The Wetar ground dove (Pampusana hoedtii) is a species of bird in the family Columbidae[2] found on Wetar, Indonesia, and on Timor. Its natural habitats are monsoon forests and gallery forests, and possibly woodland and bamboos. Threatened by habitat loss and hunting, the species is assessed as endangered by the IUCN.
| Wetar ground dove | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Columbiformes |
| Family: | Columbidae |
| Genus: | Pampusana |
| Species: | P. hoedtii
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| Binomial name | |
| Pampusana hoedtii (Schlegel, 1871)
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| Synonyms | |
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Taxonomy
editIn 1871, Hermann Schlegel described the species as Leptoptila hoedtii from Wetar. The species is monotypic.[3] It has been moved from the genus Gallicolumba to Alopecoenas Sharpe, 1899.[1] The name of the genus was changed in 2019 to Pampusana Bonaparte, 1855 as this name has priority.[4][5] The specific epithet is derived from Dirk Samuel Hoedt, a Dutch collector who owned plantations in the East Indies.[6]
Description
editBody length is about 27 cm (11 in) long. The male bird has a blue-grey head and a greyish white throat. The breast is pale cream, and the belly is blackish. The hindneck is reddish brown.[7] The back and rump are rufous. Tail feathers are dark olive-brown, and there is a purple patch on the sides of the breast and the lesser covert feathers. The beak is black, and the feet are reddish violet.[8] The female's head, neck and breast are rusty chestnut. Its upperparts and belly are olive-brown.[7]
Distribution and habitat
editThe species is found in Wetar and Timor.[8] Fewer than 20 birds were collected on Wetar around 1900, and there were many records in 2008 and 2009. In Timor-Leste, four or five birds were recorded near the border with Indonesia in 2005. There are records from only three localities in West Timor.[1] It is found at elevations up to 950 m (3,120 ft). Its habitats are monsoon forests and gallery forests, and possibly woodland and bamboos.[1]
Behaviour
editThe Wetar ground dove has been observed eating Ficus fruits on the ground. It appears to breed in the dry season, nesting in the canopy.[1] It has been recorded calling from the canopy, giving a soft whu-wup call, sometimes with a du du-wup before it or a trrr after it.[9]
Status
editThe population size on Wetar is estimated to be less than 10,000 birds and may be less than 3000. The global population size of the Wetar ground dove is estimated at 1500–7000 mature individuals, or 2500–9999 total individuals. The population is rapidly declining. Threats to the species include habitat loss and hunting. There is much habitat destruction and hunting on Timor. On Wetar, there is less hunting because of the island's inaccessibility, but forest clearance may threaten the species. Mining and road-building may also increase. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed its conservation status as endangered. Protected areas in West Timor and Wetar have been proposed.[1]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f BirdLife International (2016). "Alopecoenas hoedtii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22691076A93302373. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22691076A93302373.en.
- ^ Gill, F.; Donsker, D. (eds.). "Pigeons". IOC World Bird List Version 7.1. Retrieved 26 March 2017.
- ^ Baptista, L. F.; Trail, P. W.; Horblit, H. M.; Christie, D. A.; Kirwan, G. M.; Boesman, P. (2023). "Wetar Ground-dove (Alopecoenas hoedtii)". In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D. A.; de Juana, E. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive.
- ^ Bruce, M.; Bahr, N.; David, N. (2016). "Pampusanna vs. Pampusana: a nomenclatural conundrum resolved, along with associated errors and oversights" (PDF). Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. 136: 86–100.86-100&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Bruce&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Bahr, N.&rft.au=David, N.&rft_id=https://boc-online.org/bulletins/downloads/BBOC1362-Bruce.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wetar ground dove" class="Z3988">
- ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2019). "Pigeons". World Bird List Version 9.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 25 June 2019.
- ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. Bloomsbury. p. 193. ISBN 9781408133262.
- ^ a b "Species factsheet: Alopecoenas hoedtii". birdlife.org. BirdLife International. Retrieved 26 March 2017.
- ^ a b Gibbs, David; Barnes, Eustace; Cox, John (2010). Pigeons and Doves: A Guide to the Pigeons and Doves of the World. A&C Black. pp. 416–417. ISBN 9781408135563.416-417&rft.pub=A&C Black&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781408135563&rft.aulast=Gibbs&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Barnes, Eustace&rft.au=Cox, John&rft_id=https://books.google.com/books?id=r__Tx8QKQfMC&pg=PA416&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wetar ground dove" class="Z3988">
- ^ Lambert, Frank R.; Trainor, Colin R.; Xavier, Almeida F. (2006). "Observations of Wetar Ground Dove Gallicolumba hoedtii from Timor-Leste (East Timor)" (PDF). Forktail (22): 165–170.165-170&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Lambert&rft.aufirst=Frank R.&rft.au=Trainor, Colin R.&rft.au=Xavier, Almeida F.&rft_id=http://orientalbirdclub.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Lambert-WetmarGroundDove.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wetar ground dove" class="Z3988">