small tables

Urdu Letter Construction

Table: Letter construction
diacritics and modifications ⁽ⁱ⁾			base shapes ⁽ⁱⁱ⁾																						types of diacritics
diacritics and modifications ⁽ⁱ⁾			ء	ا	ے	ى	ں	ٮ	ح	س	ص	ط	ع	ڡ	ٯ	ک	ل	م	د	ر	و	ـھ	ـہ	ـه	types of diacritics
﯀	﯀	tōē above						ٹ											ڈ	ڑ					i'jam
﮲	﮲	1 dot above					ن		خ		ض	ظ	غ	ف					ذ	ز
﮳	﮳	1 dot below						ب	ج
﮶	﮶	3 dots above						ث		ش										ژ
﮹	﮹	3 dots below						پ	چ
﮴	﮴	2 dots above						ت							ق								ـۃ ۃ	ـة ة
﮵	﮵	2 dots below ^(iv)				یـ ـیـ ـی ی
‾	‾	line above														گ									extra line
none			ء	ا	ے		ـں ں		ح	س	ص	ط	ع			ک	ل	م	د	ر	و	ھ	ہ		none
٘	ــ٘ـ	nūn ghūnna ^(vi)					٘																		vowels
ۤ	ۤ	madda ^(v)		آ
ٴ	ــٔـ	Hamza ^(v)			ۓ	ئ															ؤ		ـۂ ۂ
Rasm forms ⁽ⁱⁱⁱ⁾		start	ء	ا	none	ىـ		ٮـ	حـ	سـ	صـ	طـ	عـ	ڡـ	ٯـ	کـ	لـ	مـ	د	ر	و	ھـ	ہـ	هـ	none shown
		middle		ـا	none	ـىـ		ـٮـ	ـحـ	ـسـ	ـصـ	ـطـ	ـعـ	ـڡـ	ـٯـ	ـکـ	ـلـ	ـمـ	ـد	ـر	ـو	ـھـ	ـہـ	ـهـ
		end		ـا	ـے	ـى	ـں	ـٮ	ـح	ـس	ـص	ـط	ـع	ـڡ	ـٯ	ـک	ـل	ـم	ـد	ـر	ـو	ـھ	ـہ	ـه
		isolated	ء	ا	ے	ى	ں	ٮ	ح	س	ص	ط	ع	ڡ	ٯ	ک	ل	م	د	ر	و	ھ	ہ	ه

^i. The i'jam diacritic characters are illustrative only, in most typesetting the combined characters in the middle of the table are used. The characters used to illustrate the consonant diacritics are from Unicode set "Arabic pedagogical symbols"^[1].

^ii. Skeleton characters that do not appear in the alphabet are "DOTLESS BEH" U 066E, "DOTLESS QAF" U 066F, and "DOTLESS FEH" U 06A1. These are not used in Urdu but we're used historically in [rasm | very early] versions of Arabic writing^{[citation needed]}.

^iii. The "Arabic Tatweel Modifier Letter" U 0640 character used to show the positional forms doesn't work in some Nastaliq fonts.

^iv. Urdu Choti Yē has 2 dots
below in the initial and middle positions only. The standard Arabic version ي يـ ـيـ ـي ]] always has 2 dots
below.

^v. The short vowel diacritics (see below) are usually omitted in Urdu writing, but hamza and madda are usually included.

^vi. Nūn Ghūnna in the middle of a word is often an omitted diacritic.

Arabic, Farsi, and Urdu Letter Construction

from Persian_language#Variations 2020-05-16 09:00 (No citation unfortunately.)
"The Persian alphabet also modifies some letters of the Arabic alphabet. For example, alef with hamza below ( إ ) changes to alef ( ا ); words using various hamzas get spelled with yet another kind of hamza (so that مسؤول becomes مسئول) even though the latter is also correct in Arabic; and teh marbuta ( ة ) changes to heh ( ه ) or teh ( ت )."

Table: Letter construction
diacritics and modifications ⁽ⁱ⁾			base shapes ⁽ⁱⁱ⁾																							types of diacritics
Rasm forms ⁽ⁱⁱⁱ⁾	start		ء	ا	none	ىـ		ٮـ	حـ	سـ	صـ	طـ	عـ	ڡـ	ٯـ	كـ	کـ	لـ	مـ	د	ر	و	ھـ	ہـ	هـ	none shown
	middle			ـا	none	ـىـ		ـٮـ	ـحـ	ـسـ	ـصـ	ـطـ	ـعـ	ـڡـ	ـٯـ	ـكـ	ـکـ	ـلـ	ـمـ	ـد	ـر	ـو	ـھـ	ـہـ	ـهـ
	end			ـا	ـے	ـى	ـں	ـٮ	ـح	ـس	ـص	ـط	ـع	ـڡ	ـٯ	ـك	ـک	ـل	ـم	ـد	ـر	ـو	ـھ	ـہ	ـه
	isolated		ء	ا	ے	ى	ں	ٮ	ح	س	ص	ط	ع	ڡ	ٯ	ك	ک	ل	م	د	ر	و	ھ	ہ	ه
diacritics and modifications ⁽ⁱ⁾			ء	ا	ے	ى	ں	ٮ	ح	س	ص	ط	ع	ڡ	ٯ	ك	ک	ل	م	د	ر	و	ھـ ـھـ ـھ	ہـ ـہـ ـہ	هـ ـهـ ـه	types of diacritics
line above	‾	‾															گ									extra line
line above	languages																^Urdu									extra line
tōē above	﯀	﯀						ٹ												ڈ	ڑ					i'jam
tōē above	languages							^Urdu												^Urdu	^Urdu
1 dot above	﮲	﮲					ن		خ		ض	ظ	غ	ف						ذ	ز
1 dot below	﮳	﮳						ب	ج
3 dots above	﮶	﮶						ث		ش											ژ
3 dots above	languages							ث		ش											^Farsi ^Urdu
3 dots below	﮹	﮹						پ	چ
3 dots below	languages							^Farsi ^Urdu	^Farsi ^Urdu
2 dots above	﮴	﮴						ت							ق									ـۃ ۃ	ـة ة
2 dots above	languages							ت							ق									^Urdu	^Arabic
2 dots below	﮵	﮵				يـ ـيـ ـي ي
2 dots below	languages					^Arabic
2 dots below start & mid ^(iv)	﮵	﮵				یـ ـیـ ـی ی
2 dots below start & mid ^(iv)	languages					^Farsi ^Urdu
none			ء	ا	ے	ىـ ـىـ ـى ى	ـں ں		ح	س	ص	ط	ع			ك	ک	ل	م	د	ر	و	ھ ھـ ـھـ ـھ	ہ ہـ ـہـ ـہ	ه هـ ـهـ ـه	none
none	languages		ء	ا	^Urdu	^Arabic	^Urdu		ح	س	ص	ط	ع			^Arabic	^Farsi ^Urdu	ل	م	د	ر	و	^Urdu	^Urdu	^Arabic ^Farsi	none
nūn ghūnna ^(vi)	٘	ــ٘ـ					٘																			vowels
nūn ghūnna ^(vi)	languages						^Urdu
madda ^(v)	ۤ	ۤ		آ
Hamza ^(v)	ٴ	ــٔـ	ء	أ إ	ۓ	ئ																ؤ		ـۂ ۂ	ـۀ ۀ
Hamza ^(v)	languages		^Arabic	^Arabic	^Urdu	ئ																^Arabic ^Urdu		^Urdu	^Farsi

^i. The i'jam diacritic characters are illustrative only, in most typesetting the combined characters in the middle of the table are used. The characters used to illustrate the consonant diacritics are from Unicode set "Arabic pedagogical symbols"^[2].

^ii. Skeleton characters that do not appear in the alphabet are "Dotless Beh" U 066E, "Dotless Qaf" U 066F, and "Dotless Feh" U 06A1. These are not used in Urdu but we're used historically in [rasm | very early] versions of Arabic writing^{[citation needed]}.

^iii. The "Arabic Tatweel Modifier Letter" U 0640 character used to show the positional forms doesn't work in some Nastaliq fonts.

^iv. Urdu Choti Yē has 2 dots below in the initial and middle positions only. The standard Arabic version ي يـ ـيـ ـي always has 2 dots below.

^v. The short vowel diacritics (see below) are usually omitted in Urdu writing, but hamza and madda are usually included.

^vi. Nūn Ghūnna in the middle of a word is often an omitted diacritic.

massive table

for master version see Arabic Script

Letter construction

Most languages that use alphabets based on the Arabic alphabet use the same base shapes. Most additional letters in languages that use alphabets based on the Arabic alphabet are built by adding (or removing) diacritics to existing Arabic letters.

Some stylistic variants in Arabic have distinct meanings in other languages. For example, variant forms of kāf ك ک ڪ are used in some languages and sometimes have specific usages. In Urdu and some neighbouring languages the letter Hā has diverged into two forms ھ dō-čašmī hē and ہ ہـ ـہـ ـہ gōl hē^[3]. while a variant form of ي yā referred to as baṛī yē ے is used at the end of some words.^[3]

table of letter components

abbreviations used below

A = The letter is used for most languages and dialects with writing systems based on Arabic.

MSA = Letters used in Modern Standard Arabic.

CA = Letters used in Classical Arabic.

AD = Letters is used in some regional Arabic Dialects.

"Arabic" = Letters used in Classical Arabic, Modern Standard Arabic, and most regional dialects.

"Farsi" = Letters used in modern Persian.

FW = Foreign words: the letter is sometimes used to spell foreign words.

SV = Stylistic variant: the letter is used interchangeably with at least one other lletter depending on the calligraphic style.

AW = Arabic words: the letter is used in additional languages to spell Arabic words.

^[4]^[5]

forms row

		connected forms

Table

components

ء	ا	ے	ى	ـں	ٮ	ح	س	ص	ط	ع	ڡ		ٯ		ك	ڪ	ک	گ	ل	م	د	ر	و	ھ	ہ	ه	لا

components

ء	ا	ے	ى	ـں	ٮ	ح	س	ص	ط	ع	ڡ		ٯ		ك	ڪ	ک	گ	ل	م	د	ر	و	ھ	ہ	ه	لا

Rasm

Rasm forms	character	isolated	ء	ا	ے	ى	ـں	ٮ	ح	س	ص	ط	ع	ڡ		ٯ		ك	ڪ	ک	گ	ل	م	د	ر	و	ھ	ہ	ه	لا
		start	ء	ا	none	ىـ	^(YNB)	ٮـ	حـ	سـ	صـ	طـ	عـ	ڡـ	^(QF)		ٯـ	كـ	ڪـ	کـ	گـ	لـ	مـ	د	ر	و	ھـ	ہـ	هـ	لا
		middle		ـا	none	ـىـ	^(YNB)	ـٮـ	ـحـ	ـسـ	ـصـ	ـطـ	ـعـ	ـڡـ	^(QF)		ـٯـ	ـكـ	ـڪـ	ـکـ	ـگـ	ـلـ	ـمـ	ـد	ـر	ـو	ـھـ	ـہـ	ـهـ	ـلا
		end		ـا	ـے	ـى	ـں	ـٮ	ـح	ـس	ـص	ـط	ـع	ـڡ		ـٯ		ـك	ـڪ	ـک	ـگ	ـل	ـم	ـد	ـر	ـو	ـھ	ـہ	ـه	ـلا
	Image	isolated start middle end	ء	ا	ے	ى	ں	ٮ	ح	س	ص	ط	ع	ڡ		ٯ		ك	ڪ	ک	گ	ل	م	د	ر	و	ھ	ہ	ه	لا
Unicode for above			U 0621	U 0627	U 06D2	U 0649	U 06BA	U 066E	U 062D	U 0633	U 0635	U 0637	U 0639	U 06A1		U 066F		U 0643	U 06AA	U 06A9	U 06AF	U 0644	U 0645	U 062F	U 0631	U 0648	U 06BE	U 06C1	U 0647	U 0644 U 0627
Languages that use the letter shape with or without i'jam			Arabic		Urdu																						Urdu	Urdu

none

none	character	ء	ا	ے	ى	ـں	ٮ	ح	س	ص	ط	ع	ڡ	ٯ	ك	ڪ	ک	گ	ل	م	د	ر	و	ھ	ہ	ه	لا
none	forms	ء	ـا ا	ـــے ے	ىـ ـىـ ـى ى	ـں ں	ٮـ ـٮـ ـٮ ٮ	حـ ـحـ ـح ح	سـ ـسـ ـس س	صـ ـصـ ـص ص	طـ ـطـ ـط ط	عـ ـعـ ـع ع	ڡـ ـڡـ ـڡ ڡ	ٯـ ـٯـ ـٯ ٯ	كـ ـكـ ـك ك	ڪــ ـڪــ ـڪ ڪ	کـ ـکـ ـک ک	گـ ـگـ ـگ گ	لـ ـلـ ـل ل	مـ ـمـ ـم م	ـد د	ـر ر	ـو و	ھـ ـھـ ـھ ھ	ہـ ـہـ ـہ ہ	هـ ـهـ ـه ه	ـلا لا
Languages using the bare shape with no additions		Arabic	Arabic, Farsi, Urdu	Urdu	MSA	Urdu, Arabic SV	Arabic SV Rasm	Arabic, Farsi, Urdu	Arabic, Farsi, Urdu	Arabic, Farsi, Urdu	Arabic, Farsi, Urdu	Arabic, Farsi, Urdu	Arabic SV in Rasm	Arabic SV in Rasm	Arabic	Sindhi, Arabic SV	Farsi, Urdu, Arabic SV	Farsi, Urdu	Arabic, Farsi, Urdu	Arabic, Farsi, Urdu	Arabic, Farsi, Urdu	Arabic, Farsi, Urdu	Arabic, Farsi, Urdu	Urdu, Arabic SV	Urdu, Arabic SV	Arabic, Farsi	MSA

dots

dots bigger heading

1

diacritics ⁽ⁱ⁾		Letter Shapes ⁽ⁱⁱ⁾	ء	ا	ے	ى	ـں	ٮ	ح	س	ص	ط	ع	ڡ	ٯ	ك	ڪ	ک	گ	ل	م	د	ر	و	ھ	ہ	ه	لا
ٜ U 065C U 065C, ٜ ARABIC VOWEL SIGN DOT BELOW
1 dot below	﮳	character	ء	ا	ے	ى	ں	ب	ج	س	ص	ط	ع	ڡ	ٯ	ك	ڪ	ک	گ	ل	م	د	ر	و	ھ	ہ	ه	لا
		image
	ـــ ◌	forms						بـ ـبـ ـب ب	جـ ـجـ ـج ج
		Languages
U FBB3		Unicode						U 0628	U 062C
1 dot above 1 dot below	﮲﮳	character	ء	ا	ے	ى	ں	ٮ	ح	س	ص	ط	ع	ڡ	ٯ	ك	ڪ	ک	گ	ل	م	د	ر	و	ھ	ہ	ه	لا
		image
	ـــ ◌	forms
		Languages
		Unicode
1 dot above	﮲	character	ء	ا	ے	ى	ن	ٮ	خ	س	ض	ظ	غ	ف	ڧ	ك	ڪ	ک	گ	ل	م	ذ	ز	و	ھ	ہ	ه	لا
		image
	ـــ ◌	forms
		Languages
U FBB2		Unicode					U 0646		U 062E		U 0636	U 0638	U 063A	U 0641	U 06A7							U 0630	U 0632

2

diacritics ⁽ⁱ⁾			Letter Shapes ⁽ⁱⁱ⁾	ء	ا	ے	ى	ـں	ٮ	ح	س	ص	ط	ع	ڡ	ٯ	ك	ڪ	ک	گ	ل	م	د	ر	و	ھ	ہ	ه	لا
2 dots below start and mid ⁽ⁱⁱⁱ⁾	﮵		character	ء	ا	ے	یـ ـیـ ـی ی			ح	س	ص	ط	ع	ڡ	ٯ	ك	ڪ	ک	گ	ل	م	د	ر	و	ھ	ہ	ه	لا
2 dots below start and mid ⁽ⁱⁱⁱ⁾			image
			Languages				Farsi, Urdu, AD
U FBB5 U FBB5			Unicode				U 06CC
2 dots below all positions	﮵		character	ء	ا	ے	يـ ـيـ ـي ي			ح	س	ص	ط	ع	ڡ	ٯ	ك	ڪ	ک	گ	ل	م	د	ر	و	ھ	ہ	ه	لا
2 dots below all positions			image
			Languages				Arabic ^(iv)
U FBB5 U FBB5			Unicode				U 064A
2 vertical dots below		﮾	character	ء	ا	ے	ى	ں	ٮ	ح	س	ص	ط	ع	ڡ	ٯ	ك	ڪ	ک	گ	ل	م	د	ر	و	ھ	ہ	ه	لا
2 vertical dots below			image
			Languages
U FBBE			Unicode
2 vertical dots above		﮽	character	ء	ا	ے	ى	ں	ٮ	ح	س	ص	ط	ع	ڡ	ٯ	ك	ڪ	ک	گ	ل	م	د	ر	و	ھ	ہ	ه	لا
2 vertical dots above			image
			Languages
U FBBD			Unicode
2 horizontal dots above	﮴		character	ء	ا	ے	ى	ں	ت	ح	س	ص	ط	ع	ڡ	ق	ك	ڪ	ک	گ	ل	م	د	ر	و	ھ	ـۃ	ـة	لا
2 horizontal dots above			image
			Languages
U FBB4			Unicode						U 062A							U 0642											U 06C3	U 0629
diacritics ⁽ⁱ⁾			Letter Shapes ⁽ⁱⁱ⁾	ء	ا	ے	ى	ـں	ٮ	ح	س	ص	ط	ع	ڡ	ٯ	ك	ڪ	ک	گ	ل	م	د	ر	و	ھ	ہ	ه	لا

3

3 dots below	﮹	character	ء	ا	ے	ى	ں	پ	چ	س	ص	ط	ع	ڡ	ٯ	ك	ڪ	ک	گ	ل	م	د	ر	و	ھ	ہ	ه	لا
3 dots below		image
		Languages
U FBB9 U FBB9 U FBB7 U FBB7		Unicode						U 067E U 067E	U 0686 U 0686
3 dots above 3 dots below		character	ء	ا	ے	ى	ں	ٮ	ح	س	ص	ط	ع	ڡ	ٯ	ك	ڪ	ک	گ	ل	م	د	ر	و	ھ	ہ	ه	لا
3 dots above 3 dots below		image
		Languages
		Unicode
3 dots above	﮶	character						ث		ش													ژ
3 dots above		image
		Languages
U FBB6 U FBB6		Unicode						U 062B U 062B		U 0634 U 0634													U 0698 U 0698

4

4 dots below	﮻	character	ء	ا	ے	ى	ں	ٮ	ح	س	ص	ط	ع	ڡ	ٯ	ك	ڪ	ک	گ	ل	م	د	ر	و	ھ	ہ	ه	لا
4 dots below		image
		Languages
U FBBB		Unicode
4 dots above	[ ﮺ ] Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: \|3= (help)	character	ء	ا	ے	ى	ں	ٮ	ح	س	ص	ط	ع	ڡ	ٯ	ك	ڪ	ک	گ	ل	م	د	ر	و	ھ	ہ	ه	لا
4 dots above		image
		Languages
U FBBA		Unicode

different dots above and below

mixed dots above below	character	ء	ا	ے	ى	ں	ٮ	ڿ	ۺ	ص	ط	ع	ڡ	ٯ	ك	ڪ	ک	گ	ل	م	د	ر	و	ھ	ہ	ه	لا
mixed dots above below	image
	Languages
	Unicode
diacritics ⁽ⁱ⁾	Letter Shapes ⁽ⁱⁱ⁾	ء	ا	ے	ى	ـں	ٮ	ح	س	ص	ط	ع	ڡ	ٯ	ك	ڪ	ک	گ	ل	م	د	ر	و	ھ	ہ	ه	لا

tōē

small tōē above	ـــؕــ ﯀ ◌ؕ	character	ء	ا	ے	ى	ڻ	ٹ	ح	س	ص	ط	ع	ڡ	ٯ	ك	ڪ	ک	گ	ࣇ لؕ ‎	م	ڈ	ڑ	و	ھ	ہ	ه	لا
small tōē above		image
Urdu Punjabi		Languages					Punjabi	Urdu												Punjabi ^[6]		Urdu	Urdu
U 0615 U 0615 U FBC0 U FBC0		Unicode					U FBA0 U FBA0	U 0679 U 0679														U 0688 U 0688	U 0691 U 0691
small tōē dot(s)		character	ء	ا	ے	ى	ݨ	ٮ	ح	س	ص	ط	ع	ڡ	ٯ	ك	ڪ	ک	گ	ل	م	د	ر	و	ھ	ہ	ه	لا
small tōē dot(s)		image
		Languages					Punjabi, Seraiki, Shina
		Unicode

ring

ring	character	ء	ا	ے	ؠ	ں	ٮ	ح	س	ص	ط	ع	ڡ	ٯ	ك	ڪ	ګ	گ	ل	م	ډ	ړ	ۄ	ھ	ہ	ه	لا
ring	image
	Languages
	Unicode
ring and dots	character	ء	ا	ے	ى	ڼ	ټ	ح	س	ص	ط	ع	ڡ	ٯ	ك	ڪ	ک	گ	ل	م	د	ر	و	ھ	ہ	ه	لا
ring and dots	image
	Languages
	Unicode

numeral

Burushaski ݸ Burushaski ݽ Burushaski ݼ Burushaski ݳ Burushaski ݴ
Persian numeral 2 above	٢	character	ء	ا	ݺ	ى	ں	ٮ	ح	س	ص	ط	ع	ڡ	ٯ	ك	ڪ	ک	گ	ل	م	د	ر	و	ھ	ہ	ه	لا
Persian numeral 2 above		image
		Languages
		Unicode
Persian numeral 3 above	٣	character	ء	ا	ݻ	ݶ	ں	ٮ	ح	س	ص	ط	ع	ڡ	ٯ	ك	ڪ	ک	گ	ل	م	د	ر	و	ھ	ہ	ه	لا
Persian numeral 3 above		image
		Languages
		Unicode
numerals below		character	ء	ا	ے	ݷ	ں	ٮ	ح	س	ص	ط	ع	ڡ	ٯ	ك	ڪ	ک	گ	ل	م	د	ر	و	ھ	ہ	ه	لا
numerals below		image
		Languages
		Unicode

horizontal line

horizontal line	—	character	ء	ا	ے	ۍ ـۍ	ں	ٮ	ح	س	ص	ط	ع	ڡ	؈	ك	ڪ	گ	ݪ	م	د	ݛ	ۅ	ھ	ہ	ه	لا
horizontal line		image
		Languages																	Punjabi, Marwari, Kalami				Kirghiz^[7]
		Unicode																				U 075B

multiple vertical lines

multiple vertical lines	﮼	character	۽	ا	ے	ى	ں	ٮ	ح	س	ص	ط	ع	ڡ	ٯ	ك	ڪ	ک	گ	ل	۾	د	ر	و	ھ	ہ	ه	لا
multiple vertical lines		image
		Languages
U FBBC		Unicode

vertical line

vertical line	character	ء	ا	ے	ى	ں	ٮ	ح	س	ص	ط	ع	ڡ	ٯ	ك	ڪ	ک	گ	ل	م	د	ر	ۈ	ھ	ہ	ه	لا
vertical line	image
	Languages
	Unicode

arrows

V below	ٚ	character	ء	ا	ے	ى	ں	ٮ	ح	س	ص	ط	ع	ڡ	ٯ	ك	ڪ	ک	گ	ل	م	د	ڕ	و	ھ	ہ	ه	لا
V below		image
		Languages
U 065B U 065A		Unicode
small V above	ــٚـ ◌ٚ	character	ء	ا	ے	ى	ں	ٮ	ح	س	ص	ط	ع	ڡ	ٯ	ك	ڪ	ک	گ	ل	م	د	ر	ۆ	ھ	ہ	ه	لا
small V above		image
		Languages
U 065A		Unicode
inverted V above	ــٛـ ◌ٛ	character	ء	ا	ے	ى	ں	ٮ	ح	س	ص	ط	ع	ڡ	ٯ	ك	ڪ	ک	گ	ل	م	د	ر	ۉ	ھ	ہ	ه	لا
inverted V above		image
		Languages
U 065B		Unicode

Hamza

Hamza below	ــٕـ	◌ٕ	character	ء	إ	ے	ى	ں	ٮ	ح	س	ص	ط	ع	ڡ	ٯ	ك	ڪ	ک	گ	ل	م	د	ر	و	ھ	ہ	ه	لإ
Hamza below			image
sometimes omitted in contexts where short vowel diacritics are omitted			Languages
U 0655			Unicode		U 0625																								U 0644 U 0625
Hamza above	ــٔـ	◌ٔ	character	ء	أ	ۓ	ئ	ں	ٮ	ح	س	ص	ط	ع	ڡ	ٯ	ك	ڪ	ک	گ	ل	م	د	ر	ؤ	ھ	ۂ	ۀ	لأ
Hamza above			image
sometimes omitted in contexts where short vowel diacritics are omitted			Languages
U 0674 U 0654			Unicode		U 0623	U 06D3	U 0626																		U 0624		U 06C2	U 06C0	U 0644 U 0623

other semi-optional vowels

maddah above	ــۤـ ــٓـ ◌ٓ ◌ۤ	character	ء	آ	ے	ى	ں	ٮ	ح	س	ص	ط	ع	ڡ	ٯ	ك	ڪ	ک	گ	ل	م	د	ر	و	ھ	ہ	ه	لآ
maddah above		image
doesn't strictly count as i'jam, but included in a lot of situations where other diacritics are left out.		Languages		Arabic, Urdu
U 06E4 U 0653		Unicode		U 0622
Wasala above		character	ء	ٱ	ے	ى	ں	ٮ	ح	س	ص	ط	ع	ڡ	ٯ	ك	ڪ	ک	گ	ل	م	د	ر	و	ھ	ہ	ه	لا
Wasala above		image
		Languages		CA
none ^(v)]		Unicode		U 0671

end

|- |}

footnotes

^i. The i'jam diacritic characters are illustrative only, in most typesetting the combined characters in the middle of the table are used. The characters used to illustrate the consonant diacritics are from Unicode set "Arabic pedagogical symbols".^[8] The "Arabic Tatweel Modifier Letter" U 0640 character used to show the positional forms doesn't work in some Nastaliq fonts.

^ii. For most letters the isolated form is shown, for select letters all forms (isolated, start, middle, and end) are shown.

^iii. Urdu Choti Yē has 2 dots below in the initial and middle positions only. The standard Arabic version ي يـ ـيـ ـي always has 2 dots below.

^iv. These characters are used by most languages that use writing systems based on Arabic, though sometimes only in foreign words.

^v. A Wasala diacritic Unicode character has been proposed but not yet released. ^{[citation needed]}

ALTERNATE VERSIONS

refs and references

U 065C, ــٜـــ ARABIC VOWEL SIGN DOT BELOW

notes from Burushaski page - in a comment

blank line for new entries

character	ء	ا	ے	ى	ں	ٮ	ح	س	ص	ط	ع	ڡ	ٯ	ك	ڪ	ک	گ	ل	م	د	ر	و	ھ	ہ	ه	لا
image
Languages
Unicode

alternate headers

ALTERNATE HEADER
diacritics ⁽ⁱ⁾				Letter Shapes ⁽ⁱⁱ⁾		ء	ا	ے	ى ىـ ـىـ ـى	ـں	ٮ	ح	س	ص	ط	ع	ڡ	ٯ	ك كـ ـكـ ـك	ڪ	ک	گ	ل	م	د	ر	و	ھ ھـ ـھـ ـھ	ہ ہـ ـہـ ـہ	ه هـ ـهـ ـه	لا

ALTERNATE HEADER
diacritics ⁽ⁱ⁾				Letter Shapes ⁽ⁱⁱ⁾		ء	ا	ے	ى ىـ ـىـ ـى	ـں	ٮ	ح	س	ص	ط	ع	ڡ		ٯ		ك كـ ـكـ ـك	ڪ	ک کـ ـکـ ـک	گ	ل	م	د	ر	و	ھ ھـ ـھـ ـھ	ہ ہـ ـہـ ـہ	ه هـ ـهـ ـه	لا

ALTERNATE HEADER
						ء	ا	ے	ى	ں	ٮ	ح	س	ص	ط	ع	ڡ	ٯ	ك	ڪ	ک	گ	ل	م	د	ر	و	ھ	ہ	ه	لا

No i'jam (alternative version)

diacritics	^{(footnote i)}	letter line base shapes
none ⁽ⁱⁱ⁾	character	ء	ا	ے	ى ىـ ـىـ ـى	ـں	ٮ	ح	س	ص	ط	ع	ڡ	ٯ	ك كـ ـكـ ـك	ڪ	ک	گ	ل	م	د	ر	و	ھ ھـ ـھـ ـھ	ہ ہـ ـہـ ـہ	ه هـ ـهـ ـه	لا
none ⁽ⁱⁱ⁾	image
Most languages use the same base shapes, some stylistic variants in Arabic have distinct meanings in other languages. ^{(see text)}	Languages	Arabic	Arabic, Farsi, Urdu	Urdu	MSA	Urdu, Arabic SV	Arabic SV Rasm	Arabic, Farsi, Urdu	Arabic, Farsi, Urdu	Arabic, Farsi, Urdu	Arabic, Farsi, Urdu	Arabic, Farsi, Urdu	Arabic SV in Rasm	Arabic SV in Rasm	Arabic	Sindhi, Arabic SV	Farsi, Urdu, Arabic SV	Farsi, Urdu	Arabic, Farsi, Urdu	Arabic, Farsi, Urdu	Arabic, Farsi, Urdu	Arabic, Farsi, Urdu	Arabic, Farsi, Urdu	Urdu, Arabic SV	Urdu, Arabic SV	Arabic, Farsi	MSA
	Unicode for above	0621 ..	0627 ..	06D2 ..	0649 ..	06BA ..	066E ..	062D ..	0633 ..	0635 ..	0637 ..	0639 ..	06A1 ..	066F ..	0643 ..	06AA ..	06A9 ..	06AF ..	0644 ..	0645 ..	062F ..	0631 ..	0648 ..	06BE ..	06C1 ..	0647 ..	0644 . 0627 .

References

^ "Unicode Utilities: UnicodeSet Arabic pedagogical symbols". unicode.org. Retrieved 20 March 2020]]. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
^ "Unicode Utilities: UnicodeSet Arabic pedagogical symbols". unicode.org. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
^ ^a ^b "Urdu Alphabet". www.user.uni-hannover.de. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
^ "Extended Arabic Letter". unicode.org. Retrieved 7 May 1920. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
^ "Based on ISO 8859-6". unicode.org. Retrieved 7 May 1920. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
^ Lorna Priest Evans; M. G. Abbas Malik. "Proposal to encode ARABIC LETTER LAM WITH SMALL ARABIC LETTER TAH ABOVE in the UCS" (PDF). www.unicode.org. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
^ Cite error: The named reference compart unicode Arabic script (ISO 15924) was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ "Unicode Utilities: UnicodeSet Arabic pedagogical symbols". unicode.org. Retrieved 20 March 2020.

ALTERNATE VERSIONS

refs and references

U 065C, ــٜـــ ARABIC VOWEL SIGN DOT BELOW

notes from Burushaski page - in a comment

Additions

with tatweel

U FBB2	ـــ﮲ــ	Dot Above
U FBB3	ـــ﮳ــ	Dot Below
U FBB4	ــــ﮴ـــ	Two Dots Above
U FBB5	ــــ﮵ـــ	Two Dots Below
U FBB6	ـــ﮶ــ	Three Dots Above
U FBB7	ــــ﮷ـــ	Three Dots Below
U FBB8	ــــ﮸ـــ	Three Dots Pointing Downwards Above
U FBB9	ــــ﮹ـــ	Three Dots Pointing Downwards Below
U FBBA	ــــ﮺ـــ	Four Dots Above
U FBBB	ــــ﮻ـــ	Four Dots Below
U FBBC	ــــ﮼ــــ	Double Vertical Bar Below
U FBBD	ــــ﮽ــــ	Two Dots Vertically Above
U FBBE	ــــ﮾ــــ	Two Dots Vertically Below
U FBBF	ــــ﮿ــــ	Ring
U FBC0	ــــ﯀ـــــ	Small Tah Above
U FBC1	ــــ﯁ــــ	Small Tah Below

Arabic Symbols

U FBB2	﮲	Dot Above
U FBB3	﮳	Dot Below
U FBB4	﮴	Two Dots Above
U FBB5	﮵	Two Dots Below
U FBB6	﮶	Three Dots Above
U FBB7	﮷	Three Dots Below
U FBB8	﮸	Three Dots Pointing Downwards Above
U FBB9	﮹	Three Dots Pointing Downwards Below
U FBBA	﮺	Four Dots Above
U FBBB	﮻	Four Dots Below
U FBBC	﮼	Double Vertical Bar Below
U FBBD	﮽	Two Dots Vertically Above
U FBBE	﮾	Two Dots Vertically Below
U FBBF	﮿	Ring
U FBC0	﯀	Small Tah Above
U FBC1	﯁	Small Tah Below

alternate headers

background:#F1F2F5

ء	ا	ے	ى	ں	ٮ	ح	س	ص	ط	ع	ڡ		ٯ		ك	ڪ	ک	گ	ل	م	د	ر	و	ھ	ہ	ه	لا

alternate header

diacritics ⁽ⁱ⁾				Letter Shapes ⁽ⁱⁱ⁾		ء	ا	ے	ى ىـ ـىـ ـى	ـں	ٮ	ح	س	ص	ط	ع	ڡ	ٯ	ك كـ ـكـ ـك	ڪ	ک	گ	ل	م	د	ر	و	ھ ھـ ـھـ ـھ	ہ ہـ ـہـ ـہ	ه هـ ـهـ ـه	لا

alternate header

diacritics ⁽ⁱ⁾				Letter Shapes ⁽ⁱⁱ⁾		ء	ا	ے	ى ىـ ـىـ ـى	ـں	ٮ	ح	س	ص	ط	ع	ڡ		ٯ		ك كـ ـكـ ـك	ڪ	ک کـ ـکـ ـک	گ	ل	م	د	ر	و	ھ ھـ ـھـ ـھ	ہ ہـ ـہـ ـہ	ه هـ ـهـ ـه	لا

== x ==

diacritics ⁽ⁱ⁾				Letter Shapes ⁽ⁱⁱ⁾		ء	ا	ے	ى	ـں	ٮ	ح	س	ص	ط	ع	ڡ		ٯ		ك	ڪ	ک	گ	ل	م	د	ر	و	ھ	ہ	ه	لا

alternate header

						ء	ا	ے	ى	ں	ٮ	ح	س	ص	ط	ع	ڡ	ٯ	ك	ڪ	ک	گ	ل	م	د	ر	و	ھ	ہ	ه	لا

No i'jam (alternative version)

diacritics	^{(footnote i)}	letter line base shapes
none ⁽ⁱⁱ⁾	character	ء	ا	ے	ى ىـ ـىـ ـى	ـں	ٮ	ح	س	ص	ط	ع	ڡ	ٯ	ك كـ ـكـ ـك	ڪ	ک	گ	ل	م	د	ر	و	ھ ھـ ـھـ ـھ	ہ ہـ ـہـ ـہ	ه هـ ـهـ ـه	لا
none ⁽ⁱⁱ⁾	image
Most languages use the same base shapes, some stylistic variants in Arabic have distinct meanings in other languages. ^{(see text)}	Languages	Arabic	Arabic, Farsi, Urdu	Urdu	MSA	Urdu, Arabic SV	Arabic SV Rasm	Arabic, Farsi, Urdu	Arabic, Farsi, Urdu	Arabic, Farsi, Urdu	Arabic, Farsi, Urdu	Arabic, Farsi, Urdu	Arabic SV in Rasm	Arabic SV in Rasm	Arabic	Sindhi, Arabic SV	Farsi, Urdu, Arabic SV	Farsi, Urdu	Arabic, Farsi, Urdu	Arabic, Farsi, Urdu	Arabic, Farsi, Urdu	Arabic, Farsi, Urdu	Arabic, Farsi, Urdu	Urdu, Arabic SV	Urdu, Arabic SV	Arabic, Farsi	MSA
	Unicode for above	0621 ..	0627 ..	06D2 ..	0649 ..	06BA ..	066E ..	062D ..	0633 ..	0635 ..	0637 ..	0639 ..	06A1 ..	066F ..	0643 ..	06AA ..	06A9 ..	06AF ..	0644 ..	0645 ..	062F ..	0631 ..	0648 ..	06BE ..	06C1 ..	0647 ..	0644 . 0627 .

[1] "Unicode Utilities: UnicodeSet Arabic pedagogical symbols". unicode.org. Retrieved 20 March 2020]]. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)

[2] "Unicode Utilities: UnicodeSet Arabic pedagogical symbols". unicode.org. Retrieved 20 March 2020.

[hannover_urdu-3] "Urdu Alphabet". www.user.uni-hannover.de. Retrieved 4 May 2020.

[Unicode_Extended_Arabic-4] "Extended Arabic Letter". unicode.org. Retrieved 7 May 1920. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)

[unicode_ISO_8859-6-5] "Based on ISO 8859-6". unicode.org. Retrieved 7 May 1920. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)

[proposal_to_encode_Lam_with_Tah_above-6] Lorna Priest Evans; M. G. Abbas Malik. "Proposal to encode ARABIC LETTER LAM WITH SMALL ARABIC LETTER TAH ABOVE in the UCS" (PDF). www.unicode.org. Retrieved 10 May 2020.

[compart_unicode_Arabic_script_(ISO_15924)-7] Cite error: The named reference compart unicode Arabic script (ISO 15924) was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[8] "Unicode Utilities: UnicodeSet Arabic pedagogical symbols". unicode.org. Retrieved 20 March 2020.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

User:Irtapil/Letter Construction

small tables

Urdu Letter Construction

Arabic, Farsi, and Urdu Letter Construction

massive table

Letter construction

table of letter components

abbreviations used below

forms row

Table

components

components

Rasm

none

dots

1

2

3

4

different dots above and below

tōē

ring

numeral

horizontal line

multiple vertical lines

vertical line

arrows

Hamza

other semi-optional vowels

end

footnotes

ALTERNATE VERSIONS

refs and references

notes from Burushaski page - in a comment

blank line for new entries

alternate headers

No i'jam (alternative version)

References

ALTERNATE VERSIONS

ALTERNATE VERSIONS

refs and references

notes from Burushaski page - in a comment

Additions

with tatweel

Arabic Symbols

alternate headers

background:#F1F2F5

alternate header

alternate header

== x ==

alternate header

No i'jam (alternative version)