The ventral pallidum (VP) is a structure within the basal ganglia of the brain. It is an output nucleus whose fibres project to thalamic nuclei, such as the ventral anterior nucleus, the ventral lateral nucleus, and the medial dorsal nucleus. The VP is a core component of the reward system which forms part of the limbic loop of the basal ganglia,[1] a pathway involved in the regulation of motivational salience, behavior, and emotions. It is involved in addiction.
| Ventral pallidum | |
|---|---|
| Identifiers | |
| NeuroNames | 1605 |
| NeuroLex ID | birnlex_1674 |
| TA98 | A14.1.09.438 |
| TA2 | 5556 |
| FMA | 77613 |
| Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy | |
The VP contains one of the brain's pleasure centers, which mediates the subjective perception of pleasure that results from "consuming" certain rewarding stimuli (e.g., palatable food).[1]
Anatomy
editThe ventral pallidum lies within the basal ganglia, a group of subcortical nuclei. Along with the external globus pallidus, it is separated from other basal ganglia nuclei by the anterior commissure.
The ventral pallidum contains GABAergic neurons, glutamatergic neurons, and cholinergic neurons that are well conserved across mammals [2].
Limbic loop
editThe limbic loop is a functional pathway of the basal ganglia, in which the ventral pallidum is involved. It (and the internal globus pallidus and substantia nigra pars reticulata) receives input from the temporal lobes, and the hippocampus via the ventral striatum. The information is relayed to the medial dorsal and ventral anterior nuclei of the thalamus.
Role in addiction
editIt is unclear whether the ventral pallidum receives dopaminergic inputs from the ventral tegmental area[3].[4] The ventral pallidum receives GABAergic inputs from the nucleus accumbens.[5] It acts in part as a relay nucleus from the nucleus accumbens to the medial dorsal nucleus. The nucleus accumbens projects to the medial dorsal nucleus via GABAergic medium spiny neurons. The rewarding effects of addictive drugs are mediated in part through their effect on the VP.[6]
References
edit- ^ a b Berridge KC, Kringelbach ML (May 2015). "Pleasure systems in the brain". Neuron. 86 (3): 646–664. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.02.018. PMC 4425246. PMID 25950633.
- ^ Yang L, Fang LZ, Lynch MR, Xu CS, Hahm HJ, Zhang Y, Heitmeier MR, Costa VD, Samineni VK, Creed MC (2024). "Transcriptomic landscape of mammalian ventral pallidum at single-cell resolution". Science Advances. 10 (50): eadq6017. doi:10.1126/sciadv.adq6017. PMC 11633743. PMID 39661664.
- ^ Zahm, Daniel S. (2000-01-01). "An integrative neuroanatomical perspective on some subcortical substrates of adaptive responding with emphasis on the nucleus accumbens". Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 24 (1): 85–105. doi:10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00065-2. ISSN 0149-7634. PMID 10654664.
- ^ Smith Y, Keival JZ (2000). "Anatomy of the Dopamine system in the Basal Ganglia". Trends in Neurosciences. 23 (10): 28–33. doi:10.1016/S1471-1931(00)00023-9. PMID 11052217.
- ^ Pierce R C, Kumaresan V (2006). "The Mesolimbic dopamine system: The final common pathway for the reinforcing effect of drugs of abuse?". Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 30 (2): 215–238. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.04.016. PMID 16099045.
- ^ Ikemoto S (2010). "Brain reward circuitry beyond the mesolimbic dopamine system: a neurobiological theory". Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 35 (2): 129–50. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.02.001. PMC 2894302. PMID 20149820.
Additional Sources
edit- Martin J.H. Neuroanatomy Text and Atlas. 3rd Edition 2003: Chapter 14