2016-12-03.
- ^ "Sources of Infection & Risk Factors". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. November 7, 2014. Archived from the original on 12 March 2015. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
- ^ "Cholera – Vibrio cholerae infection Treatment". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. November 7, 2014. Archived from the original on 11 March 2015. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
- ^ GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators. (8 October 2016). "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1. PMC 5388903. PMID 27733281.1459-1544&rft.date=2016-10-08&rft_id=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5388903#id-name=PMC&rft_id=info:pmid/27733281&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1&rft.aulast=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death&rft.aufirst=Collaborators.&rft_id=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5388903&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wikipedia:VideoWiki/Cholera" class="Z3988">
{{cite journal}}:|first1=has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "Cholera – Vibrio cholerae infection". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. October 27, 2014. Archived from the original on 17 March 2015. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
- ^ Timmreck, Thomas C. (2002). An introduction to epidemiology (3. ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-7637-0060-7. Archived from the original on 2016-12-03.
- ^ "Cholera's seven pandemics". CBC. 9 May 2008. Retrieved 15 July 2018.