The voiceless epiglottal or pharyngeal trill, or voiceless epiglottal fricative,[1] is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʜ⟩, a small capital version of the Latin letter h, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is H\.
| Voiceless pharyngeal trill (voiceless epiglottal fricative) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ʜ | |||
| IPA number | 172 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ʜ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U 029C | ||
| X-SAMPA | H\ | ||
| Braille |   | ||
| |||
The glyph is homoglyphic with the lowercase Cyrillic letter En (н).
Features
editFeatures of the voiceless epiglottal trill/fricative:
- Its manner of articulation is trill, which means it is produced by directing air over an articulator so that it vibrates.
- Its place of articulation is epiglottal, which means it is articulated with the aryepiglottic folds against the epiglottis.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
edit| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agul[2] | мехӏ | [mɛʜ] | 'whey' | ||
| Amis[3] | tihi | [tiʜiʔ] | 'spouse' | The epiglottal consonants in Amis have proven hard to describe, with some describing it not as epiglottal, but a pharyngeal fricative or even as a uvular consonant. See Amis phonology | |
| Arabic[4] | Iraqi[5] | حَي | [ʜaj] | 'alive' | Corresponds to /ħ/ ⟨ح⟩ in Standard Arabic. See Arabic phonology |
| Bengali | খড় | [ʜↄɾ] | 'straw' | Mainly realized as such in very eastern regions; often also debuccalized or phonetically realised as /x/. Corresponds to /kʰ/ in western and central dialects. See Bengali phonology | |
| Chechen | хьо | [ʜʷɔ] | 'you' | ||
| Dahalo | [ʜaːɗo] | 'arrow' | |||
| Haida | x̱ants | [ʜʌnt͡s] | 'shadow' | ||
| Somali[6] | xoor | [ʜoːɾ] | 'bubble' | Realization of /ħ/ for some speakers.[6] See Somali phonology | |
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ Esling, John (2010). "Phonetic Notation". In Hardcastle; Laver; Gibbon (eds.). The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences (2nd ed.). p. 695.
- ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:167–168)
- ^ Maddieson, Ian; Wright, Richard (October 1995). "The Vowels and Consonants of Amis — A Preliminary Phonetic Report" (PDF). UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics. 91: Fieldwork Studies of Targeted Languages III: 45–65.
- ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:167–168)
- ^ Hassan, Zeki; Esling, John; Moisik, Scott; Crevier-Buchman, Lise (2011). "Aryepiglottic trilled variants of /ʕ, ħ/ in Iraqi Arabic" (PDF). Proceedings of the 17th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences. pp. 831–834. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-03-19.
- ^ a b Gabbard, Kevin M. (2010). A Phonological Analysis of Somali and the Guttural Consonants (PDF) (BA thesis). Ohio State University. p. 14.
References
edit- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.