In Norse mythology, Vili (/ˈvɪli/ VILL-ee; Old Norse: [ˈwile]) and Vé (/ˈveɪ/ VAY; O.N.: [ˈweː]) are the brothers of the god Odin (from Old Norse Óðinn), sons of Bestla, daughter of Bölþorn; and Borr, son of Búri.
Name
editThe Old Norse theonym Vé (or Véi) is cognate with Gothic weiha ('priest'), both stemming from Proto-Germanic *wīhōn, itself from the adjective *wīhaz, meaning 'holy' (cf. Goth. weihs, Old High German wīh).[1] A related noun, *wīhan ('sanctuary'), can also be reconstructed on the basis of Old Norse vé ('sanctuary'), Old English wēoh ('idol'), and Old Saxon wīh ('temple').[2][3]
Vili transparently means 'will' in Old Norse. It stems from the Proto-Germanic noun *weljōn ~ *weljan ('will, wish'; cf. Gothic wilja, Old English willa, and Old High German willo).[4][5]
Attestations
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In Proto-Norse, the three brothers' names were alliterating, *Wōdinaz, Wiljô, Wīhaz,[6][failed verification] so that they can be taken as forming a triad of *wōdaz, wiljô, wīhą, approximately inspiration (transcendent, mantic or prophetic knowledge), cognition (will, desire, internal thought that leads to action) and numen (spiritual power residing in the external world, in sacred objects).[citation needed]
Compare to this alliteration in a verse found in the Exeter Book, Wôden worhte weos "Woden wrought the sanctuaries" – when compared to the "triad" above, just the middle will etymon has been replaced by the work etymon. The name of such sanctuaries to Woden, Wôdenes weohas (Old Saxon Wôdanes wih, Old Norse Óðins vé) survives in toponymy as Odinsvi, Wodeneswegs.
Vili and Vé, together with Óðinn, are portrayed as the three brothers who slew Ymir — ending the primeval rule of the race of giants — and are the first of the Æsir. Of the three, Óðinn is the eldest, Vili the middle, and Vé the youngest. To the first human couple, Ask and Embla, Óðinn gave soul and life; Vili (Hœnir) gave wit (intelligence) and sense of touch; and Vé (Lóðurr) gave countenance (appearance, facial expression), speech, hearing, and sight.
While Vili and Vé are of little prominence in Norse mythology as attested; their brother Óðinn has a more celebrated role as the chief of the Norse pantheon. Óðinn remains at the head of a triad of the mightiest gods: Óðinn, Þórr, and Freyr. In the Gylfaginning, first book of the prose Edda, Óðinn is also styled Þriði "the third", in which case he appears by the side of Hárr and Jafnhárr (the "high" and the "even-high" or "co-equal"), as the "Third High". At other times, he is Tveggi "the second". In relation to the Óðinn-Vili-Vé triad, Grimm compares Old High German willa, which not only expressed voluntas, but also votum, impetus, spiritus, and the personification of Will, to Wela in Old English sources.[7] Keyser interprets the triad as "Spirit, Will and Holiness", postulating a kind of Germanic Trinity in Vili and Vé to be "blended together again in the all-embracing World-spirit – in Odin. [...] he alone is Al-father, from whom all the other superior, world-directing beings, the Æsir, are descended."[8]
According to Loki, in Lokasenna, Vili and Vé had an affair with Óðinn's wife, Frigg. This is taken by Grimm as reflecting the fundamental identity of the three brothers, so that Frigg might be considered the wife of either. According to this story Óðinn was abroad for a long time, and in his absence his brothers acted for him. It is worthy of note that Saxo Grammaticus also makes Óðinn (Latin: Othinus) travel to foreign lands and Mitoðinn[9] (Latin: Mithothyn) fill his place,[10] and therefore Mitoðinn's position throws light on that of Vili and Vé.[citation needed] But Saxo represents Óðinn as once more an exile, and puts Ullr (Latin: Ollerus) in his place.[11]
Chapter 3 of Heimskringla says that Odin had two brothers, Vili and Vé. While Odin was gone, his brothers governed his realm. Once Odin was gone for so long that the Æsir believed that he would not return, his brothers began to divvy up Odin's inheritance, "but his wife Frigg they shared between them. However, afterwards, [Odin] returned and took possession of his wife again".[12]
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ Orel 2003, p. 466.
- ^ Orel 2003, p. 465.
- ^ Kroonen 2013, pp. 85–86.
- ^ Orel 2003, p. 453.
- ^ Kroonen 2013, pp. 578–579.
- ^ Simek, Rudolf (1996). Dictionary of Northern Mythology (illustrated, reprint, revised ed.). D.S. Brewer. p. 362. ISBN 9780859915137. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
- ^ Grimm, ch.7, 19
- ^ R. Keyser (1847). "ch. 8". The Religion Of The Northmen (Nordmændenes Religionsforfatning I hedendommen). Archived from the original on 23 July 2008. Retrieved 27 June 2009.
- ^ Fingalo [at Wikisource]. "Erläuterungen zu den ersten neun Büchern der Dänischen Geschichte des Saxo Grammaticus Teil I Anhang". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2 July 2010.
- ^ "Saxo Grammaticus, Gesta Danorum, Liber 1, Caput 7". www2.kb.dk (in Latin). Archived from the original on 29 May 2010. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ "Saxo Grammaticus, Gesta Danorum, Liber 3, Caput 4". www2.kb.dk (in Latin). Archived from the original on 29 May 2010. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ Hollander (1964), p. 7.
References
edit- Hollander, Lee Milton (Trans.) (1964). Heimskringla: History of the Kings of Norway. University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-73061-6.
- Kroonen, Guus (2013). Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic. Brill. ISBN 9789004183407.
- Orel, Vladimir E. (2003). A Handbook of Germanic Etymology. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-12875-0.
- Simek, Rudolf (1984). Lexikon der germanischen Mythologie. A. Kröner. ISBN 3-520-36801-3.
Further reading
edit- Grimm, Teutonic Mythology (1835), ch. 7, ch. 19.
- E. A. Philippson, Die Genealogie der Götter in Germanischer Religion, Mythologie und Theologie, Illinois studies in language and literature vol. 37, Urbana, Illinois (1953), 44–52.