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Vidarbha

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For other uses, see Vidarbha (disambiguation).

Vidarbha (Pronunciation: [ʋid̪əɾbʱə]) is a geographical region in the west Indian state of Maharashtra. Forming the eastern part of the state, it comprises of Amravati and Nagpur divisions. As per the 2011 Census, the region had a population of 23,003,179. The region occupies 31.6% of the total area and is home to 21.3% of the total population of Maharashtra. Situated in central India, it borders the state of Madhya Pradesh to the north, Chhattisgarh to the east, Telangana to the south and Marathwada and Uttar Maharashtra regions of Maharashtra to the west.

Vidarbha
CountryIndia
StateMaharastra
District(s)Akola, Amravati, Bhandara, Buldhana, Chandrapur, Gadchiroli, Gondia, Nagpur, Wardha, Washim, Yavatmal
Largest cityNagpur
Population
 (2011)
 • Total
23,003,179
Time zoneIndian Standard Time

According to the Hindu epic Mahabharata, Rukmini, the wife of lord Krishna, was born to Bhishmaka, the king of the Vidarbha kingdom. Vidarbha was part of the Satavahana Empire during 1st to 2nd century CE). The coins and inscriptions from the period of Paramara king Jagadeva, the son of the Udayaditya (reigned c. 1060–1086) have been found in the northern parts the region. According to the Ain-i-Akbari, the region was part of Berar Subah, in the Medieval period. In 1680, the region was captured by Sambhaji, the son of Shivaji, who was the founder of Maratha empire. In 1724, Asaf Jah, who later became the Nizam of Hyderabad, declared independence and brought most of the region under his nominal rule. The administration and right of collecting taxes were held by the Marathas. In 1803, following the defeat of the Marathas, the region came under the rule of British East India Company. Later, the British Empire took control of the region from the British East India Company in 1857, and the region was part of Berar and Central Provinces. After Indian Independence in 1947, the region was part of the Bombay State. After the Re-organization of Indian states, majority of the region became part of Maharashtra in 1960.

The GDP of the region is estimated to be ₹5,445.4 billion (US$64 billion) 2022-23. The economy of the region is largely dependent on agriculture with oranges and cotton being the major crops. The region also holds considerable mineral resources and forest cover. The region is economically under developed compared to the rest of Maharashtra with considerable poverty and malnutrition. Agriculture is largely dependent on seasonal monsoons and the region receives very less rainfall due to its location in the rain shadow region of the Western Ghats. Droughts and famines are common with more than 1.4 lakh farmer suicides in the period 1997 to 2006.

The largest and major city in the region is Nagpur and other major towns include Amravati, Akola, Chandrapur and Gondia. Varhadi and Zadi dialects of Marathi is widely spoken. There have been demands for a separate state of Vidarbha, due to perceived neglect from the Government of Maharashtra. While the demand is supported by major political parties BJP and Congress, it is opposed by Shiv Sena, one of the major regional political parties in the state.

History

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Coin of the Vidarbhas of the Deccan (1st century BCE)

According to the Hindu epic Mahabharata and other Puranic scriptures, princess Rukmini considered to be an incarnation of the goddess Lakshmi and the wife of lord Krishna, was born to Bhishmaka, the king of the Vidarbha kingdom.[1] Vidarbha was part of the Satavahana Empire during 1st to 2nd century CE), ascertained by the Satavahana coins found in Pauni.[2]

 
Coin of King Jagadeva of the Paramaras of Vidarbha, 12th–13th centuries CE

The coins and inscriptions from the period of Paramara king Jagadeva have been found in the northern parts the region. An inscription discovered at Jainad names Jagadeva as the son of the Paramara king Udayaditya (reigned c. 1060–1086).[3][4] Scholar M. H. Krishna argued that the Chalukya king Someshvara was known by the title "Jagadeva" ("Lord of the world") in the northern part of his kingdom, and it was he who issued these coins. However, all the known Chalukya coins featured Kannada script, while the coins of Jagadeva featured the Nagari script used by the Paramaras.[5]

According to the Ain-i-Akbari, the region was part of Berar Subah, known as the Gulshan-e-Berar in the Medieval period.[6] In 1680, the region was captured by Sambhaji, the son of Shivaji who was the founder of Maratha empire.[7] In 1724, following a battle at Buldana, Asaf Jah defeated the Mughal governor and declared independence. Most of the region came under the nominal rule of Jah, who later became the Nizam of Hyderabad, though the administration and right of collecting chauth were held by the Marathas. In 1803, following the defeat of the Marathas, the region came under the rule of British East India Company.[8]

Later, the British Empire took control of the region from the British East India Company in 1857.[9] After Indian Independence in 1947, the region was part of the Bombay State.[10] After the States Reorganisation Act, which re-organized state boundaries, majority of the region became part of Maharashtra.[11][12]

Geography

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Wainganga river

Vidarbha lies in Central India on the northern part of the Deccan Plateau. It borders the state of Madhya Pradesh to the north, Chhattisgarh to the east, Telangana to the south and Marathwada and Uttar Maharashtra regions of Maharashtra to the west. It lies in the rain shadow region of the Western Ghats and the terrain is largely flat. The Satpura Range lies to the north of Vidarbha region with Melghat in Amravati district forming part of the southern offshoot of the Satpura Range.[13] Large basaltic rock formations exists throughout the region, part of the 66-million-year-old volcanic Deccan Traps. Bhandara and Gondia district are entirely occupied by metamorphic rock and alluvium, making their geology unique in Maharashtra.[14] The Poorna river basin lies in Western Vidarbha and comprises Akola, Amaravati and Buldhana districts. The region has extremely high innate soil and water salinity.[15]

Administration

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Vidarbha has 11 districts divided into two divisions: Amravati (earlier Berar) and Nagpur divisions.[16][17]

Division Headquarters Districts Tehsils
Amravati[18] Amravati 56
Nagpur[19] Nagpur 64

Each district has a collector's office which is responsible for day-to-day administration. The District Collector is a Central Indian Government IAS appointee who is in charge of the governance of a district in a state.[20]

Demographics

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Vidarbha has a total population of 23,003,179 according to the 2011 India census.[21] The region occupies 31.6% of the total area and is home to 21.3% of the total population of Maharashtra.[22] According to the 2011 census, Hinduism was the principal religion in the state at 76.91% of the total population, while Buddhists constituted 13.08 of the total population. Vidarbha accounts for 45.91% of total Buddhists in Maharashtra.[23]

Religion in Vidarbha (2011 census)[23]
City Population
Hinduism
76.91
Buddhism
13.08
Islam
8.34
Jainism
0.44
Christianity
0.34
Sikhism
0.18
Others/Non religious
0.72
Languages of Vidarbha (2011)[24]
City Population
Marathi
73.72
Hindi
8.30
Urdu
6.23
Lambadi
2.58
Gondi
1.83
Korku
1.10
Telugu
1.02
others
5.22
District Male Female Total
Akola 936,226 882,391 1,818,617
Amravati 1,482,845 1,404,981 2,887,826
Bhandara 604,371 863,439 1,198,810
Buldhana 1,342,152 1,245,887 2,588,039
Chandrapur 1,120,316 1,073,946 2,194,262
Gadchiroli 542,813 528,982 1,071,795
Gondia 662,524 659,807 1,322,331
Nagpur 2,388,558 2,264,613 4,653,171
Wardha 665,925 630,232 1,296,157
Washim 621,228 575,486 1,196,714
Yavatmal 1,425,593 1,349,864 2,775,457

The largest city in the region is Nagpur and other major towns include Amravati, Akola, Chandrapur and Gondia.[25]

Language and culture

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As per the 2011 census, 73.72% of the population speaks Marathi, 8.30% Hindi, 6.23% Urdu, 2.58% Lambadi, 1.83% Gondi, 1.10% Korku and 1.02% Telugu as their first language.[24] Varhadi and Zadi dialects of Marathi is widely spoken.[26]

Hindu festivals like Holi, Diwali and Dasara are celebrated throughout the region.[27]

The Nagpur Central Museum (est. 1863) maintains collections from the region.[28]

Economy

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Farmland in Vidarbha region

The GDP of the region is estimated to be ₹5,445.4 billion (US$64 billion) 2022-23. The region also holds considerable mineral resources and forest cover.[29] The region is economically under developed compared to the rest of Maharashtra with considerable poverty and malnutrition.[30][31][32]

The economy of the region is largely dependent on agriculture with oranges and cotton being the major crops. Agriculture is largely dependent on seasonal monsoons and the region receives very less rainfall. Droughts and famines are common with more than 1.4 lakh farmer suicides in the period 1997 to 2006.[33] Though Government of India has provided relief packages aimed at the region, with corruption rampant in the region.[34] Columnist and journalist P Sainath opined that the relief packages were destined to fail as corruption in the government meant that little impact happened on the ground.[35]

Nagpur is a major hub for business and healthcare.[36] MIHAN is the major cargo hub in the region, operational out of Nagpur Airport.[37][38] Nagpur also hosts Information Technology Special Economic Zone (IT SEZ).[39] for information-technology companies.[40] Amravati and Yavatmal are known for cotton production. Chandrapur has a thermal power station, which is one of the biggest in India.[41][42] There are other heavy industries and mines in the region.[43]

The region has mineral resources with coal and manganese, the major minerals. Iron ore and limestone have also been identified as potential mining resources.[44] Chandrapur district contributes 29% of all mineral output of Maharashtra.[45]

Education

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See also: List of higher education institutions in Maharashtra

Sports and recreation

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Cricket is the most popular sport in the region. Nagpur's Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground (VCA) hosted international cricket matches.[46] In 2008, the new Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium was built in Jamtha.[47]

The eastern part of Vidarbha consists of Maharashtra's oldest National Park, the Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve, one of the Project Tiger Reserves.[48][49] Shegaon is a place of pilgrimage with temples attributed to the Hindu saint Gajanan Maharaj who lived there.[50] Chikhaldara in Amravati district is a hill station and popular tourist destination.[51]

Politics

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Vidarbha has ten Lok Sabha constituencies. Nagpur district has two seats Nagpur and Ramtek, while Gadchiroli-Chimur Lok Sabha constituency is spread across districts of Chandrapur, Gadchiroli and Gondia. Yavatmal and Washim districts form part of Yavatmal–Washim Lok Sabha constituency. Other seats include Akola, Amravati, Bhandara, Buldhana, Gondia, and Wardha. Amravati and Ramtek seats are reserved for Scheduled Caste candidates, while Gadchiroli-Chimur is reserved for Scheduled Tribes.[52] In the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly, the region is represented by 62 Vidhan Sabha seats.[53]

Demand for statehood

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Vidarbha region in Maharashtra (dark green)
Main article: Vidarbha movement

The Vidarbha movement started in the 1930s demanding a separate state of Vidarbha. The demand has been raised at times due to perceived neglect of the region by the Government of Maharashtra.[54][55] While the demand is supported by major political parties BJP and Congress, it is opposed by Shiv Sena, one of the major regional political parties in the state.[56][57][58] Political economist Shrikant Jichkar opposed the separation of the region from Maharashtra, stating that it was not sustainable. He noted that income from available natural resources would not be able to balance the subsidies given by the government, whose cooperation would be vital to any development and that the division introduces societal risks due to dividing of the Marathi-speaking state.[59]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Ayyar, P. V. Jagadisa (1982). South Indian Shrines: Illustrated. Asian Educational Services. p. 29. ISBN 978-81-206-0151-2.
  2. ^ Sarma, Inguva Karthikeya (1980). Coinage of the Satavahana Empire. Agam. p. 38. The latest site which contributed valuable numismatic evidence confirming, once and for all, ancient Vidarbha's early Satavahana affiliation is Pauni, in district Bhandara
  3. ^ Gulab Chandra Choudhary (1964). Political History of Northern India, from Jain Sources: (c. 650 A. D. to 1300 A. D.). Sohanlal Jaindharma Pracharak Samiti. p. 108.
  4. ^ P. C. Roy (1980). The Coinage of Northern India. Abhinav Publications. pp. 66–68. ISBN 978-81-7017-122-5.66-68&rft.pub=Abhinav Publications&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-122-5&rft.au=P. C. Roy&rft_id=https://books.google.com/books?id=f2Et2zZGJPUC&pg=PA66&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Vidarbha" class="Z3988">
  5. ^ A. V. Narasimha Murthy (1975). The Coins of Karnataka. Geetha Book House. p. 86.
  6. ^ Abul Fazl-i-Allami (1949). Ain-i-Akbari. Vol. 2. The Asiatic Society. p. 236.
  7. ^ "Imperial Gazetteer of India". p. 369.
  8. ^ "Imperial Gazetteer of India". p. 370.
  9. ^ Hibbert, Christopher (1 March 2000). Great Mutiny: India 1857. Penguin. p. 221. ISBN 978-0-1400-4752-3.
  10. ^ "Article 1". Constitution of India. Government of India. Archived from the original on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
  11. ^ Thapar, Romesh (1978). Change and Conflict in India. Macmillan. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-8364-0222-3.
  12. ^ States Reorganisation Act, 1956 (PDF) (Report). High Court of Tripura. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 September 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
  13. ^ "New Page 2". amravati.gov.in. Archived from the original on 30 August 2008.
  14. ^ "Gondia geology". Gondia. Retrieved 22 September 2010.
  15. ^ Kher, Vivek. "Social and Economic Issues in the Salinity Affected Areas in Poorna Basin: An overview" (PDF). Retrieved 8 September 2022.
  16. ^ Asian Review. 1898.
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  19. ^ "Nagpur Division". Government of Maharashtra. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  20. ^ Districts Of Maharashtra Archived 12 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine
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  22. ^ "Population of Nagpur". 31 March 2011. Retrieved 6 April 2011.
  23. ^ a b "Population by religious community - 2011". Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner. Archived from the original on 25 August 2015. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
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  27. ^ "People And Their Culture". Gadchiroli. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 22 September 2010.
  28. ^ Nagpur District Gazetteer Archived 22 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  29. ^ "Nagpur Urban". Sindhi India. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  30. ^ Sanjiv Phansalkar. "PM 2003 Schedule Irr Pov". IWMI-TATA Water Policy Research Program. Archived from the original on 18 December 2007. Retrieved 6 September 2007.
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  34. ^ relief package for Vidarbha
  35. ^ Sainath, P (16 July 2006). "Politics of packages, packaging of politics". Indiatogether.org. Retrieved 22 September 2010.
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  37. ^ "Maharashtra Airport Development Company Limited". madcindia.org. Archived from the original on 10 May 2008. Retrieved 14 May 2008.
  38. ^ "Maharashtra Airport Development Company Limited" (PDF). Press Information Bureau and Ministry of Civil Aviation. Retrieved 29 January 2008.
  39. ^ "Nagpur stakes claim to lead boomtown pack". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 1 June 2006.
  40. ^ "Mihan is biggest development". The Times of India. 22 May 2007. Archived from the original on 14 March 2012. Retrieved 22 May 2007.
  41. ^ "Chandrapur Thermal Power Station, A Giant In Power Generation". Archived from the original on 25 May 2015. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
  42. ^ Bhatt, S. C. (2006). Land and People of Indian States and Union Territories. Gyan Publishing House. ISBN 978-8-178-35372-2. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
  43. ^ "Ballarpur Industries Limited- Bilt". Chanda.nic.in. Archived from the original on 3 October 2011. Retrieved 22 September 2010.
  44. ^ "Maharashtra Resources" Archived 30 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  45. ^ "Demography". Chanda.nic.in. Archived from the original on 3 October 2011. Retrieved 22 September 2010.
  46. ^ "Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground profile". Cricinfo. Retrieved 12 November 2012.[permanent dead link‍]
  47. ^ "Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadiumprofile". Cricinfo. Retrieved 12 November 2012.
  48. ^ "National Tiger Conservation Authority". National Tiger Conservation Authority. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  49. ^ "Tadoba Tiger Reserve". Project Tiger. Archived from the original on 24 February 2012. Retrieved 22 September 2010.
  50. ^ "Temples of Gajanan Maharaj". Gajanan Shegaon. Retrieved 10 October 2017.
  51. ^ "Chikhaldara's water woes may continue for a yr more". The Times of India. 13 May 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  52. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 11 July 2007. Retrieved 21 January 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  53. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 4 March 2009. Retrieved 21 January 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  54. ^ "Lok Sabha elections 2024: Separate Vidarbha, anyone?". Times now. 18 April 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  55. ^ "Vidarbha statehood demand missing from poll narratives in Maharashtra". Deccan Herald. 11 April 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  56. ^ "Interview of Maharashtra Pradesh Congress Committee President Ranjeet Deshmukh". Rediff. 18 August 2004. Retrieved 22 September 2010.
  57. ^ Phadke, Manasi (16 November 2017). "I am for a separate Vidarbha state: Maharashtra CM Fadnavis". The Print. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
  58. ^ "Very few takers for a separate State". The Hindu. 23 March 2004. Archived from the original on 23 June 2004. Retrieved 22 September 2010.
  59. ^ "Vidarbha not viable economically". The Hindu. 9 September 2000. Archived from the original on 7 January 2016.
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