The voiceless bilabial affricate ([p͡ɸ] in IPA) is a rare affricate consonant that is initiated as a bilabial stop [p] and released as a voiceless bilabial fricative [ɸ]. It has not been reported to occur phonemically in any language.
| Voiceless bilabial affricate | |
|---|---|
| pɸ | |
| Audio sample | |
Features
editFeatures of the voiceless bilabial affricate:
- Its manner of articulation is affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then allowing air flow through a constricted channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is bilabial, which means it is articulated with both lips.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, the central–lateral dichotomy does not apply.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
edit| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dutch | Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect[1] | up | [ʊp͡ɸ] | 'up, onto' | Optional pre-pausal allophone of /p/.[1] |
| English | Broad Cockney[2] | up | [ˈɐʔp͡ɸ] | 'up' | Allophone of /p/, occurs mainly word-finally.[3] See English phonology |
| Received Pronunciation[4] | Rare allophone of /p/.[4] See English phonology | ||||
| North Wales[5] | [ˈəp͡ɸ] | Word-initial and word-final allophone of /p/; in free variation with a strongly aspirated stop [pʰ].[5] See English phonology | |||
| Port Talbot[6] | Allophone of /p/. In free variation with [pʰʰ].[6] | ||||
| Scouse[7] | [ˈʊp͡ɸ] | Possible syllable-initial and word-final allophone of /p/.[7] See English phonology | |||
| German | Some speakers | tropfen | [ˈtʁ̥ɔp͡ɸn̩] | 'to drip' | Allophone of /p͡f/. See Standard German phonology |
| Ghomalaʼ | [example needed] | Allophone of /p/ before /h/.[8] | |||
| Kaingang[9] | fy | [ˈp͡ɸɤ] | 'seed' | Possible word-initial allophone of /ɸ/.[9] | |
| Northern Tiwa | Taos dialect | [ˌp͡ɸìˑˈwɛ̈̄ːnǣ] | 'daughter' | Allophone of /pʰ/, in free variation with [ph] and [ɸ]. See Taos phonology | |
Notes
edit- ^ a b Peters (2010), p. 240.
- ^ Wells (1982), pp. 322–323.
- ^ Wells (1982), p. 323.
- ^ a b Cruttenden (2014), p. 172.
- ^ a b Penhallurick (2004), pp. 108–109.
- ^ a b Connolly, John H. (1990). English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change. Multilingual Matters Ltd.; Channel View Publications. pp. 121–129. ISBN 1-85359-032-0.
- ^ a b Wells (1982), p. 372.
- ^ Nissim, Gabriel M. (1981). Le Bamileke-Ghomálá' (parler de Bandjoun, Cameroun): phonologie - morphologie nominale ; comparaison avec des parlers voisins. Langues et civilisations à tradition orale. Paris: SELAF. ISBN 978-2-85297-104-2.
- ^ a b Jolkesky (2009), pp. 680–681.
References
edit- Cruttenden, Alan (2014), Gimson's Pronunciation of English (8th ed.), Routledge, ISBN 9781444183092
- Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2009), "Fonologia e prosódia do Kaingáng falado em Cacique Doble", Anais do SETA, 3, Campinas: Editora do IEL-UNICAMP: 675–685
- Penhallurick, Robert (2004), "Welsh English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 98–112, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
- Peters, Jörg (2010), "The Flemish–Brabant dialect of Orsmaal–Gussenhoven", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (2): 239–246, doi:10.1017/S0025100310000083
- Wells, John C. (1982). Accents of English. Vol. 2: The British Isles (pp. i–xx, 279–466). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511611759. ISBN 0-52128540-2.