Wadi Feynan or Wadi Faynan (Arabic: وادي فينان) is a major wadi (seasonal river valley) and region in southern Jordan, on the border between Tafilah Governorate and Aqaba and Ma'an Governorates. It originates in the southern Jordanian Highlands with the confluence of Wadi Dana and Wadi Ghuweyr, and drains into the Dead Sea via Wadi Araba.
Historically, the area had the largest copper deposits in the Southern Levant. Also has a number of significant early prehistoric sites.[1][2][3]
The rich copper deposits of Wadi Faynan became the basis for the rapid development of copper culture. Mining and smelting of ore began from the Chalcolithic period (4500–3100 BCE), and continued onward to the Mamluk period (1250–1516 CE).[4]
German scientists excavating the region in 1983 concluded that copper production in the region was on a scale unprecedented in the southeastern Mediterranean, with the possible exception of the copper mines of Cyprus.[5]
Copper production became widespread during the period when Wadi Faynan was part of the Kingdom of Edom at the turn of the 2nd and 1st millennia BCE. Presumably, the aggressive campaigns of the Egyptian pharaoh Shoshenq I played an important role in the development of technology: in the second half of the 10th century BCE there was a standardization of the production process over a large area, including the Wadi Faynan and Timna Valley deposits, and a sharp decrease in the copper content in the slag, indicating more efficient ore processing.[6]
Part of the wadi is included in the Dana Biosphere Reserve. The Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature (RSCN) opened the first of its eco hotels, the Feynan Ecolodge, there in 2005.[7][8]
Archaeological sites
edit- Barqa al-Hetiye
- Khirbat Faynan
- Khirbat en-Nahas
- Wadi Faynan 16
Excavations
editArchaeological sites in Faynan have been extensively excavated by the Edom Lowlands Regional Archaeology Project, led by Thomas E. Levy and Mohammad Najjar. Levy and Najjar have argued that Iron Age sites in the region relate to the earliest phases of the Biblical kingdom of Edom. These scholars, along with Erez Ben-Yosef, also argue that Pharaoh Shoshenk I of Egypt (the Biblical "Shishak"), who attacked Jerusalem in the 10th century BC, encouraged the trade and production of copper instead of destroying the region.[9][10][11]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Finlayson, Bill; Mithen, Steven; Carruthers, Denise; Kennedy, Amanda; Pirie, Anne; Tipping, Richard (2000-01-01). "The Dana-Faynan-Ghuwayr Early Prehistory Project". Levant. 32 (1): 1–26. doi:10.1179/lev.2000.32.1.1. ISSN 0075-8914. S2CID 140169403.1-26&rft.date=2000-01-01&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140169403#id-name=S2CID&rft.issn=0075-8914&rft_id=info:doi/10.1179/lev.2000.32.1.1&rft.aulast=Finlayson&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft.au=Mithen, Steven&rft.au=Carruthers, Denise&rft.au=Kennedy, Amanda&rft.au=Pirie, Anne&rft.au=Tipping, Richard&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wadi Feynan" class="Z3988">
- ^ Finlayson, Bill; Mithen, Steven, eds. (2007-01-01). "Archaeological Survey of Wadis Faynan, Ghuwayr and al Bustan and Evaluation of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic a Site of WF16". The Early Prehistory of Wadi Faynan, Southern Jordan: Archaeological Survey of Wadis Faynan, Ghuwayr and Al Bustan and Evaluation of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A Site of WF16. Vol. 4. Oxbow Books. ISBN 9781842172124. JSTOR j.ctt1cd0nbr.
- ^ "New excavations at WF16, a Pre-Pottery Neolithic A site in southern Jordan". Antiquity. Archived from the original on 2017-01-10. Retrieved 2017-01-09.
- ^ Novo, Alexandre; Vincent, Matthew L.; Levy, Thomas E. (2012-08-29). "Geophysical Surveys at Khirbat Faynan, an Ancient Mound Site in Southern Jordan". International Journal of Geophysics. 2012: 1–8. doi:10.1155/2012/432823. ISSN 1687-885X.1-8&rft.date=2012-08-29&rft_id=info:doi/10.1155/2012/432823&rft.issn=1687-885X&rft.aulast=Novo&rft.aufirst=Alexandre&rft.au=Vincent, Matthew L.&rft.au=Levy, Thomas E.&rft_id=https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2012%2F432823&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wadi Feynan" class="Z3988">
- ^ "Wadi Faynan, Copper Mine". World Archaeology. No. 13. 2005-09-07. Archived from the original on 2017-01-10. Retrieved 2017-01-09.
- ^ "Biblical Edomite Kingdom was 'Copper Powerhouse,' Study Reveals". Sci-News. 2019-09-19. Archived from the original on 2019-09-23. Retrieved 2024-05-26.
- ^ "Feynan Ecolodge". EcoHotels. 2013-05-11. Archived from the original on 2017-01-10. Retrieved 2017-01-09.
- ^ Costas, Chris; Siber, Kate (November 2008). "Top Ecolodges: Desert". National Geographic Adventure. National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 2017-01-20. Retrieved 2017-01-09.
- ^ Reich, Aaron (September 19, 2019). "Israeli researchers identify biblical kingdom of Edom - Israel News". Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 2019-09-27. Retrieved 2019-09-28.
- ^ Borschel-Dan, Amanda (18 September 2019). "Bible-era nomadic Edomite tribesmen were actually hi-tech copper mavens". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 2019-09-27. Retrieved 2019-09-28.
- ^ Ben-Yosef, Erez; Liss, Brady; Yagel, Omri A.; Tirosh, Ofir; Najjar, Mohammad; Levy, Thomas E. (2019-09-18). "Ancient technology and punctuated change: Detecting the emergence of the Edomite Kingdom in the Southern Levant". PLOS ONE. 14 (9): e0221967. Bibcode:2019PLoSO..1421967B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0221967. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 6750566. PMID 31532811.
External links
edit- Photos of Feynan at the American Center of Research
- Faynan Museum website; local museum in Faynan village
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